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Fine Scale Spatial And Temporal Variability Of Particle Number Concentrations Within Communities And In The Vicinity Of Freeway Sound Walls
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Book Synopsis Fine-scale Spatial and Temporal Variability of Particle Number Concentrations Within Communities and in the Vicinity of Freeway Sound Walls by : Constantinos Sioutas
Download or read book Fine-scale Spatial and Temporal Variability of Particle Number Concentrations Within Communities and in the Vicinity of Freeway Sound Walls written by Constantinos Sioutas and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 114 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Spatial and Temporal Influences of a Major Freeway on Ultrafine Particle Concentrations Monitored in Nearby Residential Areas by : Denise Renee Parker
Download or read book Spatial and Temporal Influences of a Major Freeway on Ultrafine Particle Concentrations Monitored in Nearby Residential Areas written by Denise Renee Parker and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 164 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Determination of the Spatial and Temporal Variability of Size-resolved PṀ25 Composition and Mixing State in Multiple Regions in California by :
Download or read book Determination of the Spatial and Temporal Variability of Size-resolved PṀ25 Composition and Mixing State in Multiple Regions in California written by and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 324 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Particle Concentration and Composition in Lake Tahoe, California-Nevada by : Banu Sunman
Download or read book Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Particle Concentration and Composition in Lake Tahoe, California-Nevada written by Banu Sunman and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 672 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Regional Scale Dispersion Modeling and Analysis of Directly Emitted Fine Particulate Matter from Mobile Source Pollutants Using AERMOD by : Seth Daniel Contreras
Download or read book Regional Scale Dispersion Modeling and Analysis of Directly Emitted Fine Particulate Matter from Mobile Source Pollutants Using AERMOD written by Seth Daniel Contreras and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 130 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A large and growing body of literature associates proximity to major roadways with increased risk of many negative health outcomes and suggests that exposure to fine particulate matter may be a substantial factor. Directly emitted and non-reactive mobile source air pollutants such as directly emitted fine particulate matter can form large spatial concentration gradients along major roadways, in addition to causing significantly large temporal and seasonal variation in air pollutant concentrations within urban areas. Current modeling and regulatory approaches for minimizing exposure have limited spatial resolution and do not fully exploit the available data. The objective is to establish a methodology for quantifying fine particulate matter concentration gradients due to mobile source pollutants and to estimate the resulting population exposure at a regional scale. A novel air dispersion modeling framework is proposed using the Environmental Protection Agency's regulatory model AERMOD with data from a regional travel demand model that can produce a high resolution concentration surface for a considerably large metropolitan area; in our case, Los Angeles County, California. We find that PM2.5 concentrations are highest and most widespread during the morning and evening commutes, particularly during the winter months. This is likely caused by a combination of stable atmospheric conditions during the early morning and after sunset in the evening and higher traffic volumes during the morning and evening commutes. During the midday hours concentrations are at their lowest even though traffic volumes are still much higher than during the evening. This is likely the result of heating during the day time which leads to unstable atmospheric conditions that cause more vertical mixing and lateral dispersion, reducing ground level PM2.5 concentrations by transport and dilution. With respect to roadway centerlines, PM2.5 concentrations drop off quickly, reaching relatively low concentrations between 150m to 200m from the center line of high volume roads. However, during stable atmospheric conditions (e.g., nighttime & winter season) concentrations remain elevated at distances up to 1,000m from roadway centerlines. We will demonstrate the feasibility of our methodology and how integrating the dispersion modeling framework into the travel demand modeling process routinely performed when developing and analyzing regional transportation improvement initiatives can lead to more environmentally and financially sustainable transportation plans. Regional strategies that minimize exposure, rather than inventories, could be established, environmental justice concerns are easily identified, and projects likely to cause local pollution "hotspots" can be proactively screened out, saving time and money for the transportation agency.
Book Synopsis Spatial and Temporal Characterization of Fine Particulate Matter Mass Concentrations in California, 1980-2002 by : Charles Lloyd Blanchard
Download or read book Spatial and Temporal Characterization of Fine Particulate Matter Mass Concentrations in California, 1980-2002 written by Charles Lloyd Blanchard and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 152 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Understanding the Spatial Variations of Pollutant Concentrations in Near-Road Environments by : Dilhara Roshini Ranasinghe
Download or read book Understanding the Spatial Variations of Pollutant Concentrations in Near-Road Environments written by Dilhara Roshini Ranasinghe and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 112 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many epidemiological studies have associated elevated concentrations of air pollutants found on and near roadways with a variety of adverse health outcomes. Concentrations of freshly emitted pollutants in urban areas exhibit a high degree of spatial variability, which makes pollutant exposures, and potentially their resulting health effects both very location dependent and difficult to estimate. Mobile air pollution monitoring offers an opportunity to map pollutants with much higher spatial resolution than sparse stationary monitors. In the first study, we developed a framework to address the challenges and constraints to developing higher spatial resolution maps from mobile data. For 1 s time resolution data collected at normal city driving speeds, we showed that concentration maps of 5 m spatial resolution can be obtained, by including up to 21% interpolated values. We estimated the minimum number of sampling runs needed to make a representative concentration map with a specific spatial resolution, and found that generally between 15 to 21 repeats of a particular route under similar traffic and meteorological conditions is sufficient. The concentration maps can afford insights into factors influencing pollutant concentrations at the city block and sub block scale; information that is useful in urban planning strategies to reduce pollution exposure. Methodical analysis of mobile monitoring data facilitate meaningful comparison of concentration maps of different routes/studies. Solid sound walls and vegetation barriers are commonly used to mitigate noise but they also help to reduce near-road air pollution. In the second study, we assessed the effectiveness of adding vegetation to sound walls (combination barriers) and vegetation-only barriers in reducing pollution concentrations downwind of roads. Using field measurements collected with a mobile monitoring platform, we developed concentration decay profiles of ultrafine particles, fine particles, oxides of nitrogen (NO and NO2) and carbon monoxide downwind of two roads in California with different solid barrier-vegetation barrier configurations and meteorological conditions. Generally, when winds were blowing approximately perpendicular to the road, both vegetation and combination barriers were effective in reducing near road air pollution. Under calm and stable atmospheric conditions (wind speed
Book Synopsis Spatial and Temporal Characterization of Particulate Matter by : Charles Lloyd Blanchard
Download or read book Spatial and Temporal Characterization of Particulate Matter written by Charles Lloyd Blanchard and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 78 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Spatial Variability of Size-fractionated PM in Relation to Their Physical and Chemical Characteristics by : Margaret Alexandra Krudysz
Download or read book Spatial Variability of Size-fractionated PM in Relation to Their Physical and Chemical Characteristics written by Margaret Alexandra Krudysz and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 580 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Diurnal Variations in Ambient Fine and Ultrafine Particle Concentrations Near a Major Highway in El Paso, Texas by : Jessica Carrillo Gamez
Download or read book Diurnal Variations in Ambient Fine and Ultrafine Particle Concentrations Near a Major Highway in El Paso, Texas written by Jessica Carrillo Gamez and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Determination of the Spatial and Temporal Variability of Size-resolved PM2̇5 Composition and Mixing State in Multiple Regions in California by :
Download or read book Determination of the Spatial and Temporal Variability of Size-resolved PM2̇5 Composition and Mixing State in Multiple Regions in California written by and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 297 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Spatio-temporal Variation of Particle Number Concentrations and Size Distributions Across Germany Using Statistical Analysis and Modeling by : Leila Lazemi
Download or read book Spatio-temporal Variation of Particle Number Concentrations and Size Distributions Across Germany Using Statistical Analysis and Modeling written by Leila Lazemi and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Intraurban Variability of Ambient Particulate Matter by : Varun Yadav
Download or read book Intraurban Variability of Ambient Particulate Matter written by Varun Yadav and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 230 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An understanding of spatial and temporal variability in ambient particulate matter (PM) is important for effective air quality management and for assessing potential exposure misclassification in epidemiological and exposure studies used to support health-based standards. Spatiotemporal variability of PM in urban areas can be influenced by many factors, such as local sources of primary PM; source locations and their emission profiles; topographic barriers; meteorological patterns; behavior of semi-volatile components; and measurement errors. Intraurban variability is often gauged by conducting measurements at a network of monitoring stations across the region of interest. While certain statistical metrics are commonly used and interpreted in a relative sense across site-pairs, there is no standardized framework for analyzing such datasets. This dissertation presents systematic data analysis approaches applicable to a variety of monitoring networks for assessing intraurban variability in PM and its components. Interpreting patterns in statistical metrics for a network with a large number of sites can be particularly challenging, and calculating these metrics for each site with respect to a reference concentration time series may better reveal the variability. In the absence of a representative background site, the network itself can be utilized to generate baseline and site-specific excess concentration time series to semi-quantitatively differentiate urban- and larger-scale contributions from local-scale emissions. Utilizing this approach for interpretation of patterns in the statistical metrics provides insights into the factors influencing the baseline and the monitoring sites displaying greater variability. Apportionment of measured concentrations at each site into baseline and site-specific excess concentrations towards refined application of wind regression tools for estimating local emission source regions are also discussed. The approach is also utilized for identifying meteorological and geographic factors that modulate the spatial and temporal PM trends. It also provides a weight-of-evidence to conventional source apportionment tools used for estimating local and regional source impacts. The strengths and limitations of the proposed approaches are discussed for a variety of networks measuring PM and/or its components on varying spatial and temporal scales. Issues regarding measurement uncertainty estimation and precision in data reporting which can influence interpretation of variability are also discussed.
Book Synopsis Temporal and Spatial Variations of Ultra-fine Particles in the Urban Environment by : Noor Zaitun Yahaya
Download or read book Temporal and Spatial Variations of Ultra-fine Particles in the Urban Environment written by Noor Zaitun Yahaya and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 588 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Variability in the Fraction of Ambient Fine Particulate Matter in Indoor Air and Implications for Air Pollution Epidemiology by : Natasha Hodas
Download or read book Variability in the Fraction of Ambient Fine Particulate Matter in Indoor Air and Implications for Air Pollution Epidemiology written by Natasha Hodas and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 293 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Exposure to ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is associated with multiple negative health outcomes. Studies investigating these associations commonly use PM2.5 concentrations measured at outdoor, central-site monitors to estimate exposure. Because people spend the majority of time indoors, however, the variable efficiency with which ambient PM2.5 penetrates and persists indoors is a source of error in epidemiologic analyses. This error generally results in an underestimation of health effects, hampering the detection of associations between ambient PM2.5 exposures and the risk of health outcomes. To reduce this error, practical methods to model indoor concentrations of ambient PM2.5 are needed. This dissertation contributes to exposure science by advancing existing models of residential exposure to ambient PM2.5 and by improving the robustness and accessibility of these tools. First, drivers of variability in the fraction of ambient PM2.5 found indoors (F) are identified and the potential for this variability to explain observed heterogeneity in PM-mediated health-effect estimates is explored. Next, a physically-based mass-balance model and modeling tools that account for variability in human activity patterns (e.g. time spent in various indoor and outdoor environments) are used to compute ambient PM2.5 exposures that account for the modification of PM2.5 with outdoor-to-indoor transport in order to explore whether the use of these refined exposure surrogates reduces error and bias in epidemiologic analyses. Subsequently, this outdoor-to-indoor transport model is evaluated and refined using measured indoor and outdoor PM2.5 concentrations and air exchange rates, providing a practical and robust tool for reducing exposure misclassification in epidemiologic studies. Finally, the volatility basis set is used for the first time to study shifts in the gas-particle partitioning of ambient organics with transport indoors. This dissertation provides guidance regarding measurements and data most critically needed to facilitate the prediction of refined exposure surrogates in large epidemiological studies and, thus, informs the design of future sampling campaigns and epidemiologic studies. It enables a better accounting of ambient particle penetration into and persistence in the indoor environment and constitutes an important advancement in the efforts to reduce exposure error in epidemiologic studies and to elucidate relationships between PM2.5 exposure and adverse health outcomes.
Book Synopsis Causes of Variability in Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations (PM2.5) on the American University Campus in Washington, D.C. by : Stephanie Braddock
Download or read book Causes of Variability in Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations (PM2.5) on the American University Campus in Washington, D.C. written by Stephanie Braddock and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Particulate matter is a highly important indicator of air quality, and yet its behavior in urban environments is still not well understood. Further complicating attempts to understand causes of variability is the relative scarcity of regulatory-grade air monitors, which makes it difficult to account for local and community-scale variations. This study explores the use of low-cost air quality monitors as a more accessible alternative for air quality measurements, using American University as a test case. Using generalized additive mixed models (GAMMs), the influence of different meteorological and environmental variables on fine particulate matter are explored. The model selected wind speed, relative humidity, temperature, vegetation density, precipitation, atmospheric pressure, and traffic congestion as significant explanatory variables, with an adjusted R-squared of 0.368. Future work is needed to evaluate the generalizability of these results to other locations.
Book Synopsis Biogeochemistry of Wetlands by : K. Ramesh Reddy
Download or read book Biogeochemistry of Wetlands written by K. Ramesh Reddy and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2022-09-10 with total page 926 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The globally important nature of wetland ecosystems has led to their increased protection and restoration as well as their use in engineered systems. Underpinning the beneficial functions of wetlands are a unique suite of physical, chemical, and biological processes that regulate elemental cycling in soils and the water column. This book provides an in-depth coverage of these wetland biogeochemical processes related to the cycling of macroelements including carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur, secondary and trace elements, and toxic organic compounds. In this synthesis, the authors combine more than 100 years of experience studying wetlands and biogeochemistry to look inside the black box of elemental transformations in wetland ecosystems. This new edition is updated throughout to include more topics and provide an integrated view of the coupled nature of biogeochemical cycles in wetland systems. The influence of the elemental cycles is discussed at a range of scales in the context of environmental change including climate, sea level rise, and water quality. Frequent examples of key methods and major case studies are also included to help the reader extend the basic theories for application in their own system. Some of the major topics discussed are: Flooded soil and sediment characteristics Aerobic-anaerobic interfaces Redox chemistry in flooded soil and sediment systems Anaerobic microbial metabolism Plant adaptations to reducing conditions Regulators of organic matter decomposition and accretion Major nutrient sources and sinks Greenhouse gas production and emission Elemental flux processes Remediation of contaminated soils and sediments Coupled C-N-P-S processes Consequences of environmental change in wetlands# The book provides the foundation for a basic understanding of key biogeochemical processes and its applications to solve real world problems. It is detailed, but also assists the reader with box inserts, artfully designed diagrams, and summary tables all supported by numerous current references. This book is an excellent resource for senior undergraduates and graduate students studying ecosystem biogeochemistry with a focus in wetlands and aquatic systems.
