Frontiers Of Embedded Muslim Communities In India

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Frontiers of Embedded Muslim Communities in India

Author : Vinod K. Jairath
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1136196803
Total Pages : 286 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (361 download)

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Book Synopsis Frontiers of Embedded Muslim Communities in India by : Vinod K. Jairath

Download or read book Frontiers of Embedded Muslim Communities in India written by Vinod K. Jairath and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013-04-03 with total page 286 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume approaches the study of Muslim societies through an evolutionary lens, challenging Islamic traditions, identities, communities, beliefs, practices and ideologies as static, frozen or unchangeable. It assumes that there is neither a monolithic, essential or authentic Islam, nor a homogeneous Muslim community. Similarly, there are no fixed binary oppositions such as between the ulama and sufi saints or textual and lived Islam. The overarching perspective — that there is no fixity in the meanings of Islamic symbols and that the language of Islam can be used by individuals, organizations, movements and political parties variously in religious and non-religious contexts — underlies the ethnographically rich essays that comprise this volume. Divided in three parts, the volume cumulatively presents an initial framework for the study of Muslim communities in India embedded in different regional and local contexts. The first part focuses on ethnographies of three Muslim communities (Kuchchhi Jatt, Irani Shia and Sidis) and their relationships with others, with shifting borders and frontiers; part two examines the issue of ‘caste’ of certain Muslim communities; and the third part, containing chapters on Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Mumbai and Gujarat, looks at the varied responses of Muslims as Indian citizens in regional contexts at different historical moments. Although the volume focuses on Muslim communities in India, it is also meant to bridge an important gap in, and contribute to, the ‘sociology of India’ which has been organized and taught primarily as a sociology of Hindu society. The book will appeal to those in sociology, history, political science, education, modern South Asian Studies, and to the general reader interested in India & South Asia.

Frontiers of Embedded Muslim Communities in India

Author : Vinod K. Jairath
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 113619679X
Total Pages : 219 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (361 download)

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Book Synopsis Frontiers of Embedded Muslim Communities in India by : Vinod K. Jairath

Download or read book Frontiers of Embedded Muslim Communities in India written by Vinod K. Jairath and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013-04-03 with total page 219 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume approaches the study of Muslim societies through an evolutionary lens, challenging Islamic traditions, identities, communities, beliefs, practices and ideologies as static, frozen or unchangeable. It assumes that there is neither a monolithic, essential or authentic Islam, nor a homogeneous Muslim community. Similarly, there are no fixed binary oppositions such as between the ulama and sufi saints or textual and lived Islam. The overarching perspective — that there is no fixity in the meanings of Islamic symbols and that the language of Islam can be used by individuals, organizations, movements and political parties variously in religious and non-religious contexts — underlies the ethnographically rich essays that comprise this volume. Divided in three parts, the volume cumulatively presents an initial framework for the study of Muslim communities in India embedded in different regional and local contexts. The first part focuses on ethnographies of three Muslim communities (Kuchchhi Jatt, Irani Shia and Sidis) and their relationships with others, with shifting borders and frontiers; part two examines the issue of ‘caste’ of certain Muslim communities; and the third part, containing chapters on Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Mumbai and Gujarat, looks at the varied responses of Muslims as Indian citizens in regional contexts at different historical moments. Although the volume focuses on Muslim communities in India, it is also meant to bridge an important gap in, and contribute to, the ‘sociology of India’ which has been organized and taught primarily as a sociology of Hindu society. The book will appeal to those in sociology, history, political science, education, modern South Asian Studies, and to the general reader interested in India & South Asia.

Margins of Citizenship

Author : Anasua Chatterjee
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1315297957
Total Pages : 234 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (152 download)

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Book Synopsis Margins of Citizenship by : Anasua Chatterjee

Download or read book Margins of Citizenship written by Anasua Chatterjee and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2017-01-20 with total page 234 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Part of the ‘Religion and Citizenship’ series, this book is an ethnographic study of marginality of Muslims in urban India. It explores the realities and consequences of socio-spatial segregation faced by Muslim communities and the various ways in which they negotiate it in the course of their everyday lives. By narrating lived experiences of ordinary Muslims, the author attempts to construct their identities as citizens and subjects. What emerges is a highly variegated picture of a group (otherwise viewed as monolithic) that resides in very close quarters, more as a result of compulsion than choice, despite wide differences across language, ethnicity, sect and social class. The book also looks into the potential outcomes that socio-spatial segregation spelt on communal lines hold for the future of the urban landscape in South Asia. Rich in ethnographic data and accessible in its approach, this book will be useful for scholars and researchers of sociology, social anthropology, human geography, political sociology, urban studies, and political science.

Muslim Belonging in Secular India

Author : Taylor C. Sherman
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1316368718
Total Pages : 215 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (163 download)

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Book Synopsis Muslim Belonging in Secular India by : Taylor C. Sherman

Download or read book Muslim Belonging in Secular India written by Taylor C. Sherman and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2015-08-25 with total page 215 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Muslim Belonging in Secular India surveys the experience of some of India's most prominent Muslim communities in the early postcolonial period. Muslims who remained in India after the Partition of 1947 faced distrust and discrimination, and were consequently compelled to seek new ways of defining their relationship with fellow citizens of India and its governments. Using the forcible integration of the princely state of Hyderabad in 1948 as a case study, Taylor C. Sherman reveals the fragile and contested nature of Muslim belonging in the decade that followed independence. In this context, she demonstrates how Muslim claims to citizenship in Hyderabad contributed to intense debates over the nature of democracy and secularism in independent India. Drawing on detailed new archival research, Dr Sherman provides a thorough and compelling examination of the early governmental policies and popular strategies that have helped to shape the history of Muslims in India since 1947.

Making Place for Muslims in Contemporary India

Author : Kalyani Devaki Menon
Publisher : Cornell University Press
ISBN 13 : 1501760602
Total Pages : 130 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (17 download)

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Book Synopsis Making Place for Muslims in Contemporary India by : Kalyani Devaki Menon

Download or read book Making Place for Muslims in Contemporary India written by Kalyani Devaki Menon and published by Cornell University Press. This book was released on 2022-05-15 with total page 130 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Making Place for Muslims in Contemporary India looks at how religion provides an arena to make place and challenge the majoritarian, exclusionary, and introverted tendencies of contemporary India. Places do not simply exist. They are made and remade by the acts of individuals and communities at particular historical moments. In India today, the place for Muslims is shrinking as the revanchist Hindu Right increasingly realizes its vision of a Hindu nation. Religion enables Muslims to re-envision India as a different kind of place, one to which they unquestionably belong. Analyzing the religious narratives, practices, and constructions of religious subjectivity of diverse groups of Muslims in Old Delhi, Kalyani Devaki Menon reveals the ways in which Muslims variously contest the insular and singular understandings of nation that dominate the sociopolitical landscape of the country and make place for themselves. Menon shows how religion is concerned not just with the divine and transcendental but also with the anxieties and aspirations of people living amid violence, exclusion, and differential citizenship. Ultimately, Making Place for Muslims in Contemporary India allows us to understand religious acts, narratives, and constructions of self and belonging as material forces, as forms of the political that can make room for individuals, communities, and alternative imaginings in a world besieged by increasingly xenophobic understandings of nation and place.

Race, Religion, and the ‘Indian Muslim’ Predicament in Singapore

Author : Torsten Tschacher
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 131530337X
Total Pages : 242 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (153 download)

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Book Synopsis Race, Religion, and the ‘Indian Muslim’ Predicament in Singapore by : Torsten Tschacher

Download or read book Race, Religion, and the ‘Indian Muslim’ Predicament in Singapore written by Torsten Tschacher and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-11-10 with total page 242 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Indian Muslims form the largest ethnic minority within Singapore’s otherwise largely Malay Muslim community. Despite its size and historic importance, however, Singaporean Indian Muslims have received little attention by scholarship and have also felt side-lined by Singapore’s Malay-dominated Muslim institutions. Since the 1980s, demands for a better representation of Indian Muslims and access to religious services have intensified, while there has been a concomitant debate over who has the right to speak for Indian Muslims. This book traces the negotiations and contestations over Indian Muslim difference in Singapore and examines the conditions that have given rise to these debates. Despite considerable differences existing within the putative Indian Muslim community, the way this community is imagined is surprisingly uniform. Through discussions of the importance of ethnic difference for social and religious divisions among Singaporean Indian Muslims, the role of ‘culture’ and ‘race’ in debates about popular religion, the invocation of language and history in negotiations with the wider Malay-Muslim context, and the institutional setting in which contestations of Indian Muslim difference take place, this book argues that these debates emerge from the structural tensions resulting from the intersection of race and religion in the public organization of Islam in Singapore.

Revisiting Muslim Women’s Activism

Author : Esita Sur
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1000824608
Total Pages : 185 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (8 download)

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Book Synopsis Revisiting Muslim Women’s Activism by : Esita Sur

Download or read book Revisiting Muslim Women’s Activism written by Esita Sur and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2022-12-12 with total page 185 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book traces the evolution of organisational activism among Muslim women in India. It deconstructs the 'Muslim woman' as the monolith based on tropes like purdah, polygamy, and tin talaq and compels the reader to revisit the question of Muslim women’s individual and collective agency. The book argues that the political field, along with religion, moulds the nature and scope of Muslim women’s activism in India. It looks at the objectives of four Muslim women’s organisations: the Bazm-e-Niswan, the Awaaz-e-Niswaan, the Bharatiya Muslim Mahila Andolan and the India International Women’s Alliance (IIWA), in close interaction with the political landscape of Mumbai. The book explores the emergence of gender-inclusive interpretation of Muslim women’s rights by Muslim women activists and challenges the dominant and reductionist stereotypes on Muslim women, community, and absolutist ideas of Islam. It argues that Muslim women are not passive victims of their culture and religion, rather they can develop a critique of their marginality and subjugation from within the community. Revisiting Muslim Women’s Activism traces the evolution of a community-centric approach in women’s activism and records a fragmented view on women’s rights from within the community and religious leadership. It also delineates the distinctiveness of this activism that considers religion and culture as resources for empowerment and as sites of contestations. Moreover, the book documents the narratives of Muslim women’s struggle and resistance from their location and lived experiences. It will be of interest to students and researchers of women’s studies, gender studies, political science, sociology, anthropology, law, and Islamic studies.

Studies in Religion and the Everyday

Author : Farhana Ibrahim
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0198902786
Total Pages : 401 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (989 download)

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Book Synopsis Studies in Religion and the Everyday by : Farhana Ibrahim

Download or read book Studies in Religion and the Everyday written by Farhana Ibrahim and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2024-07-22 with total page 401 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Studies in Religion and the Everyday is a collection of essays addressing the contours of religious beliefs and practices in the context of everyday life in India. Events and processes in contemporary India--especially post the 1990s--have contributed to distinct modes of articulating religious practices. This volume is an attempt to historicize--and problematize--the categorization of religion as a universally held and analytically distinct feature of human life and seeks to understand the conditions--historical, political, discursive--and processes of authorization under which a particular set of practices, values, and dispositions constitutes the 'religious' at a specific point in time. By bringing together studies that draw from diverse methodological and epistemological approaches, the book will serve as a useful introduction to religion in India for the general reader and as an indispensable resource for students and researchers. The volume presents fresh perspectives on existing fields of study such as the city, capital, minorities, secularization, and the state--no longer seen as distinct from religion but actively co-produced with religion in the context of the theoretical rubric of the everyday--thereby marking a departure from approaching the question of religion solely through the lens of identity and conflict.

Islam, Sufism and Everyday Politics of Belonging in South Asia

Author : Deepra Dandekar
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317435966
Total Pages : 366 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (174 download)

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Book Synopsis Islam, Sufism and Everyday Politics of Belonging in South Asia by : Deepra Dandekar

Download or read book Islam, Sufism and Everyday Politics of Belonging in South Asia written by Deepra Dandekar and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2016-09-13 with total page 366 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book looks at the study of ideas, practices and institutions in South Asian Islam, commonly identified as ‘Sufism’, and how they relate to politics in South Asia. While the importance of Sufism for the lives of South Asian Muslims has been repeatedly asserted, the specific role played by Sufism in contestations over social and political belonging in South Asia has not yet been fully analysed. Looking at examples from five countries in South Asia (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Afghanistan), the book begins with a detailed introduction to political concerns over ‘belonging’ in relation to questions concerning Sufism and Islam in South Asia. This is followed with sections on Producing and Identifying Sufism; Everyday and Public Forms of Belonging; Sufi Belonging, Local and National; and Intellectual History and Narratives of Belonging. Bringing together scholars from diverse disciplines, the book explores the connection of Islam, Sufism and the Politics of Belonging in South Asia. It is an important contribution to South Asian Studies, Islamic Studies and South Asian Religion.

Another India

Author : Pratinav Anil
Publisher : Penguin Random House India Private Limited
ISBN 13 : 9357088431
Total Pages : 290 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (57 download)

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Book Synopsis Another India by : Pratinav Anil

Download or read book Another India written by Pratinav Anil and published by Penguin Random House India Private Limited. This book was released on 2023-11-27 with total page 290 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Another India tells the story of the world’s biggest religious minority through vivid biographical portraits that weave together the stories of both elite and subaltern Muslims. By challenging traditional histories and highlighting the neglect of minority rights since Independence, Pratinav Anil argues that Muslims, since 1947, have had to contend with discrimination, disadvantage, deindustrialization, dispossession and disenfranchisement, as well as an unresponsive leadership. He explores the rise and fall of the Indian Muslim elite and the birth of the nationalist Muslim, and emphasizes the importance of class in understanding the dynamics of Indian politics. Anil also sheds light on the vested custodial interests and the depoliticization of the privileged classes, all of which resulted in the elite betrayal by the landed gentry of the ordinary members of the community, a betrayal whose consequences are still felt by India's 200 million Muslims today. Another India ultimately recovers Muslim agency from the back pages of history and offers a different picture of democratic India, challenging received accounts of the world's largest democracy.

Religion and Education in India

Author : Arshad Alam
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1000991148
Total Pages : 154 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (9 download)

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Book Synopsis Religion and Education in India by : Arshad Alam

Download or read book Religion and Education in India written by Arshad Alam and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2023-11-16 with total page 154 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book studies the relationship between religion and education in the Indian context. It analyses the creative interface between religion and education as empirical categories and overlapping modes of pedagogical transmission. The volume investigates the ways in which religious identities are shaped through education both at home and at school. It brings together academics and researchers working in different faith traditions like Islam, Hinduism, and Sikhism to understand the significance of transmitting religious education and the need to pay closer attention to sites through which religious instruction is being disseminated. Topical and lucid, this book will be an important reading for scholars and researchers of sociology, religious studies, secularism, sociology of education, political sociology, South Asia studies, and education in general.

The Pluriverse of Human Rights: The Diversity of Struggles for Dignity

Author : Boaventura De Sousa Santos
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1000395707
Total Pages : 179 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (3 download)

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Book Synopsis The Pluriverse of Human Rights: The Diversity of Struggles for Dignity by : Boaventura De Sousa Santos

Download or read book The Pluriverse of Human Rights: The Diversity of Struggles for Dignity written by Boaventura De Sousa Santos and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2021-06-21 with total page 179 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The impasse currently affecting human rights as a language used to express struggles for dignity is, to a large extent, a reflection of the epistemological and political exhaustion which blights the global North. Since the global hegemony of human rights as a language for human dignity is nowadays incontrovertible, the question of whether it can be used in a counter-hegemonic sense remains open. Inspired by struggles from all corners of the world that reveal the potential but, above all, the limitations of human rights, this book offers a highly conditional response. The prevailing notion of human rights today, as the hegemonic language of human dignity, can only be resignified on the basis of answers to simple questions: why does so much unjust human suffering exist that is not considered a violation of human rights? Do other languages of human dignity exist in the world? Are these other languages compatible with the language of human rights? Obviously, we can only find satisfactory answers to these questions if we are able to envisage a radical transformation of what is nowadays known as human rights. Herein lies the challenge posed by the Epistemologies of the South: reconciling human rights with the different languages and forms of knowledge born out of struggles for human dignity.

Life, Illness, and Death in Contemporary South Asia

Author : Matsuo Mizuho
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1000838382
Total Pages : 265 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (8 download)

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Book Synopsis Life, Illness, and Death in Contemporary South Asia by : Matsuo Mizuho

Download or read book Life, Illness, and Death in Contemporary South Asia written by Matsuo Mizuho and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2023-02-22 with total page 265 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book explores the experiential and affective dimensions of structural transformation in South Asia through contemporary and historical accounts of life, ageing, illness, and death. The contributions to this book include analyses from various regions in South Asia, and topics discussed uncover how people’s experiences of life, ageing, illness, and death are entangled with the technology of governance, biomedicine, neoliberal restructuring and other national/international policies. Structured in three parts – governance, technology, and citizenship; well-being and restructuring of the social; waiting, hesitation, and hope as attitudes in facing the precariousness and fundamental uncertainty of life – the book brings to light the ways in which people face and continue to engage with their own and others’ lives cautiously, waveringly, but with a sense of hope. A novel contribution to the study of how people struggle or navigate their lives through the conditions of inequity and precariousness in South Asia, this book will be of interest to researchers studying anthropology, sociology, history, medical and development studies of South Asia, as well as to those interested in cultural and social theory.

Delhi’s Meatscapes

Author : Zarin Ahmad
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0199095388
Total Pages : 192 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (99 download)

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Book Synopsis Delhi’s Meatscapes by : Zarin Ahmad

Download or read book Delhi’s Meatscapes written by Zarin Ahmad and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2018-06-14 with total page 192 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Tracing the journey of meat from the farm to the meat shop and other workspaces of the butcher within the multi-sited margins in Delhi, the current volume intimately follows the lives of Qureshi butchers and other meat sector workers in this transforming mega-city. The author addresses the tensions that meat throws up in a bristling society whose stakes are now more than ever intense. She shows how meat is also a rising sector in the Indian economy, and fetches precious foreign exchange. Qureshi butchers stand at the crossroads of class, caste, stigma, religion, market, urban ecological policies, and a never-ceasing political debate around these issues. Delhi's Meatscapes brings together rare archival documents, vernacular sources, and ethnographic insights gleaned from several years of immersion in the city's meatscapes and is the first of its kind for urban anthropologists, economists, political scientists, policy planners and readers who wish to take a hard look at their own (non-)meat choices.

The Struggle for Equality

Author : Heewon Kim
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1108640885
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (86 download)

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Book Synopsis The Struggle for Equality by : Heewon Kim

Download or read book The Struggle for Equality written by Heewon Kim and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2019-03-21 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The United Progressive Alliance (UPA) government (2004–14) led by the Congress came to power with a radical agenda for religious minorities. This included legislation and policies against discrimination and disadvantages suffered by religious minorities, especially Muslims, and a new framework for delivering substantive equality of opportunity. This work offers a new interpretation of the UPA's record. In critically re-evaluating the UPA's performance, it uses an institutional policy analysis approach which combines historical institutionalism (and path dependence) with policy analysis. It draws on official sources and extensive interviews with elite administrators and policy makers who were at the core of decision making during the UPA's tenure in office. Detailed case studies are provided of Muslims in public sector employment, the provision of service delivery for Muslim communities in India, and the efforts to create a new legislative framework against communal violence.

Privileged Minorities

Author : Sonja Thomas
Publisher : University of Washington Press
ISBN 13 : 0295743832
Total Pages : 240 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (957 download)

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Book Synopsis Privileged Minorities by : Sonja Thomas

Download or read book Privileged Minorities written by Sonja Thomas and published by University of Washington Press. This book was released on 2018-10-21 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Although demographically a minority in Kerala, India, Syrian Christians are not a subordinated community. They are caste-, race-, and class-privileged, and have long benefitted, both economically and socially, from their privileged position. Focusing on Syrian Christian women, Sonja Thomas explores how this community illuminates larger questions of multiple oppressions, privilege and subordination, racialization, and religion and secularism in India. In Privileged Minorities, Thomas examines a wide range of sources, including oral histories, ethnographic interviews, and legislative assembly debates, to interrogate the relationships between religious rights and women�s rights in Kerala. Using an intersectional approach, and US women of color feminist theory, she demonstrates the ways that race, caste, gender, religion, and politics are inextricably intertwined, with power and privilege working in complex and nuanced ways. By attending to the ways in which inequalities within groups shape very different experiences of religious and political movements in feminist and rights-based activism, Thomas lays the groundwork for imagining new feminist solidarities across religions, castes, races, and classes.

Contextualising Educational Studies in India

Author : Pradeep Kumar Choudhury
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1000388662
Total Pages : 198 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (3 download)

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Book Synopsis Contextualising Educational Studies in India by : Pradeep Kumar Choudhury

Download or read book Contextualising Educational Studies in India written by Pradeep Kumar Choudhury and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2021-06-10 with total page 198 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume presents an interdisciplinary framework to map out contemporary educational studies in India. Based on conceptual tools, quantitative methods and ethnographic accounts drawn from extensive fieldwork, it addresses emerging discourses on educational policies, their operation in the everyday functioning of institutions and actual practices in teaching and learning. Individual chapters discuss the intersectionality in the current educational system of region, gender, class, caste and minorities. With comparative perspectives and case studies from across states, including under-studied rural and urban regions of India, the book explores a wide range of issues affecting the educational system, including socioeconomic and gender inequalities; the educational status of tribal settlements in the hinterlands and their respective urban areas; the marginalisation of minorities; challenges in accessing educational avenues and choices; and the model for imparting vocational education and training. It navigates complex sites of discrimination and exclusion in the institutional spaces of the educational system and assesses the consequences of market dynamics and ideological undercurrents. Presenting first-hand information from the field, it evaluates educational policies, practices and research; investigates challenges and failures; provides suggestions and fosters critical thinking for a knowledge society. The findings in this book will be of interest to researchers, scholars and teachers of education, economics, sociology, urban education and the politics of education, as well as of public policy, governance and development studies. It will also be useful to research institutions, policymakers, educationists, social scientists, education professionals, and governmental and non-governmental bodies working on education.