Flora Trade Between Egypt And Africa In Antiquity

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Flora Trade Between Egypt and Africa in Antiquity

Author : Ilaria Incordino
Publisher : Oxbow Books
ISBN 13 : 1785706373
Total Pages : 164 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (857 download)

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Book Synopsis Flora Trade Between Egypt and Africa in Antiquity by : Ilaria Incordino

Download or read book Flora Trade Between Egypt and Africa in Antiquity written by Ilaria Incordino and published by Oxbow Books. This book was released on 2017-05-31 with total page 164 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In recent decades, study of the ancient Egyptian natural world and its classification has adopted innovative approaches involving new technologies of analysis and a multidisciplinary general view. This collection of papers focuses on one particularly important aspect of foreign trade: the importation of aromatic products. Contributors present the results of the latest researches into the origin and meaning of foreign aromatic products imported in Egypt from the south (Nubia, Punt, Arabia, Horn of Africa) from the beginning of the Dynastic period. The quest for aromata has been of crucial importance in Egypt, since it was closely connected with economic, political, ideological, religious, and mythic spheres. Through archaeological research, epigraphic analysis, and iconographic investigations new evidence is explored supporting the most likely hypothesis about the sources of these raw materials. The study of related documents has revealed possible linguistic links between ancient Egyptian and other ancient African languages, and a strong link between aromata and the divine world through the creation of many Egyptian myths. The references to some specific aromatic products (ti-shepes, snetjer, antyw, hesayt) have been subject to careful lexicographic analysis, with special reference to Old Kingdom occurrences. Iconographic and field investigations documented here seek to better define the Egyptian way of representing the 'foreign' world and the value of its products in the spheres of Egyptian religiosity and rising Pharaonic ideology.

Flora Trade Between Egypt and Africa in Antiquity

Author : Ilaria Incordino
Publisher : Oxbow Books
ISBN 13 : 178570639X
Total Pages : 94 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (857 download)

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Book Synopsis Flora Trade Between Egypt and Africa in Antiquity by : Ilaria Incordino

Download or read book Flora Trade Between Egypt and Africa in Antiquity written by Ilaria Incordino and published by Oxbow Books. This book was released on 2017-05-31 with total page 94 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In recent decades, study of the ancient Egyptian natural world and its classification has adopted innovative approaches involving new technologies of analysis and a multidisciplinary general view. This collection of papers focuses on one particularly important aspect of foreign trade: the importation of aromatic products. Contributors present the results of the latest researches into the origin and meaning of foreign aromatic products imported in Egypt from the south (Nubia, Punt, Arabia, Horn of Africa) from the beginning of the Dynastic period. The quest for aromata has been of crucial importance in Egypt, since it was closely connected with economic, political, ideological, religious, and mythic spheres. Through archaeological research, epigraphic analysis, and iconographic investigations new evidence is explored supporting the most likely hypothesis about the sources of these raw materials. The study of related documents has revealed possible linguistic links between ancient Egyptian and other ancient African languages, and a strong link between aromata and the divine world through the creation of many Egyptian myths. The references to some specific aromatic products (ti-shepes, snetjer, antyw, hesayt) have been subject to careful lexicographic analysis, with special reference to Old Kingdom occurrences. Iconographic and field investigations documented here seek to better define the Egyptian way of representing the 'foreign' world and the value of its products in the spheres of Egyptian religiosity and rising Pharaonic ideology.

All Things Ancient Egypt [2 volumes]

Author : Lisa K. Sabbahy
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing USA
ISBN 13 : 1440855137
Total Pages : 673 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (48 download)

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Book Synopsis All Things Ancient Egypt [2 volumes] by : Lisa K. Sabbahy

Download or read book All Things Ancient Egypt [2 volumes] written by Lisa K. Sabbahy and published by Bloomsbury Publishing USA. This book was released on 2019-04-24 with total page 673 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Written by specialists in the field of Egyptology, this book is a readable introduction to ancient Egypt, covering all anticipated subjects and stressing the monuments and material culture of this remarkable ancient civilization. The rich natural resources of ancient Egypt provided a wealth of raw material for its structures, sculptures, and art, while its geographic isolation helped to ensure the survival of its rich culture for centuries. While other references focus on the people and battles central to Egyptian history, this reference explores the material culture and social institutions of ancient Egypt. The book focuses on pharaonic Egypt, covering the period from roughly 5000 BCE to the beginning of the Greco-Roman Period in 320 BCE. At the front of the work, a timeline provides a quick look at the major events in Egyptian history, and an introduction surveys ancient Egypt's physical geography and history. Alphabetically arranged reference entries written by expert contributors then provide fundamental information about the buildings, jewelry, social practices, and other topics related to the material culture and institutions that made up the Egyptian world. Excerpts from primary source historical documents provide evidence for what we know about ancient Egyptian culture, and suggestions for further reading direct users to additional sources of information.

Ancient Egyptian Prisoner Statues

Author : Tara Prakash
Publisher : Lockwood Press
ISBN 13 : 1948488884
Total Pages : 237 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (484 download)

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Book Synopsis Ancient Egyptian Prisoner Statues by : Tara Prakash

Download or read book Ancient Egyptian Prisoner Statues written by Tara Prakash and published by Lockwood Press. This book was released on 2022-08-01 with total page 237 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During the Old Kingdom, the ancient Egyptians constructed elaborately decorated mortuary monuments for their pharaohs. By the late Old Kingdom (ca. 2435-2153 BCE), these pyramid complexes began to contain a new and unique type of statue, the so-called prisoner statues. Despite being known to Egyptologists for decades, these statues of kneeling, bound foreign captives have been only partially documented, and questions surrounding their use, treatment, and exact meaning have remained unanswered. Ancient Egyptian Prisoner Statues-the first comprehensive analysis of the prisoner statues-addresses this gap, demonstrating that the Egyptians conceived of and used the prisoner statues differently over time as a response to contemporary social, cultural, and historical changes. In the process, the author contributes new data and interpretations on topics as diverse as the purpose and function of the pyramid complex, the ways in which the Egyptians understood and depicted ethnicity, and the agency of artists in ancient Egypt. Ultimately, this volume provides a fuller understanding of not only the prisoner statues but also the Egyptian late Old Kingdom as a whole.

Perspectives on materiality in ancient Egypt: Agency, Cultural Reproduction and Change

Author : Maynart Érika
Publisher : Archaeopress Publishing Ltd
ISBN 13 : 1784919349
Total Pages : 116 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (849 download)

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Book Synopsis Perspectives on materiality in ancient Egypt: Agency, Cultural Reproduction and Change by : Maynart Érika

Download or read book Perspectives on materiality in ancient Egypt: Agency, Cultural Reproduction and Change written by Maynart Érika and published by Archaeopress Publishing Ltd. This book was released on 2018-09-11 with total page 116 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Growing out of a colloquium organised in São Paulo in March 2016, here Nine papers approach the potential of materiality in Ancient Egypt based on several case studies covering a wide range of topics such as Egyptian art, recent perspectives on sex and gender, hierarchies, and the materiality of textual sources and images.

Environment and Religion in Ancient and Coptic Egypt: Sensing the Cosmos through the Eyes of the Divine

Author : Alicia Maravelia
Publisher : Archaeopress Publishing Ltd
ISBN 13 : 1789696402
Total Pages : 582 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (896 download)

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Book Synopsis Environment and Religion in Ancient and Coptic Egypt: Sensing the Cosmos through the Eyes of the Divine by : Alicia Maravelia

Download or read book Environment and Religion in Ancient and Coptic Egypt: Sensing the Cosmos through the Eyes of the Divine written by Alicia Maravelia and published by Archaeopress Publishing Ltd. This book was released on 2020-10-01 with total page 582 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Proceedings of a conference held in Athens in 2017, this volume presents 34 fresh and original papers (plus 2 abstracts) on ancient Egyptian religion, environment and the cosmos. Papers connect many interdisciplinary approaches including Egyptology, archaeology, archaeoastronomy, geography, botany, zoology, ornithology, theology and history.

Cushites in the Hebrew Bible

Author : Kevin Burrell
Publisher : BRILL
ISBN 13 : 9004418768
Total Pages : 403 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (44 download)

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Book Synopsis Cushites in the Hebrew Bible by : Kevin Burrell

Download or read book Cushites in the Hebrew Bible written by Kevin Burrell and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2020-01-13 with total page 403 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cushites in the Hebrew Bible offers a reassessment of Cushite ethnographic representations in the biblical literature as a counterpoint to misconceptions about Africa and people of African descent which are largely a feature of the modern age. Whereas current interpretations have tended to emphasize unfavourable portraits of the people biblical writers called Cushites, Kevin Burrell illuminates the biblical perspective through a comparative assessment of ancient and modern forms of identity construction. Past and present modes of defining difference betray both similarities and differences to ethnic representations in the Hebrew Bible, providing important contexts for understanding the biblical view. This book contributes to a clearer understanding of the theological, historical, and ethnic dynamics underpinning representations of Cushites in the Hebrew Bible.

The Routledge Handbook of the Senses in the Ancient Near East

Author : Kiersten Neumann
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 100043642X
Total Pages : 770 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (4 download)

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Book Synopsis The Routledge Handbook of the Senses in the Ancient Near East by : Kiersten Neumann

Download or read book The Routledge Handbook of the Senses in the Ancient Near East written by Kiersten Neumann and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2021-09-30 with total page 770 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Handbook is a state-of-the-field volume containing diverse approaches to sensory experience, bringing to life in an innovative, remarkably vivid, and visceral way the lives of past humans through contributions that cover the chronological and geographical expanse of the ancient Near East. It comprises thirty-two chapters written by leading international contributors that look at the ways in which humans, through their senses, experienced their lives and the world around them in the ancient Near East, with coverage of Anatolia, Egypt, the Levant, Mesopotamia, Syria, and Persia, from the Neolithic through the Roman period. It is organised into six parts related to sensory contexts: Practice, production, and taskscape; Dress and the body; Ritualised practice and ceremonial spaces; Death and burial; Science, medicine, and aesthetics; and Languages and semantic fields. In addition to exploring what makes each sensory context unique, this organisation facilitates cross-cultural and cross-chronological, as well as cross-sensory and multisensory comparisons and discussions of sensory experiences in the ancient world. In so doing, the volume also enables considerations of senses beyond the five-sense model of Western philosophy (sight, hearing, touch, taste, and smell), including proprioception and interoception, and the phenomena of synaesthesia and kinaesthesia. The Routledge Handbook of the Senses in the Ancient Near East provides scholars and students within the field of ancient Near Eastern studies new perspectives on and conceptions of familiar spaces, places, and practices, as well as material culture and texts. It also allows scholars and students from adjacent fields such as Classics and Biblical Studies to engage with this material, and is a must-read for any scholar or student interested in or already engaged with the field of sensory studies in any period.

The Egyptian Mummies and Coffins of the Denver Museum of Nature & Science

Author : Michele L. Koons
Publisher : University Press of Colorado
ISBN 13 : 1646421388
Total Pages : 218 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (464 download)

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Book Synopsis The Egyptian Mummies and Coffins of the Denver Museum of Nature & Science by : Michele L. Koons

Download or read book The Egyptian Mummies and Coffins of the Denver Museum of Nature & Science written by Michele L. Koons and published by University Press of Colorado. This book was released on 2021-03-01 with total page 218 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the 1970s and 1980s, the Denver Museum of Nature & Science acquired two ancient Egyptian mummies and three coffins. The mummies are the remains of two women who lived in an unknown locale in ancient Egypt. They both died in their thirties and have now been subjected to a number of unpublished scientific and unscientific analyses over the years. In 2016, as DMNS prepared to update its Egyptian Hall, staff scientists decided to reexamine the mummies and coffins using innovative, inexpensive, and accessible techniques. This interdisciplinary volume provides a history of the mummies’ discovery and relocation to Colorado. It guides the reader through various analytical techniques, detailing past research and introducing new data and best practices for future conservation efforts. The new analysis includes more accurate radiocarbon dating, fully comprehensive data from updated CT scans, examples of Egyptian blue and yellow pigments on the coffins uncovered by non-invasive x-ray fluorescence, unprecedented analysis of the coffin wood, updated translations and stylistic analysis of the text and imagery on the coffins, gas chromatography of the paints and resins, linen analysis, and much more. The Egyptian Mummies and Coffins of the Denver Museum of Nature & Science provides replicable findings and consistent terminology for institutions performing holistic studies on extant museum collections of a range of material types. It will add substantially to what we know about the effective conservation of Egyptian mummies and coffins. Contributors: Christopher H. Baisan, Hans Barnard, Bonnie Clark, Pearce Paul Creasman, Farrah Cundiff, Jessica M. Fletcher, Kari L. Hayes, Kathryn Howley, Stephen Humphries, Keith Miller, Vanessa Muros, Robyn Price, David Rubinstein, Judith Southward, Jason Weinman

The Oxford History of the Ancient Near East

Author : Karen Radner
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0190687878
Total Pages : 805 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (96 download)

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Book Synopsis The Oxford History of the Ancient Near East by : Karen Radner

Download or read book The Oxford History of the Ancient Near East written by Karen Radner and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2020-07-07 with total page 805 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This groundbreaking, five-volume series offers a comprehensive, fully illustrated history of Egypt and Western Asia (the Levant, Anatolia, Mesopotamia, and Iran), from the emergence of complex states to the conquest of Alexander the Great. Written by a highly diverse, international team of leading scholars, whose expertise brings to life the people, places, and times of the remote past, the volumes in this series focus firmly on the political and social histories of the states and communities of the ancient Near East. Individual chapters present the key textual and material sources underpinning the historical reconstruction, paying particular attention to the most recent archaeological finds and their impact on our historical understanding of the periods surveyed. Commencing with the domestication of plants and animals, and the foundation of the first permanent settlements in the region, Volume I contains ten chapters that provide a masterful survey of the earliest dynasties and territorial states in the ancient Near East, concluding with the rise of the Old Kingdom in Egypt and the Dynasty of Akkad in Mesopotamia. Politics, ideology, religion, art, crafts, economy, military developments, and the built environment are all examined. Uniquely, emphasis is placed upon elucidating both the internal dynamics of these states and communities, as well as their external relationships with their neighbors in the wider region. The result is a thoughtful, critical, and robust survey of the populations that laid the foundation for all future developments in the ancient Near East.

Ancient Taxation

Author : Jonathan Valk
Publisher : NYU Press
ISBN 13 : 1479806196
Total Pages : 388 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (798 download)

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Book Synopsis Ancient Taxation by : Jonathan Valk

Download or read book Ancient Taxation written by Jonathan Valk and published by NYU Press. This book was released on 2021-08-24 with total page 388 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The studies collected in Ancient Taxation explore the extractive systems of eleven ancient states and societies from across the ancient world, ranging from Bronze Age China to Anglo-Saxon Britain. Together, the contributors explore the challenges of taxation in predominantly agro-pastoral societies, including basic tax strategy (taxing goods vs. labor, in kind vs. money taxes, direct vs. indirect, internal vs. external, etc.), assessment and collection (particularly over wide geographic areas or at large scale, e.g., by tax farming), compliance, and negotiating the cooperation of social, economic, and political elites or other critical social groups. By assembling such a broad range of studies, the book sheds new light on the commonalities and differences between ancient taxation systems, highlighting how studying taxes can shed light on the fiscal and institutional practices of antiquity. It also provides new impetus for comparative research, both between ancient societies and between ancient and modern extractive practices. This book will be of interest to those studying ancient history, economic history, the history of taxation, or comparative politics and economics"--

Myth and History: Close Encounters

Author : Menelaos Christopoulos
Publisher : Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG
ISBN 13 : 3110780232
Total Pages : 469 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (17 download)

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Book Synopsis Myth and History: Close Encounters by : Menelaos Christopoulos

Download or read book Myth and History: Close Encounters written by Menelaos Christopoulos and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2022-06-06 with total page 469 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The fluidity of myth and history in antiquity and the ensuing rapidity with which these notions infiltrated and cross-fertilized one another has repeatedly attracted the scholarly interest. The understanding of myth as a phenomenon imbued with social and historical nuances allows for more than one methodological approaches. Within the wider context of interdisciplinary exchange of ideas, the present volume returns to origins, as it traces and registers the association and interaction between myth and history in various literary genres in Greek and Roman antiquity (i.e. an era when the scientific definitions of and distinctions between myth and history had not yet been perceived as such, let alone fully shaped and implemented), providing original ideas, new interpretations and (re)evaluations of key texts and less well-known passages, close readings, and catholic overviews. The twenty-four chapters of this volume expand from Greek epos to lyric poetry, historiography, dramatic poetry and even beyond, to genres of Roman era and late antiquity. It is the editors’ hope that this volume will appeal to students and academic researchers in the areas of classics, social and political history, archaeology, and even social anthropology.

Flora Trade Between Egypt and Africa in Antiquity

Author : Ilaria Incordino
Publisher : Oxbow Books Limited
ISBN 13 : 9781785706387
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (63 download)

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Book Synopsis Flora Trade Between Egypt and Africa in Antiquity by : Ilaria Incordino

Download or read book Flora Trade Between Egypt and Africa in Antiquity written by Ilaria Incordino and published by Oxbow Books Limited. This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

The Tears of Re

Author : Gene Kritsky
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0199361401
Total Pages : 159 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (993 download)

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Book Synopsis The Tears of Re by : Gene Kritsky

Download or read book The Tears of Re written by Gene Kritsky and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2015-10-08 with total page 159 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: According to Egyptian mythology, when the ancient Egyptian sun god Re cried, his tears turned into honey bees upon touching the ground. For this reason, the honey bee was sacrosanct in ancient Egyptian culture. From the art depicting bees on temple walls to the usage of beeswax as a healing ointment, the honey bee was a pervasive cultural motif in ancient Egypt because of its connection to the sun god Re. Gene Kritsky delivers a concise introduction of the relationship between the honey bee and ancient Egyptian culture, through the lenses of linguistics, archeology, religion, health, and economics. Kritsky delves into ancient Egypt's multifaceted society, and traces the importance of the honey bee in everything from death rituals to trade. In doing so, Kritsky brings new evidence to light of how advanced and fascinating the ancient Egyptians were. This richly illustrated work appeals to a broad range of interests. For archeology lovers, Kritsky delves into the archeological evidence of Egyptian beekeeping and discusses newly discovered tombs, as well as evidence of manmade hives. Linguists will be fascinated by Kritsky's discussion of the first documented written evidence of the honeybee hieroglyph. And anyone interested in ancient Egypt or ancient cultures in general will be intrigued by Kritsky's treatment of the first documented beekeepers. This book provides a unique social commentary of a community so far removed from modern humans chronologically speaking, and yet so fascinating because of the stunning advances their society made. Beekeeping is the latest evidence of how ahead of their times the Egyptians were, and the ensuing narrative is as captivating as every other aspect of ancient Egyptian culture.

Proceedings of the Ninth International Dakhleh Oasis Project Conference

Author : Colin A. Hope
Publisher : Oxbow Books
ISBN 13 : 1789253799
Total Pages : 498 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (892 download)

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Book Synopsis Proceedings of the Ninth International Dakhleh Oasis Project Conference by : Colin A. Hope

Download or read book Proceedings of the Ninth International Dakhleh Oasis Project Conference written by Colin A. Hope and published by Oxbow Books. This book was released on 2020-01-19 with total page 498 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This new volume in the Oasis Papers series marks the 40th anniversary of archaeological fieldwork in the Dakhleh Oasis in Egypt’s Western Desert under the leadership of Anthony J. Mills and presents a synthesis of the current state of our knowledge of the oasis and its interconnections with surrounding regions, especially the Nile Valley. The papers are by distinguished authorities in the field and postgraduate students who specialise in different aspects of Dakhleh and presents an almost complete survey of the archaeology of Dakhleh including much unpublished, original material. It will be one of the few to document a specific part of modern Egypt in such detail and thus should have a broad and lasting appeal. The content of some of the papers is unlikely to be published in any other form elsewhere. Dakhleh is possibly the most intensively examined wider geographic region within Egypt.

The Exploitation of Plant Resources in Ancient Africa

Author : Marijke van der Veen
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9780306461095
Total Pages : 306 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (61 download)

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Book Synopsis The Exploitation of Plant Resources in Ancient Africa by : Marijke van der Veen

Download or read book The Exploitation of Plant Resources in Ancient Africa written by Marijke van der Veen and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 1999-06-30 with total page 306 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume presents a completely new and very substantial body of information about the origin of agriculture and plant use in Africa. All the evidence is very recent and for the first time all this archaeobotanical evidence is brought together in one volume (at present the information is unpublished or published in many disparate journals, confer ence reports, monographs, site reports, etc. ). Early publications concerned with the origins of African plant domestication relied almost exclusively on inferences made from the modem distribution of the wild progenitors of African cultivars; there existed virtually no archaeobotanical data at that time. Even as recently as the early 1990s direct evidence for the transition to farming and the relative roles of indigenous versus Near Eastern crops was lacking for most of Africa. This volume changes that and presents a wide range of ex citing new evidence, including case studies from Nigeria, Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Uganda, Egypt, and Sudan, which range in date from 8000 BP to the present day. The volume ad dresses topics such as the role of wild plant resources in hunter-gatherer and farming com munities, the origins of agriculture, the agricultural foundation of complex societies, long-distance trade, the exchange of foods and crops, and the human impact on local vege tation-all key issues of current research in archaeology, anthropology, agronomy, ecol ogy, and economic history.

The Exploitation of Plant Resources in Ancient Africa

Author : Marijke van der Veen
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1475767307
Total Pages : 306 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (757 download)

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Book Synopsis The Exploitation of Plant Resources in Ancient Africa by : Marijke van der Veen

Download or read book The Exploitation of Plant Resources in Ancient Africa written by Marijke van der Veen and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-06-29 with total page 306 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume presents a completely new and very substantial body of information about the origin of agriculture and plant use in Africa. All the evidence is very recent and for the first time all this archaeobotanical evidence is brought together in one volume (at present the information is unpublished or published in many disparate journals, confer ence reports, monographs, site reports, etc. ). Early publications concerned with the origins of African plant domestication relied almost exclusively on inferences made from the modem distribution of the wild progenitors of African cultivars; there existed virtually no archaeobotanical data at that time. Even as recently as the early 1990s direct evidence for the transition to farming and the relative roles of indigenous versus Near Eastern crops was lacking for most of Africa. This volume changes that and presents a wide range of ex citing new evidence, including case studies from Nigeria, Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Uganda, Egypt, and Sudan, which range in date from 8000 BP to the present day. The volume ad dresses topics such as the role of wild plant resources in hunter-gatherer and farming com munities, the origins of agriculture, the agricultural foundation of complex societies, long-distance trade, the exchange of foods and crops, and the human impact on local vege tation-all key issues of current research in archaeology, anthropology, agronomy, ecol ogy, and economic history.