From Radical Left To Extreme Right

Download From Radical Left To Extreme Right full books in PDF, epub, and Kindle. Read online From Radical Left To Extreme Right ebook anywhere anytime directly on your device. Fast Download speed and no annoying ads. We cannot guarantee that every ebooks is available!

Liberal Fascism

Author : Jonah Goldberg
Publisher : Crown Forum
ISBN 13 : 0385517696
Total Pages : 272 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (855 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Liberal Fascism by : Jonah Goldberg

Download or read book Liberal Fascism written by Jonah Goldberg and published by Crown Forum. This book was released on 2008-01-08 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: “Fascists,” “Brownshirts,” “jackbooted stormtroopers”—such are the insults typically hurled at conservatives by their liberal opponents. Calling someone a fascist is the fastest way to shut them up, defining their views as beyond the political pale. But who are the real fascists in our midst? Liberal Fascism offers a startling new perspective on the theories and practices that define fascist politics. Replacing conveniently manufactured myths with surprising and enlightening research, Jonah Goldberg reminds us that the original fascists were really on the left, and that liberals from Woodrow Wilson to FDR to Hillary Clinton have advocated policies and principles remarkably similar to those of Hitler's National Socialism and Mussolini's Fascism. Contrary to what most people think, the Nazis were ardent socialists (hence the term “National socialism”). They believed in free health care and guaranteed jobs. They confiscated inherited wealth and spent vast sums on public education. They purged the church from public policy, promoted a new form of pagan spirituality, and inserted the authority of the state into every nook and cranny of daily life. The Nazis declared war on smoking, supported abortion, euthanasia, and gun control. They loathed the free market, provided generous pensions for the elderly, and maintained a strict racial quota system in their universities—where campus speech codes were all the rage. The Nazis led the world in organic farming and alternative medicine. Hitler was a strict vegetarian, and Himmler was an animal rights activist. Do these striking parallels mean that today’s liberals are genocidal maniacs, intent on conquering the world and imposing a new racial order? Not at all. Yet it is hard to deny that modern progressivism and classical fascism shared the same intellectual roots. We often forget, for example, that Mussolini and Hitler had many admirers in the United States. W.E.B. Du Bois was inspired by Hitler's Germany, and Irving Berlin praised Mussolini in song. Many fascist tenets were espoused by American progressives like John Dewey and Woodrow Wilson, and FDR incorporated fascist policies in the New Deal. Fascism was an international movement that appeared in different forms in different countries, depending on the vagaries of national culture and temperament. In Germany, fascism appeared as genocidal racist nationalism. In America, it took a “friendlier,” more liberal form. The modern heirs of this “friendly fascist” tradition include the New York Times, the Democratic Party, the Ivy League professoriate, and the liberals of Hollywood. The quintessential Liberal Fascist isn't an SS storm trooper; it is a female grade school teacher with an education degree from Brown or Swarthmore. These assertions may sound strange to modern ears, but that is because we have forgotten what fascism is. In this angry, funny, smart, contentious book, Jonah Goldberg turns our preconceptions inside out and shows us the true meaning of Liberal Fascism.

Monster of Their Own Making

Author : Jack Buckby
Publisher : Bombardier Books
ISBN 13 : 1642934259
Total Pages : 233 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (429 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Monster of Their Own Making by : Jack Buckby

Download or read book Monster of Their Own Making written by Jack Buckby and published by Bombardier Books. This book was released on 2020-04-28 with total page 233 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As a teenager in a working-class English town, Jack Buckby found himself at the center of the biggest nationalist movement in modern British history. Looking for a political group that championed working people concerned about mass immigration, he stumbled into a world of anti-Semitism, racist paranoia, and extreme-right violence and terrorism. Through those experiences, Jack explains how both the left and the right fundamentally misunderstand what it means to be “far right” and why young men are becoming radicalized across the Western world. Through a three-pronged attack carried out by the media, negligent politicians, and far-left ideologues, the white working class is being backed into a corner and forced to either be quiet, or get radical.

Europe's Radical Left

Author : Luke March
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN 13 : 178348537X
Total Pages : 467 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (834 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Europe's Radical Left by : Luke March

Download or read book Europe's Radical Left written by Luke March and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2016-10-20 with total page 467 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Although the most pernicious consequences of the crisis have apparently abated, the long-term political repercussions remain unclear. Whereas most attention has focused on the right-wing populist parties, the rejuvenation of the left is an unwritten story of post-crisis politics. This volume addresses this story, with three principal aims: to examine the radical left intellectual response to the crisis, i.e. how actors conceptualise the causes of crisis and its consequences; to examine the radical left electoral response to the crisis, i.e. how the crisis has aided or weakened the electoral success of radical left parties and movements; to examine organisational responses, i.e. whether the crisis has resulted in new party structures, methods of organising, and internal party tendencies. The result is a comprehensive compendium, drawing on cutting-edge research from leading European experts to present the first comparative analysis of how the far left of the political spectrum has responded to the crisis. It furthers our understanding both of the dynamics of European party systems and the wider consequences of the Great Recession.

Beyond Left and Right

Author : Anthony Giddens
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 074566654X
Total Pages : 324 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (456 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Beyond Left and Right by : Anthony Giddens

Download or read book Beyond Left and Right written by Anthony Giddens and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2013-08-23 with total page 324 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How should one understand the nature and possibilities of political radicalism today? The political radical is normally thought of as someone who stands on the left, opposing backward-looking conservatism. In the present day, however, the left has turned defensive, while the right has become radical, advocating the free play of market forces no matter what obstacles of tradition or custom stand in their way. What explains such a curious twist of perspective? In answering this question Giddens develops a new framework for radical politics, drawing freely on what he calls "philosophic conservatism", but applying this outlook in the service of values normally associated with the Left. The ecological crisis is at the core of this analysis, but is understood by Giddens in an unconventional way - as a response to a world in which modernity has run up against its limits as a social and moral order. The end of nature, as an entity existing independently of human intervention, and the end of tradition, combined with the impact of globalization, are the forces which now have to be confronted, made use of and coped with. This book provides a powerful interpretation of the rise of fundamentalism, of democracy, the persistence of gender divisions and the question of a normative political theory of violence. It will be essential reading for anyone seeking a novel approach to the political challenges which we face at the turn of the twenty-first century.

The New Populism

Author : Marco Revelli
Publisher : Verso Books
ISBN 13 : 1788734505
Total Pages : 225 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (887 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The New Populism by : Marco Revelli

Download or read book The New Populism written by Marco Revelli and published by Verso Books. This book was released on 2019-07-09 with total page 225 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A crisp and trenchant dissection of populism today The word 'populism' has come to cover all manner of sins. Yet despite the prevalence of its use, it is often difficult to understand what connects its various supposed expressions. From Syriza to Trump and from Podemos to Brexit, the electoral earthquakes of recent years have often been grouped under this term. But what actually defines 'populism'? Is it an ideology, a form of organisation, or a mentality? Marco Revelli seeks to answer this question by getting to grips with the historical dynamics of so-called 'populist' movements. While in the early days of democracy, populism sought to represent classes and social layers who asserted their political role for the first time, in today's post-democratic climate, it instead expresses the grievances of those who had until recently felt that they were included. Having lost their power, the disinherited embrace not a political alternative to -isms like liberalism or socialism, but a populist mood of discontent. The new populism is the 'formless form' that protest and grievance assume in the era of financialisation, in the era where the atomised masses lack voice or organisation. For Revelli, this new populism the child of an age in which the Left has been hollowed out and lost its capacity to offer an alternative.

Right Across the World

Author : John Feffer
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781786808554
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (85 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Right Across the World by : John Feffer

Download or read book Right Across the World written by John Feffer and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "In a post-Trump world, the right is still very much in power. Significantly more than half the world's population currently lives under some form of right-wing populist or authoritarian rule. Today's autocrats are, at first glance, a diverse band of brothers. But religious, economic, social and environmental differences aside, there is one thing that unites them - their hatred of the liberal, globalised world. This unity is their strength, and through control of government, civil society and the digital world they are working together across borders to stamp out the left. In comparison, the liberal left commands only a few disconnected islands - Iceland, Mexico, New Zealand, South Korea, Spain and Uruguay. So far they have been on the defensive, campaigning on local issues in their own countries. This narrow focus underestimates the resilience and global connectivity of the right. In this book, John Feffer speaks to the world's leading activists to show how international leftist campaigns must come together if they are to combat the rising tide of the right. A global Green New Deal, progressive trans-European movements, grassroots campaigning on international issues with new and improved language and storytelling are all needed if we are to pull the planet back from the edge of catastrophe. This book is both a warning and an inspiration to activists terrified by the strengthening wall of far-right power."--

The Oxford Handbook of the Radical Right

Author : Jens Rydgren
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0190274557
Total Pages : 761 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (92 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Oxford Handbook of the Radical Right by : Jens Rydgren

Download or read book The Oxford Handbook of the Radical Right written by Jens Rydgren and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2018 with total page 761 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The radical right : an introduction / Jens Rydgren -- Ideology and discourse -- The radical right and nationalism / Tamir Bar-On -- The radical right and islamophobia / Aristotle Kallis -- The radical right and anti-semitism / Ruth Wodak -- The radical right and populism / Hans-Georg Betz -- The radical right and fascism / Nigel Copsey -- The radical right and euroscepticism / Sofia Vasilopoulou -- Issues -- Explaining electoral support for the radical right / Kai Arzheimer -- Party systems and radical right-wing parties / Herbert Kitschelt -- The radical right and gender / Hilde Coffé -- Globalization, cleavages, and the radical right / Simon Bornschier -- Party organization and the radical right / David Art -- Charisma and the radical right / Roger Eatwell -- Media and the radical right / Antonis A. Ellinas -- The non-party sector of the radical right / John Veugelers and Gabriel Menard -- The political impact of the radical right / Michelle Hale Williams -- The radical right as social movement organizations / Manuela Caiani and Donatella Della Porta -- Youth and the radical right / Cynthia Miller Idriss -- Religion and the radical right / Michael Minkenberg -- Cross-national links and international cooperation / Manuela Caiani -- Political violence and the radical right / Leonard Weinberg and Eliot Assoudeh -- Case studies -- The radical right in France / Nonna Mayer -- The radical right in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland / Uwe Backes -- The radical right in Belgium and the Netherlands / Joop J.M. van Holsteyn -- The radical right in Southern Europe / Carlo Ruzza -- The radical right in the UK / Matthew J. Goodwin and James Dennison -- The radical right in the Nordic countries / Anders Widfeldt -- The radical right in Eastern Europe / Lenka Butíková -- The radical right in post-soviet Russia / Richard Arnold and Andreas Umland -- The radical right in post-soviet Ukraine / Melanie Mierzejewski-Voznyak -- The radical right in the United States of America / Christopher Sebastian Parker -- The radical right in Australia / Andy Fleming and Aurelien Mondon -- The radical right in Israel / Arie Perliger and Ami Pedhazur -- The radical right in Japan / Naoto Higuchi

Far Left of Center

Author : Harvey Klehr
Publisher : Transaction Publishers
ISBN 13 : 9781412823432
Total Pages : 220 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (234 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Far Left of Center by : Harvey Klehr

Download or read book Far Left of Center written by Harvey Klehr and published by Transaction Publishers. This book was released on 1988-01-01 with total page 220 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Histories of American radical left groups abound. The Communist party, the tiny Trotskyist movement, and the New Left have all been abundantly chronicled. Very little information has been available, however, about the radical left today. "Far Left of Center "remedies that deficit. Many people erroneously assume that with the collapse of the New Left in the early 1970s, American radicalism disappeared. It is true that the 1980s have not been good years for radicals. Their ideologies, particularly Marxism-Leninism, have been discredited, their tactics and visions have been repudiated, and they have been plagued by internal problems. Even so, the history of American radicalism suggests that such movements have rebounded in the past; and in any event, Marxist-Leninist groups have often had an impact far out of proportion to their size. Part One deals with the Communist party of the United States, the largest and most influential Marxist-Leninist group in the United States. Its membership is only about 15,000, but it has been growing steadily in recent years. This section also discusses a variety of front groups which the party has created to facilitate work and to garner support from people who would not otherwise cooperate with Communists. Part Two deals with Trotskyist, Maoist, and other Marxist-Leninist organizations in the United States. Far more militant than the CPUSA, these sects are usually quite small, often under a thousand members. They include the tiny offshoots of the New Left. Part Three deals with organizations that eschew formal ties to Marxist-Leninist parties and are not under the control of these parties, although they may work with them toward some of the same objectives. Many of these have especially targeted Israel as a danger to world peace and security. They are also hostile to American foreign policy and support Marxist revolutionary regimes abroad. The basic premise of "Far Left of Center "is that these far-left groups support and defend oppressive and totalitarian regimes, and cooperate with those dedicated to the destruction of democracy and intellectual freedom. The author is careful to distinguish these groups from democratic socialists in the United States, who have vigorously and continuously denounced Marxism-Leninism and those regimes founded on its principles. This book is not about these organizations. The focus is, instead, on groups whose denunciations of American society and political life go hand-in-hand with testimonials to some of the most repressive regimes in the world. Klehr has written a sober, well documented, comprehensive account of the radical left in the United States today.

Radical Left Parties in Europe

Author : Luke March
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1136578978
Total Pages : 295 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (365 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Radical Left Parties in Europe by : Luke March

Download or read book Radical Left Parties in Europe written by Luke March and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2012-03-12 with total page 295 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: What has happened to the European radical left after the collapse of the USSR? How has it reacted, reformed, even revived? This new volume is one of the first to provide an overview of the main developments in contemporary European radical left parties (those defining themselves as to the left of, and not merely on the left of social democracy), which are now an increasingly visible phenomenon in European party politics. Unlike many of the existing studies it focuses on communist and non-communist parties, addresses their non-parliamentary and international activity, and takes a pan-European perspective, focusing on both Eastern and Western Europe. March focuses on key contemporary left parties, the nature of their radicalism and their ideological and strategic positions, and overall, addresses their current dynamics and immediate electoral prospects. The book argues that radical left parties are still afflicted by existential crises about the nature of ‘socialism’, and the future of communist parties in particular is under threat. The most successful left parties are no longer extremist, but present themselves as defending values and policies that social democrats have allegedly abandoned, focus on pragmatism rather than ideology and increasingly orientate themselves towards government. Providing a significant contribution to existing literature in the field, this book will be of interest to students and scholars of comparative politics, political parties and radical politics.

The Closing of the Liberal Mind

Author : Kim R. Holmes
Publisher : Encounter Books
ISBN 13 : 1594039569
Total Pages : 258 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (94 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Closing of the Liberal Mind by : Kim R. Holmes

Download or read book The Closing of the Liberal Mind written by Kim R. Holmes and published by Encounter Books. This book was released on 2017-12-12 with total page 258 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A former U.S. Assistant Secretary of State and currently Acting Senior Vice President for Research at The Heritage Foundation, Kim R. Holmes surveys the state of liberalism in America today and finds that it is becoming its opposite—illiberalism—abandoning the precepts of open-mindedness and respect for individual rights, liberties, and the rule of law upon which the country was founded, and becoming instead an intolerant, rigidly dogmatic ideology that abhors dissent and stifles free speech. Tracing the new illiberalism historically to the radical Enlightenment, a movement that rejected the classic liberal ideas of the moderate Enlightenment that were prominent in the American Founding, Holmes argues that today’s liberalism has forsaken its American roots, incorporating instead the authoritarian, anti-clerical, and anti-capitalist prejudices of the radical and largely European Left. The result is a closing of the American liberal mind. Where once freedom of speech and expression were sacrosanct, today liberalism employs speech codes, trigger warnings, boycotts, and shaming rituals to stifle freedom of thought, expression, and action. It is no longer appropriate to call it liberalism at all, but illiberalism—a set of ideas in politics, government, and popular culture that increasingly reflects authoritarian and even anti-democratic values, and which is devising new strategies of exclusiveness to eliminate certain ideas and people from the political process. Although illiberalism has always been a temptation for American liberals, lurking in the radical fringes of the Left, it is today the dominant ideology of progressive liberal circles. This makes it a new danger not only to the once venerable tradition of liberalism, but to the American nation itself, which needs a viable liberal tradition that pursues social and economic equality while respecting individual liberties.

Generation Left

Author : Keir Milburn
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1509532269
Total Pages : 79 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (95 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Generation Left by : Keir Milburn

Download or read book Generation Left written by Keir Milburn and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2019-06-07 with total page 79 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Increasingly age appears to be the key dividing line in contemporary politics. Young people across the globe are embracing left-wing ideas and supporting figures such as Corbyn and Sanders. Where has this ‘Generation Left’ come from? How can it change the world? This compelling book by Keir Milburn traces the story of Generation Left. Emerging in the aftermath of the 2008 financial crash, it has now entered the electoral arena and found itself vying for dominance with ageing right-leaning voters and a ‘Third Way’ political elite unable to accept the new realities. By offering a new concept of political generations, Milburn unveils the ideas, attitudes and direction of Generation Left and explains how the age gap can be bridged by reinventing youth and adulthood. This book is essential reading for anyone, young or old, who is interested in addressing the multiple crises of our time.

Digital, Political, Radical

Author : Natalie Fenton
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1509511709
Total Pages : 232 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (95 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Digital, Political, Radical by : Natalie Fenton

Download or read book Digital, Political, Radical written by Natalie Fenton and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2016-09-26 with total page 232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Digital, Political, Radical is a siren call to the field of media and communications and the study of social and political movements. We must put the politics of transformation at the very heart of our analyses to meet the global challenges of gross inequality and ever-more impoverished democracies. Fenton makes an impassioned plea for re-invigorating critical research on digital media such that it can be explanatory, practical and normative. She dares us to be politically emboldened. She urges us to seek out an emancipatory politics that aims to deepen our democratic horizons. To ask: how can we do democracy better? What are the conditions required to live together well? Then, what is the role of the media and how can we reclaim media, power and politics for progressive ends? Journeying through a range of protest and political movements, Fenton debunks myths of digital media along the way and points us in the direction of newly emergent politics of the Left. Digital, Political, Radical contributes to political debate on contemporary (re)configurations of radical progressive politics through a consideration of how we experience (counter) politics in the digital age and how this may influence our being political.

Right-Wing Populism in America

Author : Chip Berlet
Publisher : Guilford Publications
ISBN 13 : 1462528384
Total Pages : 516 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (625 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Right-Wing Populism in America by : Chip Berlet

Download or read book Right-Wing Populism in America written by Chip Berlet and published by Guilford Publications. This book was released on 2016-05-06 with total page 516 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Right-wing militias and other antigovernment organizations have received heightened public attention since the Oklahoma City bombing. While such groups are often portrayed as marginal extremists, the values they espouse have influenced mainstream politics and culture far more than most Americans realize. This important volume offers an in-depth look at the historical roots and current landscape of right-wing populism in the United States. Illuminated is the potent combination of anti-elitist rhetoric, conspiracy theories, and ethnic scapegoating that has fueled many political movements from the colonial period to the present day. The book examines the Jacksonians, the Ku Klux Klan, and a host of Cold War nationalist cliques, and relates them to the evolution of contemporary electoral campaigns of Patrick Buchanan, the militancy of the Posse Comitatus and the Christian Identity movement, and an array of millennial sects. Combining vivid description and incisive analysis, Berlet and Lyons show how large numbers of disaffected Americans have embraced right-wing populism in a misguided attempt to challenge power relationships in U.S. society. Highlighted are the dangers these groups pose for the future of our political system and the hope of progressive social change. Winner--Outstanding Book Award, Gustavus Myers Center for the Study of Bigotry and Human Rights in North America

Contemporary Far Left Parties in Europe

Author : Luke March
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9783868720006
Total Pages : 20 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (2 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Contemporary Far Left Parties in Europe by : Luke March

Download or read book Contemporary Far Left Parties in Europe written by Luke March and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 20 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

The European Radical Left

Author : Giorgos Charalambous
Publisher : Pluto Press (UK)
ISBN 13 : 9780745340517
Total Pages : 304 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (45 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The European Radical Left by : Giorgos Charalambous

Download or read book The European Radical Left written by Giorgos Charalambous and published by Pluto Press (UK). This book was released on 2021-09-20 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A historical analysis of radical left parties and movements in Europe spanning the late 1960s to the anti-austerity movements of the late 2000s

For a Left Populism

Author : Chantal Mouffe
Publisher : Verso Books
ISBN 13 : 1786637553
Total Pages : 113 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (866 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis For a Left Populism by : Chantal Mouffe

Download or read book For a Left Populism written by Chantal Mouffe and published by Verso Books. This book was released on 2018 with total page 113 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We are currently witnessing in Western Europe a “populist moment” that signals the crisis of neoliberal hegemony. The central axis of the political conflict will be between right- and left-wing populism. By establishing a frontier between “the people” and “the oligarchy,” a leftpopulist strategy could bring together the manifold struggles against subordination, oppression and discrimination.This strategy acknowledges that democratic discourse plays a crucial role in the political imaginary of our societies. And through the construction of a collective will, mobilizing common affects in defence of equality and social justice, it will be possible to combat the xenophobic policies promoted by right-wing populism.

Extremist Groups

Author : Richard H. Ward
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780942511741
Total Pages : 961 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (117 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Extremist Groups by : Richard H. Ward

Download or read book Extremist Groups written by Richard H. Ward and published by . This book was released on 2002-01-01 with total page 961 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This compendium of information on terrorist groups, violent international criminal gangs, and other extremist groups that have been or are currently operating is intended for use as a reference guide and research tool for academics, students, government officials, security personnel, military personnel, law enforcement personnel, and the public. The publication also lists and describes political organizations and religious or ethnic factions that espouse violence or display the threat of violence in their philosophical or operational standards. The information was collected from a broad range of sources, including interviews with, law enforcement and military practitioners, researchers and academics, and and government officials. The organizations are listed geographically by continent and country. The listing for each organization covers its stated aims, ideology, or policy; areas of operation, numbers of active members, numbers of supporters, structure, headquarters, leaders' names, funding sources, types of activities, publications, network contacts, significant actions and activities, and trends.