Financial Risk Analytics

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Credit Risk Analytics

Author : Bart Baesens
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119143985
Total Pages : 517 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (191 download)

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Book Synopsis Credit Risk Analytics by : Bart Baesens

Download or read book Credit Risk Analytics written by Bart Baesens and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2016-10-03 with total page 517 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The long-awaited, comprehensive guide to practical credit risk modeling Credit Risk Analytics provides a targeted training guide for risk managers looking to efficiently build or validate in-house models for credit risk management. Combining theory with practice, this book walks you through the fundamentals of credit risk management and shows you how to implement these concepts using the SAS credit risk management program, with helpful code provided. Coverage includes data analysis and preprocessing, credit scoring; PD and LGD estimation and forecasting, low default portfolios, correlation modeling and estimation, validation, implementation of prudential regulation, stress testing of existing modeling concepts, and more, to provide a one-stop tutorial and reference for credit risk analytics. The companion website offers examples of both real and simulated credit portfolio data to help you more easily implement the concepts discussed, and the expert author team provides practical insight on this real-world intersection of finance, statistics, and analytics. SAS is the preferred software for credit risk modeling due to its functionality and ability to process large amounts of data. This book shows you how to exploit the capabilities of this high-powered package to create clean, accurate credit risk management models. Understand the general concepts of credit risk management Validate and stress-test existing models Access working examples based on both real and simulated data Learn useful code for implementing and validating models in SAS Despite the high demand for in-house models, there is little comprehensive training available; practitioners are left to comb through piece-meal resources, executive training courses, and consultancies to cobble together the information they need. This book ends the search by providing a comprehensive, focused resource backed by expert guidance. Credit Risk Analytics is the reference every risk manager needs to streamline the modeling process.

Data Science and Risk Analytics in Finance and Insurance

Author : Tze Leung Lai
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1351643258
Total Pages : 1098 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (516 download)

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Book Synopsis Data Science and Risk Analytics in Finance and Insurance by : Tze Leung Lai

Download or read book Data Science and Risk Analytics in Finance and Insurance written by Tze Leung Lai and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2024-10-02 with total page 1098 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents statistics and data science methods for risk analytics in quantitative finance and insurance. Part I covers the background, financial models, and data analytical methods for market risk, credit risk, and operational risk in financial instruments, as well as models of risk premium and insolvency in insurance contracts. Part II provides an overview of machine learning (including supervised, unsupervised, and reinforcement learning), Monte Carlo simulation, and sequential analysis techniques for risk analytics. In Part III, the book offers a non-technical introduction to four key areas in financial technology: artificial intelligence, blockchain, cloud computing, and big data analytics. Key Features: Provides a comprehensive and in-depth overview of data science methods for financial and insurance risks. Unravels bandits, Markov decision processes, reinforcement learning, and their interconnections. Promotes sequential surveillance and predictive analytics for abrupt changes in risk factors. Introduces the ABCDs of FinTech: Artificial intelligence, blockchain, cloud computing, and big data analytics. Includes supplements and exercises to facilitate deeper comprehension.

Financial Risk Management

Author : Jimmy Skoglund
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119157234
Total Pages : 578 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (191 download)

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Book Synopsis Financial Risk Management by : Jimmy Skoglund

Download or read book Financial Risk Management written by Jimmy Skoglund and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2015-09-04 with total page 578 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A global banking risk management guide geared toward the practitioner Financial Risk Management presents an in-depth look at banking risk on a global scale, including comprehensive examination of the U.S. Comprehensive Capital Analysis and Review, and the European Banking Authority stress tests. Written by the leaders of global banking risk products and management at SAS, this book provides the most up-to-date information and expert insight into real risk management. The discussion begins with an overview of methods for computing and managing a variety of risk, then moves into a review of the economic foundation of modern risk management and the growing importance of model risk management. Market risk, portfolio credit risk, counterparty credit risk, liquidity risk, profitability analysis, stress testing, and others are dissected and examined, arming you with the strategies you need to construct a robust risk management system. The book takes readers through a journey from basic market risk analysis to major recent advances in all financial risk disciplines seen in the banking industry. The quantitative methodologies are developed with ample business case discussions and examples illustrating how they are used in practice. Chapters devoted to firmwide risk and stress testing cross reference the different methodologies developed for the specific risk areas and explain how they work together at firmwide level. Since risk regulations have driven a lot of the recent practices, the book also relates to the current global regulations in the financial risk areas. Risk management is one of the fastest growing segments of the banking industry, fueled by banks' fundamental intermediary role in the global economy and the industry's profit-driven increase in risk-seeking behavior. This book is the product of the authors' experience in developing and implementing risk analytics in banks around the globe, giving you a comprehensive, quantitative-oriented risk management guide specifically for the practitioner. Compute and manage market, credit, asset, and liability risk Perform macroeconomic stress testing and act on the results Get up to date on regulatory practices and model risk management Examine the structure and construction of financial risk systems Delve into funds transfer pricing, profitability analysis, and more Quantitative capability is increasing with lightning speed, both methodologically and technologically. Risk professionals must keep pace with the changes, and exploit every tool at their disposal. Financial Risk Management is the practitioner's guide to anticipating, mitigating, and preventing risk in the modern banking industry.

Financial Risk Management

Author : Jimmy Skoglund
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119157242
Total Pages : 580 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (191 download)

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Book Synopsis Financial Risk Management by : Jimmy Skoglund

Download or read book Financial Risk Management written by Jimmy Skoglund and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2015-09-08 with total page 580 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A global banking risk management guide geared toward the practitioner Financial Risk Management presents an in-depth look at banking risk on a global scale, including comprehensive examination of the U.S. Comprehensive Capital Analysis and Review, and the European Banking Authority stress tests. Written by the leaders of global banking risk products and management at SAS, this book provides the most up-to-date information and expert insight into real risk management. The discussion begins with an overview of methods for computing and managing a variety of risk, then moves into a review of the economic foundation of modern risk management and the growing importance of model risk management. Market risk, portfolio credit risk, counterparty credit risk, liquidity risk, profitability analysis, stress testing, and others are dissected and examined, arming you with the strategies you need to construct a robust risk management system. The book takes readers through a journey from basic market risk analysis to major recent advances in all financial risk disciplines seen in the banking industry. The quantitative methodologies are developed with ample business case discussions and examples illustrating how they are used in practice. Chapters devoted to firmwide risk and stress testing cross reference the different methodologies developed for the specific risk areas and explain how they work together at firmwide level. Since risk regulations have driven a lot of the recent practices, the book also relates to the current global regulations in the financial risk areas. Risk management is one of the fastest growing segments of the banking industry, fueled by banks' fundamental intermediary role in the global economy and the industry's profit-driven increase in risk-seeking behavior. This book is the product of the authors' experience in developing and implementing risk analytics in banks around the globe, giving you a comprehensive, quantitative-oriented risk management guide specifically for the practitioner. Compute and manage market, credit, asset, and liability risk Perform macroeconomic stress testing and act on the results Get up to date on regulatory practices and model risk management Examine the structure and construction of financial risk systems Delve into funds transfer pricing, profitability analysis, and more Quantitative capability is increasing with lightning speed, both methodologically and technologically. Risk professionals must keep pace with the changes, and exploit every tool at their disposal. Financial Risk Management is the practitioner's guide to anticipating, mitigating, and preventing risk in the modern banking industry.

Financial Risk Analytics

Author : Ronald Van Deventer
Publisher : McGraw-Hill/Irwin
ISBN 13 : 9785786309646
Total Pages : 432 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (96 download)

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Book Synopsis Financial Risk Analytics by : Ronald Van Deventer

Download or read book Financial Risk Analytics written by Ronald Van Deventer and published by McGraw-Hill/Irwin. This book was released on 1996-11 with total page 432 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Quantitative Risk Management

Author : Thomas S. Coleman
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118235932
Total Pages : 581 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (182 download)

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Book Synopsis Quantitative Risk Management by : Thomas S. Coleman

Download or read book Quantitative Risk Management written by Thomas S. Coleman and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2012-03-20 with total page 581 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: State of the art risk management techniques and practices—supplemented with interactive analytics All too often risk management books focus on risk measurement details without taking a broader view. Quantitative Risk Management delivers a synthesis of common sense management together with the cutting-edge tools of modern theory. This book presents a road map for tactical and strategic decision making designed to control risk and capitalize on opportunities. Most provocatively it challenges the conventional wisdom that "risk management" is or ever should be delegated to a separate department. Good managers have always known that managing risk is central to a financial firm and must be the responsibility of anyone who contributes to the profit of the firm. A guide to risk management for financial firms and managers in the post-crisis world, Quantitative Risk Management updates the techniques and tools used to measure and monitor risk. These are often mathematical and specialized, but the ideas are simple. The book starts with how we think about risk and uncertainty, then turns to a practical explanation of how risk is measured in today's complex financial markets. Covers everything from risk measures, probability, and regulatory issues to portfolio risk analytics and reporting Includes interactive graphs and computer code for portfolio risk and analytics Explains why tactical and strategic decisions must be made at every level of the firm and portfolio Providing the models, tools, and techniques firms need to build the best risk management practices, Quantitative Risk Management is an essential volume from an experienced manager and quantitative analyst.

Financial Risk Analytics

Author : Donald R. van Deventer
Publisher : Irwin Professional Publishing
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 434 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (31 download)

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Book Synopsis Financial Risk Analytics by : Donald R. van Deventer

Download or read book Financial Risk Analytics written by Donald R. van Deventer and published by Irwin Professional Publishing. This book was released on 1997 with total page 434 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the book I wish I had written.''--Robert D. Selvaggio, PhD., Director, FixedIncome and Mortgage Research, The Chase Manhattan Bank, N.A. Financial Risk Analytics is the first book written by experienced risk managers that integrates interest rate risk, credit risk, FX risk and capital allocation using a consistent risk management approach. It explains, in detailed yet understandable terms, the analytics of interest rate risk, credit risk, foreign exchange risk and capital allocation from A to Z. This book bridges the gap between the idealized assumptions used for valuation and the realities that must be reflected in management actions, and includes: The basics of present value, forward rates and interest rate compounding; American fixed income options vs. European options; The wide variety of alternatives term structure models to the basic Vasicek model.

Financial Analysis and Risk Management

Author : Victoria Lemieux
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 364232231X
Total Pages : 215 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (423 download)

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Book Synopsis Financial Analysis and Risk Management by : Victoria Lemieux

Download or read book Financial Analysis and Risk Management written by Victoria Lemieux and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-10-20 with total page 215 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Global Financial Crisis and the Eurozone crisis that has followed have drawn attention to weaknesses in financial records, information and data. These weaknesses have led to operational risks in financial institutions, flawed bankruptcy and foreclosure proceedings following the Crisis, and inadequacies in financial supervisors’ access to records and information for the purposes of a prudential response. Research is needed to identify the practices that will provide the records, information and data needed to support more effective financial analysis and risk management. The unique contribution of this volume is in bringing together researchers in distinct domains that seldom interact to identify theoretical, technological, policy and practical issues related to the management of financial records, information and data. The book will, therefore, appeal to researchers or advanced practitioners in the field of finance and those with an interest in risk management, computer science, cognitive science, sociology, management information systems, information science, and archival science as applied to the financial domain.

Risk Analytics: From Concept To Deployment

Author : Edward Hon Khay Ng
Publisher : World Scientific
ISBN 13 : 981123907X
Total Pages : 243 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (112 download)

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Book Synopsis Risk Analytics: From Concept To Deployment by : Edward Hon Khay Ng

Download or read book Risk Analytics: From Concept To Deployment written by Edward Hon Khay Ng and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2021-10-04 with total page 243 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is written to empower risk professionals to turn analytics and models into deployable solutions with minimal IT intervention. Corporations, especially financial institutions, must show evidence of having quantified credit, market and operational risks. They have databases but automating the process to translate data into risk parameters remains a desire.Modelling is done using software with output codes not readily processed by databases. With increasing acceptance of open-source languages, database vendors have seen the value of integrating modelling capabilities into their products. Nevertheless, deploying solutions to automate processes remains a challenge. While not comprehensive in dealing with all facets of risks, the author aims to develop risk professionals who will be able to do just that.

The Analytics of Risk Model Validation

Author : George A. Christodoulakis
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0080553885
Total Pages : 217 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (85 download)

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Book Synopsis The Analytics of Risk Model Validation by : George A. Christodoulakis

Download or read book The Analytics of Risk Model Validation written by George A. Christodoulakis and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2007-11-14 with total page 217 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Risk model validation is an emerging and important area of research, and has arisen because of Basel I and II. These regulatory initiatives require trading institutions and lending institutions to compute their reserve capital in a highly analytic way, based on the use of internal risk models. It is part of the regulatory structure that these risk models be validated both internally and externally, and there is a great shortage of information as to best practise. Editors Christodoulakis and Satchell collect papers that are beginning to appear by regulators, consultants, and academics, to provide the first collection that focuses on the quantitative side of model validation. The book covers the three main areas of risk: Credit Risk and Market and Operational Risk.*Risk model validation is a requirement of Basel I and II *The first collection of papers in this new and developing area of research *International authors cover model validation in credit, market, and operational risk

Credit Risk Analytics

Author : Bart Baesens
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119278287
Total Pages : 644 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (192 download)

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Book Synopsis Credit Risk Analytics by : Bart Baesens

Download or read book Credit Risk Analytics written by Bart Baesens and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2016-09-19 with total page 644 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The long-awaited, comprehensive guide to practical credit risk modeling Credit Risk Analytics provides a targeted training guide for risk managers looking to efficiently build or validate in-house models for credit risk management. Combining theory with practice, this book walks you through the fundamentals of credit risk management and shows you how to implement these concepts using the SAS credit risk management program, with helpful code provided. Coverage includes data analysis and preprocessing, credit scoring; PD and LGD estimation and forecasting, low default portfolios, correlation modeling and estimation, validation, implementation of prudential regulation, stress testing of existing modeling concepts, and more, to provide a one-stop tutorial and reference for credit risk analytics. The companion website offers examples of both real and simulated credit portfolio data to help you more easily implement the concepts discussed, and the expert author team provides practical insight on this real-world intersection of finance, statistics, and analytics. SAS is the preferred software for credit risk modeling due to its functionality and ability to process large amounts of data. This book shows you how to exploit the capabilities of this high-powered package to create clean, accurate credit risk management models. Understand the general concepts of credit risk management Validate and stress-test existing models Access working examples based on both real and simulated data Learn useful code for implementing and validating models in SAS Despite the high demand for in-house models, there is little comprehensive training available; practitioners are left to comb through piece-meal resources, executive training courses, and consultancies to cobble together the information they need. This book ends the search by providing a comprehensive, focused resource backed by expert guidance. Credit Risk Analytics is the reference every risk manager needs to streamline the modeling process.

Financial Risk Modelling and Portfolio Optimization with R

Author : Bernhard Pfaff
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119119685
Total Pages : 448 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (191 download)

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Book Synopsis Financial Risk Modelling and Portfolio Optimization with R by : Bernhard Pfaff

Download or read book Financial Risk Modelling and Portfolio Optimization with R written by Bernhard Pfaff and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2016-08-16 with total page 448 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Financial Risk Modelling and Portfolio Optimization with R, 2nd Edition Bernhard Pfaff, Invesco Global Asset Allocation, Germany A must have text for risk modelling and portfolio optimization using R. This book introduces the latest techniques advocated for measuring financial market risk and portfolio optimization, and provides a plethora of R code examples that enable the reader to replicate the results featured throughout the book. This edition has been extensively revised to include new topics on risk surfaces and probabilistic utility optimization as well as an extended introduction to R language. Financial Risk Modelling and Portfolio Optimization with R: Demonstrates techniques in modelling financial risks and applying portfolio optimization techniques as well as recent advances in the field. Introduces stylized facts, loss function and risk measures, conditional and unconditional modelling of risk; extreme value theory, generalized hyperbolic distribution, volatility modelling and concepts for capturing dependencies. Explores portfolio risk concepts and optimization with risk constraints. Is accompanied by a supporting website featuring examples and case studies in R. Includes updated list of R packages for enabling the reader to replicate the results in the book. Graduate and postgraduate students in finance, economics, risk management as well as practitioners in finance and portfolio optimization will find this book beneficial. It also serves well as an accompanying text in computer-lab classes and is therefore suitable for self-study.

Advanced Financial Risk Management

Author : Donald R. Van Deventer
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118278550
Total Pages : 834 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (182 download)

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Book Synopsis Advanced Financial Risk Management by : Donald R. Van Deventer

Download or read book Advanced Financial Risk Management written by Donald R. Van Deventer and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2013-02-06 with total page 834 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Practical tools and advice for managing financial risk, updated for a post-crisis world Advanced Financial Risk Management bridges the gap between the idealized assumptions used for risk valuation and the realities that must be reflected in management actions. It explains, in detailed yet easy-to-understand terms, the analytics of these issues from A to Z, and lays out a comprehensive strategy for risk management measurement, objectives, and hedging techniques that apply to all types of institutions. Written by experienced risk managers, the book covers everything from the basics of present value, forward rates, and interest rate compounding to the wide variety of alternative term structure models. Revised and updated with lessons from the 2007-2010 financial crisis, Advanced Financial Risk Management outlines a framework for fully integrated risk management. Credit risk, market risk, asset and liability management, and performance measurement have historically been thought of as separate disciplines, but recent developments in financial theory and computer science now allow these views of risk to be analyzed on a more integrated basis. The book presents a performance measurement approach that goes far beyond traditional capital allocation techniques to measure risk-adjusted shareholder value creation, and supplements this strategic view of integrated risk with step-by-step tools and techniques for constructing a risk management system that achieves these objectives. Practical tools for managing risk in the financial world Updated to include the most recent events that have influenced risk management Topics covered include the basics of present value, forward rates, and interest rate compounding; American vs. European fixed income options; default probability models; prepayment models; mortality models; and alternatives to the Vasicek model Comprehensive and in-depth, Advanced Financial Risk Management is an essential resource for anyone working in the financial field.

Machine Learning for Financial Risk Management with Python

Author : Abdullah Karasan
Publisher : "O'Reilly Media, Inc."
ISBN 13 : 1492085200
Total Pages : 334 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (92 download)

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Book Synopsis Machine Learning for Financial Risk Management with Python by : Abdullah Karasan

Download or read book Machine Learning for Financial Risk Management with Python written by Abdullah Karasan and published by "O'Reilly Media, Inc.". This book was released on 2021-12-07 with total page 334 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Financial risk management is quickly evolving with the help of artificial intelligence. With this practical book, developers, programmers, engineers, financial analysts, risk analysts, and quantitative and algorithmic analysts will examine Python-based machine learning and deep learning models for assessing financial risk. Building hands-on AI-based financial modeling skills, you'll learn how to replace traditional financial risk models with ML models. Author Abdullah Karasan helps you explore the theory behind financial risk modeling before diving into practical ways of employing ML models in modeling financial risk using Python. With this book, you will: Review classical time series applications and compare them with deep learning models Explore volatility modeling to measure degrees of risk, using support vector regression, neural networks, and deep learning Improve market risk models (VaR and ES) using ML techniques and including liquidity dimension Develop a credit risk analysis using clustering and Bayesian approaches Capture different aspects of liquidity risk with a Gaussian mixture model and Copula model Use machine learning models for fraud detection Predict stock price crash and identify its determinants using machine learning models

Financial risk analytics

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 396 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (133 download)

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Book Synopsis Financial risk analytics by :

Download or read book Financial risk analytics written by and published by . This book was released on with total page 396 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Advanced Financial Risk Management

Author : Donald R. Van Deventer
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118177320
Total Pages : 502 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (181 download)

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Book Synopsis Advanced Financial Risk Management by : Donald R. Van Deventer

Download or read book Advanced Financial Risk Management written by Donald R. Van Deventer and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2011-09-29 with total page 502 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An in-depth look at financial risk management Advanced Financial Risk Management integrates interest rate risk, credit risk, foreign exchange risk, and capital allocation using a consistent risk management approach. It explains, in detailed, yet understandable terms, the analytics of these issues from A to Z. Written by experienced risk managers, this book bridges the gap between the idealized assumptions used for valuation and the realities that must be reflected in management actions. It covers everything from the basics of present value, forward rates, and interest rate compounding to the wide variety of alternative term structure models. Donald R. Van Deventer (Hawaii) founded the Kamakura Corporation in April 1990 and is currently President. In 2003, he was voted into the Risk Hall of Fame for having made a profound contribution to the field of risk management. Kenji Imai (Hawaii) heads Software Development for Kamakura and participates in selected Japan-related financial advisory assignments. Mark Mesler (Hawaii) heads the information production for Kamakura Risk Information Services.

Portfolio Risk Analysis

Author : Gregory Connor
Publisher : Princeton University Press
ISBN 13 : 1400835291
Total Pages : 400 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (8 download)

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Book Synopsis Portfolio Risk Analysis by : Gregory Connor

Download or read book Portfolio Risk Analysis written by Gregory Connor and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2010-03-15 with total page 400 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Portfolio risk forecasting has been and continues to be an active research field for both academics and practitioners. Almost all institutional investment management firms use quantitative models for their portfolio forecasting, and researchers have explored models' econometric foundations, relative performance, and implications for capital market behavior and asset pricing equilibrium. Portfolio Risk Analysis provides an insightful and thorough overview of financial risk modeling, with an emphasis on practical applications, empirical reality, and historical perspective. Beginning with mean-variance analysis and the capital asset pricing model, the authors give a comprehensive and detailed account of factor models, which are the key to successful risk analysis in every economic climate. Topics range from the relative merits of fundamental, statistical, and macroeconomic models, to GARCH and other time series models, to the properties of the VIX volatility index. The book covers both mainstream and alternative asset classes, and includes in-depth treatments of model integration and evaluation. Credit and liquidity risk and the uncertainty of extreme events are examined in an intuitive and rigorous way. An extensive literature review accompanies each topic. The authors complement basic modeling techniques with references to applications, empirical studies, and advanced mathematical texts. This book is essential for financial practitioners, researchers, scholars, and students who want to understand the nature of financial markets or work toward improving them.