Fpga Based Hardware Accelerators

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FPGA-BASED Hardware Accelerators

Author : Iouliia Skliarova
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3030207218
Total Pages : 245 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (32 download)

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Book Synopsis FPGA-BASED Hardware Accelerators by : Iouliia Skliarova

Download or read book FPGA-BASED Hardware Accelerators written by Iouliia Skliarova and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-05-30 with total page 245 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book suggests and describes a number of fast parallel circuits for data/vector processing using FPGA-based hardware accelerators. Three primary areas are covered: searching, sorting, and counting in combinational and iterative networks. These include the application of traditional structures that rely on comparators/swappers as well as alternative networks with a variety of core elements such as adders, logical gates, and look-up tables. The iterative technique discussed in the book enables the sequential reuse of relatively large combinational blocks that execute many parallel operations with small propagation delays. For each type of network discussed, the main focus is on the step-by-step development of the architectures proposed from initial concepts to synthesizable hardware description language specifications. Each type of network is taken through several stages, including modeling the desired functionality in software, the retrieval and automatic conversion of key functions, leading to specifications for optimized hardware modules. The resulting specifications are then synthesized, implemented, and tested in FPGAs using commercial design environments and prototyping boards. The methods proposed can be used in a range of data processing applications, including traditional sorting, the extraction of maximum and minimum subsets from large data sets, communication-time data processing, finding frequently occurring items in a set, and Hamming weight/distance counters/comparators. The book is intended to be a valuable support material for university and industrial engineering courses that involve FPGA-based circuit and system design.

FPGA Based Accelerators for Financial Applications

Author : Christian De Schryver
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319154079
Total Pages : 273 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (191 download)

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Book Synopsis FPGA Based Accelerators for Financial Applications by : Christian De Schryver

Download or read book FPGA Based Accelerators for Financial Applications written by Christian De Schryver and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-07-30 with total page 273 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book covers the latest approaches and results from reconfigurable computing architectures employed in the finance domain. So-called field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) have already shown to outperform standard CPU- and GPU-based computing architectures by far, saving up to 99% of energy depending on the compute tasks. Renowned authors from financial mathematics, computer architecture and finance business introduce the readers into today’s challenges in finance IT, illustrate the most advanced approaches and use cases and present currently known methodologies for integrating FPGAs in finance systems together with latest results. The complete algorithm-to-hardware flow is covered holistically, so this book serves as a hands-on guide for IT managers, researchers and quants/programmers who think about integrating FPGAs into their current IT systems.

Architecture Exploration of FPGA Based Accelerators for BioInformatics Applications

Author : B. Sharat Chandra Varma
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9811005915
Total Pages : 122 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (11 download)

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Book Synopsis Architecture Exploration of FPGA Based Accelerators for BioInformatics Applications by : B. Sharat Chandra Varma

Download or read book Architecture Exploration of FPGA Based Accelerators for BioInformatics Applications written by B. Sharat Chandra Varma and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-03-02 with total page 122 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents an evaluation methodology to design future FPGA fabrics incorporating hard embedded blocks (HEBs) to accelerate applications. This methodology will be useful for selection of blocks to be embedded into the fabric and for evaluating the performance gain that can be achieved by such an embedding. The authors illustrate the use of their methodology by studying the impact of HEBs on two important bioinformatics applications: protein docking and genome assembly. The book also explains how the respective HEBs are designed and how hardware implementation of the application is done using these HEBs. It shows that significant speedups can be achieved over pure software implementations by using such FPGA-based accelerators. The methodology presented in this book may also be used for designing HEBs for accelerating software implementations in other domains besides bioinformatics. This book will prove useful to students, researchers, and practicing engineers alike.

Hardware Accelerator Systems for Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning

Author : Shiho Kim
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0128231238
Total Pages : 414 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (282 download)

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Book Synopsis Hardware Accelerator Systems for Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning by : Shiho Kim

Download or read book Hardware Accelerator Systems for Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning written by Shiho Kim and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2021-04-07 with total page 414 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Hardware Accelerator Systems for Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning, Volume 122 delves into arti?cial Intelligence and the growth it has seen with the advent of Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) and Machine Learning. Updates in this release include chapters on Hardware accelerator systems for artificial intelligence and machine learning, Introduction to Hardware Accelerator Systems for Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning, Deep Learning with GPUs, Edge Computing Optimization of Deep Learning Models for Specialized Tensor Processing Architectures, Architecture of NPU for DNN, Hardware Architecture for Convolutional Neural Network for Image Processing, FPGA based Neural Network Accelerators, and much more. Updates on new information on the architecture of GPU, NPU and DNN Discusses In-memory computing, Machine intelligence and Quantum computing Includes sections on Hardware Accelerator Systems to improve processing efficiency and performance

Synthesis and Optimization of FPGA-Based Systems

Author : Valery Sklyarov
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3319047086
Total Pages : 443 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (19 download)

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Book Synopsis Synthesis and Optimization of FPGA-Based Systems by : Valery Sklyarov

Download or read book Synthesis and Optimization of FPGA-Based Systems written by Valery Sklyarov and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2014-03-14 with total page 443 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book is composed of two parts. The first part introduces the concepts of the design of digital systems using contemporary field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). Various design techniques are discussed and illustrated by examples. The operation and effectiveness of these techniques is demonstrated through experiments that use relatively cheap prototyping boards that are widely available. The book begins with easily understandable introductory sections, continues with commonly used digital circuits, and then gradually extends to more advanced topics. The advanced topics include novel techniques where parallelism is applied extensively. These techniques involve not only core reconfigurable logical elements, but also use embedded blocks such as memories and digital signal processing slices and interactions with general-purpose and application-specific computing systems. Fully synthesizable specifications are provided in a hardware-description language (VHDL) and are ready to be tested and incorporated in engineering designs. A number of practical applications are discussed from areas such as data processing and vector-based computations (e.g. Hamming weight counters/comparators). The second part of the book covers the more theoretical aspects of finite state machine synthesis with the main objective of reducing basic FPGA resources, minimizing delays and achieving greater optimization of circuits and systems.

Design for Embedded Image Processing on FPGAs

Author : Donald G. Bailey
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 0470828528
Total Pages : 503 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (78 download)

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Book Synopsis Design for Embedded Image Processing on FPGAs by : Donald G. Bailey

Download or read book Design for Embedded Image Processing on FPGAs written by Donald G. Bailey and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2011-06-13 with total page 503 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Dr Donald Bailey starts with introductory material considering the problem of embedded image processing, and how some of the issues may be solved using parallel hardware solutions. Field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) are introduced as a technology that provides flexible, fine-grained hardware that can readily exploit parallelism within many image processing algorithms. A brief review of FPGA programming languages provides the link between a software mindset normally associated with image processing algorithms, and the hardware mindset required for efficient utilization of a parallel hardware design. The design process for implementing an image processing algorithm on an FPGA is compared with that for a conventional software implementation, with the key differences highlighted. Particular attention is given to the techniques for mapping an algorithm onto an FPGA implementation, considering timing, memory bandwidth and resource constraints, and efficient hardware computational techniques. Extensive coverage is given of a range of low and intermediate level image processing operations, discussing efficient implementations and how these may vary according to the application. The techniques are illustrated with several example applications or case studies from projects or applications he has been involved with. Issues such as interfacing between the FPGA and peripheral devices are covered briefly, as is designing the system in such a way that it can be more readily debugged and tuned. Provides a bridge between algorithms and hardware Demonstrates how to avoid many of the potential pitfalls Offers practical recommendations and solutions Illustrates several real-world applications and case studies Allows those with software backgrounds to understand efficient hardware implementation Design for Embedded Image Processing on FPGAs is ideal for researchers and engineers in the vision or image processing industry, who are looking at smart sensors, machine vision, and robotic vision, as well as FPGA developers and application engineers. The book can also be used by graduate students studying imaging systems, computer engineering, digital design, circuit design, or computer science. It can also be used as supplementary text for courses in advanced digital design, algorithm and hardware implementation, and digital signal processing and applications. Companion website for the book: www.wiley.com/go/bailey/fpga

Hardware Accelerators in Data Centers

Author : Christoforos Kachris
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319927922
Total Pages : 279 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (199 download)

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Book Synopsis Hardware Accelerators in Data Centers by : Christoforos Kachris

Download or read book Hardware Accelerators in Data Centers written by Christoforos Kachris and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-08-21 with total page 279 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides readers with an overview of the architectures, programming frameworks, and hardware accelerators for typical cloud computing applications in data centers. The authors present the most recent and promising solutions, using hardware accelerators to provide high throughput, reduced latency and higher energy efficiency compared to current servers based on commodity processors. Readers will benefit from state-of-the-art information regarding application requirements in contemporary data centers, computational complexity of typical tasks in cloud computing, and a programming framework for the efficient utilization of the hardware accelerators.

FPGA-based Implementation of Signal Processing Systems

Author : Roger Woods
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119077958
Total Pages : 356 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (19 download)

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Book Synopsis FPGA-based Implementation of Signal Processing Systems by : Roger Woods

Download or read book FPGA-based Implementation of Signal Processing Systems written by Roger Woods and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2017-05-01 with total page 356 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An important working resource for engineers and researchers involved in the design, development, and implementation of signal processing systems The last decade has seen a rapid expansion of the use of field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) for a wide range of applications beyond traditional digital signal processing (DSP) systems. Written by a team of experts working at the leading edge of FPGA research and development, this second edition of FPGA-based Implementation of Signal Processing Systems has been extensively updated and revised to reflect the latest iterations of FPGA theory, applications, and technology. Written from a system-level perspective, it features expert discussions of contemporary methods and tools used in the design, optimization and implementation of DSP systems using programmable FPGA hardware. And it provides a wealth of practical insights—along with illustrative case studies and timely real-world examples—of critical concern to engineers working in the design and development of DSP systems for radio, telecommunications, audio-visual, and security applications, as well as bioinformatics, Big Data applications, and more. Inside you will find up-to-date coverage of: FPGA solutions for Big Data Applications, especially as they apply to huge data sets The use of ARM processors in FPGAs and the transfer of FPGAs towards heterogeneous computing platforms The evolution of High Level Synthesis tools—including new sections on Xilinx's HLS Vivado tool flow and Altera's OpenCL approach Developments in Graphical Processing Units (GPUs), which are rapidly replacing more traditional DSP systems FPGA-based Implementation of Signal Processing Systems, 2nd Edition is an indispensable guide for engineers and researchers involved in the design and development of both traditional and cutting-edge data and signal processing systems. Senior-level electrical and computer engineering graduates studying signal processing or digital signal processing also will find this volume of great interest.

Hardware Accelerator Systems for Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning

Author :
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0128231246
Total Pages : 416 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (282 download)

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Book Synopsis Hardware Accelerator Systems for Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning by :

Download or read book Hardware Accelerator Systems for Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning written by and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2021-03-28 with total page 416 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Hardware Accelerator Systems for Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning, Volume 122 delves into arti?cial Intelligence and the growth it has seen with the advent of Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) and Machine Learning. Updates in this release include chapters on Hardware accelerator systems for artificial intelligence and machine learning, Introduction to Hardware Accelerator Systems for Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning, Deep Learning with GPUs, Edge Computing Optimization of Deep Learning Models for Specialized Tensor Processing Architectures, Architecture of NPU for DNN, Hardware Architecture for Convolutional Neural Network for Image Processing, FPGA based Neural Network Accelerators, and much more. Updates on new information on the architecture of GPU, NPU and DNN Discusses In-memory computing, Machine intelligence and Quantum computing Includes sections on Hardware Accelerator Systems to improve processing efficiency and performance

The Definitive Guide to the Xen Hypervisor

Author : David Chisnall
Publisher : Pearson Education
ISBN 13 : 013234971X
Total Pages : 320 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (323 download)

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Book Synopsis The Definitive Guide to the Xen Hypervisor by : David Chisnall

Download or read book The Definitive Guide to the Xen Hypervisor written by David Chisnall and published by Pearson Education. This book was released on 2008 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The Xen hypervisor has become an incredibly strategic resource for the industry, as the focal point of innovation in cross-platform virtualization technology. David's book will play a key role in helping the Xen community and ecosystem to grow." -Simon Crosby, CTO, XenSource An Under-the-Hood Guide to the Power of Xen Hypervisor Internals The Definitive Guide to the Xen Hypervisor is a comprehensive handbook on the inner workings of XenSource's powerful open source paravirtualization solution. From architecture to kernel internals, author David Chisnall exposes key code components and shows you how the technology works, providing the essential information you need to fully harness and exploit the Xen hypervisor to develop cost-effective, highperformance Linux and Windows virtual environments. Granted exclusive access to the XenSource team, Chisnall lays down a solid framework with overviews of virtualization and the design philosophy behind the Xen hypervisor. Next, Chisnall takes you on an in-depth exploration of the hypervisor's architecture, interfaces, device support, management tools, and internals including key information for developers who want to optimize applications for virtual environments. He reveals the power and pitfalls of Xen in real-world examples and includes hands-on exercises, so you gain valuable experience as you learn. This insightful resource gives you a detailed picture of how all the pieces of the Xen hypervisor fit and work together, setting you on the path to building and implementing a streamlined, cost-efficient virtual enterprise. Coverage includes Understanding the Xen virtual architecture Using shared info pages, grant tables, and the memory management subsystem Interpreting Xen's abstract device interfaces Configuring and managing device support, including event channels, monitoring with XenStore, supporting core devices, and adding new device types Navigating the inner workings of the Xen API and userspace tools Coordinating virtual machines with the Scheduler Interface and API, and adding a new scheduler Securing near-native speed on guest machines using HVM Planning for future needs, including porting, power management, new devices, and unusual architectures

2021 9th International Japan Africa Conference on Electronics, Communications, and Computations (JAC ECC)

Author : IEEE Staff
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781665482936
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (829 download)

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Book Synopsis 2021 9th International Japan Africa Conference on Electronics, Communications, and Computations (JAC ECC) by : IEEE Staff

Download or read book 2021 9th International Japan Africa Conference on Electronics, Communications, and Computations (JAC ECC) written by IEEE Staff and published by . This book was released on 2021-12-13 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: JAC ECC is a venue for extending collaboration between prominent Japanese, African and International researchers from academia and industry in the fields of electronics, communications, and computer engineering

FPGA Programming for Beginners

Author : Frank Bruno
Publisher : Packt Publishing Ltd
ISBN 13 : 1789807794
Total Pages : 369 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (898 download)

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Book Synopsis FPGA Programming for Beginners by : Frank Bruno

Download or read book FPGA Programming for Beginners written by Frank Bruno and published by Packt Publishing Ltd. This book was released on 2021-03-05 with total page 369 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Get started with FPGA programming using SystemVerilog, and develop real-world skills by building projects, including a calculator and a keyboard Key Features Explore different FPGA usage methods and the FPGA tool flow Learn how to design, test, and implement hardware circuits using SystemVerilog Build real-world FPGA projects such as a calculator and a keyboard using FPGA resources Book DescriptionField Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) have now become a core part of most modern electronic and computer systems. However, to implement your ideas in the real world, you need to get your head around the FPGA architecture, its toolset, and critical design considerations. FPGA Programming for Beginners will help you bring your ideas to life by guiding you through the entire process of programming FPGAs and designing hardware circuits using SystemVerilog. The book will introduce you to the FPGA and Xilinx architectures and show you how to work on your first project, which includes toggling an LED. You’ll then cover SystemVerilog RTL designs and their implementations. Next, you’ll get to grips with using the combinational Boolean logic design and work on several projects, such as creating a calculator and updating it using FPGA resources. Later, the book will take you through the advanced concepts of AXI and show you how to create a keyboard using PS/2. Finally, you’ll be able to consolidate all the projects in the book to create a unified output using a Video Graphics Array (VGA) controller that you’ll design. By the end of this SystemVerilog FPGA book, you’ll have learned how to work with FPGA systems and be able to design hardware circuits and boards using SystemVerilog programming.What you will learn Understand the FPGA architecture and its implementation Get to grips with writing SystemVerilog RTL Make FPGA projects using SystemVerilog programming Work with computer math basics, parallelism, and pipelining Explore the advanced topics of AXI and keyboard interfacing with PS/2 Discover how you can implement a VGA interface in your projects Who this book is for This FPGA design book is for embedded system developers, engineers, and programmers who want to learn FPGA and SystemVerilog programming from scratch. FPGA designers looking to gain hands-on experience in working on real-world projects will also find this book useful.

Progress in Pattern Recognition, Image Analysis, Computer Vision, and Applications

Author : Eduardo Bayro-Corrochano
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319125680
Total Pages : 1071 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (191 download)

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Book Synopsis Progress in Pattern Recognition, Image Analysis, Computer Vision, and Applications by : Eduardo Bayro-Corrochano

Download or read book Progress in Pattern Recognition, Image Analysis, Computer Vision, and Applications written by Eduardo Bayro-Corrochano and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-10-23 with total page 1071 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 19th Iberoamerican Congress on Pattern Recognition, CIARP 2014, held in Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco, Mexico, in November 2014. The 115 papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 160 submissions. The papers are organized in topical sections on image coding, processing and analysis; segmentation, analysis of shape and texture; analysis of signal, speech and language; document processing and recognition; feature extraction, clustering and classification; pattern recognition and machine learning; neural networks for pattern recognition; computer vision and robot vision; video segmentation and tracking.

Artificial Intelligence and Hardware Accelerators

Author : Ashutosh Mishra
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3031221702
Total Pages : 358 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (312 download)

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Book Synopsis Artificial Intelligence and Hardware Accelerators by : Ashutosh Mishra

Download or read book Artificial Intelligence and Hardware Accelerators written by Ashutosh Mishra and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-03-15 with total page 358 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book explores new methods, architectures, tools, and algorithms for Artificial Intelligence Hardware Accelerators. The authors have structured the material to simplify readers’ journey toward understanding the aspects of designing hardware accelerators, complex AI algorithms, and their computational requirements, along with the multifaceted applications. Coverage focuses broadly on the hardware aspects of training, inference, mobile devices, and autonomous vehicles (AVs) based AI accelerators

Fpga-Accelerated Analytics

Author : Zsolt István
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781680837346
Total Pages : 120 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (373 download)

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Book Synopsis Fpga-Accelerated Analytics by : Zsolt István

Download or read book Fpga-Accelerated Analytics written by Zsolt István and published by . This book was released on 2020-09-28 with total page 120 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Datacenters hosting the data-intensive applications used in machine learning and online services are facing an important challenge: the amount of data that needs to be stored and processed is increasing at an exponential rate whereas traditional processor performance has been stagnating for years as Moore's Law tapers off. Driven by these trends, data processing and management applications have become increasingly distributed leading to new data movement bottlenecks at various levels of the software and hardware architecture. The authors show how specialized hardware accelerators can provide an answer to the compute stagnation problem and be helpful in reducing data movement bottlenecks by placing them in the right location within the computer architecture. They concentrate on Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) and show how they make it possible to express algorithms in ways that are fundamentally different from CPUs or GPUs. Many major companies are using these accelerator techniques in their storage and processing offerings. The authors discuss the benefits of using FPGAs in the context of analytical processing, both as an accelerator within a single node database and as part of distributed data analytics pipelines. They present guidelines for accelerator design in both scenarios and examples of integration within full-fledged Relational Databases. They do so through the prism of recent research projects that explore how emerging compute-intensive operations in databases can benefit from FPGAs. Finally, they highlight future research challenges in programmability and integration and cover architectural trends that are propelling the rapid adoption of accelerators in datacenters and the cloud. The monograph provides researchers and practitioners a concise insight into how FPGAs can play an important role in designing modern data-intensive computing systems. Drawing on both theory and practical implementations the readers are brought quickly up to speed on a technique that will significantly improve a system's performance.

Efficient Processing of Deep Neural Networks

Author : Vivienne Sze
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3031017668
Total Pages : 254 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (31 download)

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Book Synopsis Efficient Processing of Deep Neural Networks by : Vivienne Sze

Download or read book Efficient Processing of Deep Neural Networks written by Vivienne Sze and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-05-31 with total page 254 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a structured treatment of the key principles and techniques for enabling efficient processing of deep neural networks (DNNs). DNNs are currently widely used for many artificial intelligence (AI) applications, including computer vision, speech recognition, and robotics. While DNNs deliver state-of-the-art accuracy on many AI tasks, it comes at the cost of high computational complexity. Therefore, techniques that enable efficient processing of deep neural networks to improve key metrics—such as energy-efficiency, throughput, and latency—without sacrificing accuracy or increasing hardware costs are critical to enabling the wide deployment of DNNs in AI systems. The book includes background on DNN processing; a description and taxonomy of hardware architectural approaches for designing DNN accelerators; key metrics for evaluating and comparing different designs; features of DNN processing that are amenable to hardware/algorithm co-design to improve energy efficiency and throughput; and opportunities for applying new technologies. Readers will find a structured introduction to the field as well as formalization and organization of key concepts from contemporary work that provide insights that may spark new ideas.

Quantifying and Exploring the Gap Between FPGAs and ASICs

Author : Ian Kuon
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1441907394
Total Pages : 182 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (419 download)

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Book Synopsis Quantifying and Exploring the Gap Between FPGAs and ASICs by : Ian Kuon

Download or read book Quantifying and Exploring the Gap Between FPGAs and ASICs written by Ian Kuon and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-07-03 with total page 182 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), which are pre-fabricated, programmable digital integrated circuits (ICs), provide easy access to state-of-the-art integrated circuit process technology, and in doing so, democratize this technology of our time. This book is about comparing the qualities of FPGA – their speed performance, area and power consumption, against custom-fabricated ICs, and exploring ways of mitigating their de ciencies. This work began as a question that many have asked, and few had the resources to answer – how much worse is an FPGA compared to a custom-designed chip? As we dealt with that question, we found that it was far more dif cult to answer than we anticipated, but that the results were rich basic insights on fundamental understandings of FPGA architecture. It also encouraged us to nd ways to leverage those insights to seek ways to make FPGA technology better, which is what the second half of the book is about. While the question “How much worse is an FPGA than an ASIC?” has been a constant sub-theme of all research on FPGAs, it was posed most directly, some time around May 2004, by Professor Abbas El Gamal from Stanford University to us – he was working on a 3D FPGA, and was wondering if any real measurements had been made in this kind of comparison. Shortly thereafter we took it up and tried to answer in a serious way.