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Feature Based Uxo Detection And Discrimination
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Book Synopsis Feature-based UXO Detection and Discrimination by :
Download or read book Feature-based UXO Detection and Discrimination written by and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 33 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With current technology and survey practices, unexploded ordnance (UXO) site characterization is inefficient and incomplete. Not all buried UXO are routinely detected, and those that are cannot be routinely distinguished from other items in the ground that pose no risk (e.g., scrap metal objects and other artifacts), which leads to an enormous amount of expensive digging. Over the past decade, DoD has invested heavily in developing survey data analysis and processing techniques for use with commercial sensors that can improve UXO detection and discrimination between UXO and clutter. These techniques include characterization procedures for estimating target features from survey data (size, shape, depth of burial, orientation, etc.) and feature-based classification procedures to aid decision making. Our technical approach promotes the selection of potential UXO targets using quantitative evaluation criteria and transparent decision-making processes. As such, we developed UX-Analyze, an analysis framework within Oasis montaj (trademark) that integrates quantitative analysis algorithms and custom-designed visualization schemes. The analysis algorithms assume a dipolar source and derive the best set of induced dipole model parameters that account for the spatial variation of the signal as the sensor is moved over the object. The model parameters are target location and depth, three dipole response coefficients corresponding to the principal axes of the target (electromagnetic induction [EMI] only), and the three angles that describe the orientation of the target. The source's size can be estimated using empirical relationships between either the dipole moment for magnetic data or the sum of the targets' response coefficients. The objective of this technology demonstration was to discriminate 4.2 inch mortars from native clutter at Camp Sibert, Alabama, by characterizing and classifying anomalies identified in EMI and magnetic survey data.
Book Synopsis Geo-location Requirements for UXO Discrimination (Guidance Document). by :
Download or read book Geo-location Requirements for UXO Discrimination (Guidance Document). written by and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 23 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Environmental Security Technology Certification Program (ESTCP) sponsored the development and operation of Standardized Test Sites at Aberdeen Proving Ground (APG), Maryland, and Yuma Proving Ground (YPG), Arizona. The purpose of these sites is to provide a means for characterizing the performance of technologies under development for the detection and discrimination of Munitions and Explosives of Concern (MEC), which include Unexploded Ordnance (UXO) and Discarded Military Munitions (DMM). ESTCP Project MM-0413 implemented standardized, data-level evaluations of demonstration performance at the Standardized UXO Test Sites in order to support an understanding of the capabilities and limitations of the various UXO detection and discrimination sensors [2]. Generally speaking the conclusions drawn by MM-0413 were disappointing. Only a relatively small fraction of the survey data analyzed for that project was accurate enough to support reliable feature-based target classification and discrimination. Even when the target Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) was relatively high the quality of the estimated target parameters was frequently relatively poor. This suggests that the problems are due to deficiencies in the surveys, e.g. sensor location errors. This report presents the results on an analysis of the effects of sensor location errors (geo-location errors) on target classification and discrimination performance, and provides guidance on the geo-location accuracy requirements for reliable target classification. This report summarizes the geo-location requirements for UXO discrimination based on inversion of spatially mapped data. We distinguish between absolute position accuracy needed for target reacquisition and the relative accuracy needed to support data inversion. Much of the material in this report was presented at the SERDP/ESTCP Geo-location Workshop held in Annapolis, MD in June 2005.
Book Synopsis Multi-sensor Systems Development for UXO Detection and Discrimination by : David Wright
Download or read book Multi-sensor Systems Development for UXO Detection and Discrimination written by David Wright and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 33 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Feature-based Detection and Discrimination at DuPont's Lake Success Business Park, Connecticut by :
Download or read book Feature-based Detection and Discrimination at DuPont's Lake Success Business Park, Connecticut written by and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 57 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The objective of this demonstration was to determine if laser-positioned, high-density EM61 data acquired in a moving survey mode could support feature-based discrimination decisions for a canopied site in Bridgeport Connecticut. Inversion results were benchmarked using cued data acquired in a controlled, gridded approach over 40 targets. The site was seeded with inert UXO, ranging in size from 37mm to 105mm projectiles. We inverted the measured EM61 field data assuming a point dipole source and performed classification using a support vector machine classifier. We compared parameter estimates derived from both data sets and evaluated overall discrimination performances. Results indicated that the laser-positioned EM61 data were not of sufficient quality to discriminate UXO from non-UXO. Of the 58 seeded items that were surveyed, 41 were ranked as high confidence ordnance, 10 were ranked as high confidence clutter, and 7 remained unclassified.
Download or read book Demonstration Report written by and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 2003, the Defense Science Board observed: 'The problem is that instruments that can detect the buried UXOs also detect numerous scrap metal objects and other artifacts, which leads to an enormous amount of expensive digging. Typically 100 holes may be dug before a real UXO is unearthed! The Task Force assessment is that much of this wasteful digging can be eliminated by the use of more advanced technology instruments that exploit modern digital processing and advanced multi-mode sensors to achieve an improved level of discrimination of scrap from UXOs.' In keeping with these remarks and with prior funding (UX-1225, MM-0437, and MM-0838), the LBNL group has successfully designed and built the cart-mounted Berkeley UXO Discriminator (BUD) and demonstrated its performance at various test sites (cf. Gasperikova et al., 2007, 2008, and 2009). Because hand-held systems have the advantage of being lightweight, compact, portable, and deployable under most site conditions, they are particularly useful in areas of dense vegetation or challenging terrain. In heavily wooded areas or areas with steep or uneven terrain, hand-held sensors may be the only suitable device for UXO detection and discrimination because it can be carried through spaces that the operator could walk through or at least approach. Furthermore, it is desirable to find and characterize a metallic object without the need to accurately locate the sensors at multiple positions around the target. The ideal system would thus locate and characterize the target from a single position of the sensor and indicate to the operator where to flag the target for subsequent study. Based on these considerations, we designed and built a sensor package in a shape of a 14-in (0.35 m) cube. This hand-held prototype incorporates the key features of the cart-mounted system - (a) three orthogonal transmitters and ten pairs of receivers, and (b) difference or gradient measurements that significantly reduce the ambient and motion noise, and greatly enhance the sensitivity to the gradients of the target. The system characterizes the target from a single position. Results from a local test site were in a good agreement with theoretical performance calculations of such a device. This survey was designed to demonstrate performance of the system under realistic survey conditions at the Aberdeen Proving Ground (APG) in Aberdeen, MD. The survey was preformed in an area with known items ('Calibration Grid'), and in a seeded blind test area (the 'Blind Test Grid'). The ground truth for the surveys conducted on the Blind Test Grid was withheld from the testers. Only the graded test scores based on target detection and target classification were provided. For more information, see http://aec.army.mil/usaec/technology/uxo01c03.html.
Book Synopsis Statistical and Adaptive Signal Processing for UXO Discrimination for Next-Generation Sensor Data by :
Download or read book Statistical and Adaptive Signal Processing for UXO Discrimination for Next-Generation Sensor Data written by and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 103 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: To address the limitations associated with current sensors, SERDP and ESTCP have been supporting efforts to develop a new generation of UXO sensors that produce data streams of multi-axis vector or gradiometric measurements, for which optimal processing has not yet been carefully considered or developed. Here, we outline a research program where our goal was to address this processing gap, employing a synergistic use of advanced phenomenological-modeling and signal-processing algorithms. The focus of the research was: (i) exploitation and refinement of Duke?s existing phenomenological models to accurately predict the underlying target signatures for the new sensor modalities, with the goal of pinpointing physical parameters that can be utilized within the signal processing architecture; (ii) development of physics-based statistical signal processing approaches applicable to the problem in which vector data is available from such sensors; (iii) development of the theory of optimal experiments to guide the optimal deployment of sensor modalities; and (iv) development of active learning and kernel-based algorithms that yield target classification based upon all available data (not based on individual feature vectors from isolated targets), as well as allowing data collected across multiple sites to be integrated within the classifier.
Download or read book Discrimination Report written by and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Berkeley UXO Discriminator (BUD) is an optimally designed active electromagnetic system that not only detects but also characterizes UXO. The performance of the system is governed by a target size-depth curve. BUD was designed to detect UXO in the 20 mm to 155 mm size range for depths between 0 and 1.5 m, and to characterize them in a depth range from 0 to 1.1 m. The system incorporates three orthogonal transmitters and eight pairs of differenced receivers. Eight receiver coils are placed horizontally along the two diagonals of the upper and lower planes of the two horizontal transmitter loops. These receiver coil pairs are located on symmetry lines through the center of the system and each pair sees identical fields during the on-time of the pulse in all of the transmitter coils. They are wired in opposition to produce zero output during the on-time of the pulses in three orthogonal transmitters. Moreover, this configuration dramatically reduces noise in the measurements by canceling the background electromagnetic fields (these fields are uniform over the scale of the receiver array and are consequently nulled by the differencing operation), and by canceling the noise contributed by the tilt motion of the receivers in the Earth's magnetic field, and greatly enhances receiver sensitivity to the gradients of the target response. BUD is mounted on a small cart to assure system mobility. System positioning is provided by a Real Time Kinematic (RTK) GPS receiver. The system has two modes of operation: (1) the search mode, in which BUD moves along a profile and exclusively detects targets in its vicinity providing target depth and horizontal location, and (2) the discrimination mode, in which BUD is stationary above a target, and determines three discriminating polarizability responses together with the object location and orientation from a single position of the system. The detection performance of the system is governed by a size-depth curve shown in Figure 2. This curve was calculated for BUD assuming that the receiver plane is 0.2 m above the ground. Figure 2 shows that, for example, BUD can detect an object with 0.1 m diameter down to the depth of 0.9 m with a depth uncertainty of 10%. Any objects buried at a depth of more than 1.3 m will have a low probability of detection. The discrimination performance of the system is governed by a size-depth curve shown in Figure 3. Again, this curve was calculated for BUD assuming that the receiver plane is 0.2 m above the ground. Figure 3 shows that, for example, BUD can determine the polarizability of an object with 0.1 m diameter down to the depth of 0.63 m with polarizability uncertainty of 10%. Any objects buried at the depth more than 0.9 m will have a low discrimination probability. Object orientation estimates and equivalent dipole polarizability estimates used for large and shallow UXO/scrap discrimination are more problematic as they are affected by higher order (non-dipole) terms induced in objects due to source field gradients along the length of the objects. For example, a vertical 0.4 m object directly below the system needs to be about 0.90 m deep for perturbations due to gradients along the length of the object to be of the order of 20% of the uniform field object response. Similarly, vertical objects 0.5 m, and 0.6 m long need to be 1.15 m, and 1.42 m, respectively, below the system. For horizontal objects the effect of gradients across the object diameter are much smaller. For example, 155 mm and 105 mm projectiles need to be only 0.30 m, and 0.19 m, respectively, below the system. A polarizability index (in cm3), which is an average value of the product of time (in seconds) and polarizability rate (in m3/s) over the 34 sample times logarithmically spaced from 143 to 1300 [mu]s, and three polarizabilities, can be calculated for any object. We used this polarizability index to decide when the object is in a uniform source field. Objects with the polarizability index smaller than 600 cm3 and deeper than 1.8 m below BUD, or smaller than 200 cm3 and deeper than 1.35 m, or smaller than 80 cm3 and deeper than 0.90 m, or smaller than 9 cm3 and deeper than 0.20 m below BUD are sufficiently deep that the effects of vertical source field gradients should be less than 15%. All other objects are considered large and shallow objects. At the moment, interpretation software is available for a single object only. In case of multiple objects the software indicates the possible presence of metallic objects but is unable to provide characteristics of each individual object.
Book Synopsis A Wavelet Based Classification Metric for UXO Discrimination and Classification by : Stephen Hodgson
Download or read book A Wavelet Based Classification Metric for UXO Discrimination and Classification written by Stephen Hodgson and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 372 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Detection of unexploded ordnance using metal detectors is affected not only by the object's geometry, but its burial depth, azimuth and inclination, making successful identifcation of the object inherently difficult. Reducing the dimensionality by applying a wavelet transformation to the response signal permits characteristic features of a class of ordnance to be identified.
Book Synopsis XXXVe congrès. [Rapport présenté par la direction du Parti Social- Démocrate élue le 20 août 1945, fait au XXXV-ième Congrès National du Parti, 31 janvier 1947-3 février 1947]. by :
Download or read book XXXVe congrès. [Rapport présenté par la direction du Parti Social- Démocrate élue le 20 août 1945, fait au XXXV-ième Congrès National du Parti, 31 janvier 1947-3 février 1947]. written by and published by . This book was released on 1947 with total page 43 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Assessment of Microgravimetry for UXO Detection and Discrimination by : Dwain K. Butler
Download or read book Assessment of Microgravimetry for UXO Detection and Discrimination written by Dwain K. Butler and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 37 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Discrimination of Subsurface Unexploded Ordnance by : Kevin A. O'Neill
Download or read book Discrimination of Subsurface Unexploded Ordnance written by Kevin A. O'Neill and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 234 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Unexploded ordnance (UXO) pose a persistent and expensive problem throughout the world; over 11 million acres are potentially contaminated in the U.S. alone. However, detection requires a very high degree of reliability, the false alarm rate is typically enormous, and cleanup costs are very high. This Tutorial Text addresses the unique challenges of UXO detection and the following topics: fundamental physics and phenomenology; new, successful modeling and analysis methods; the design, development, and testing of new instruments that provide expanded and superior data; innovative processing techniques; and highly successful discrimination performance in blind field tests at standardized sites. The book is written for lay scientists and engineers, as well as specialists in the field, requiring only some familiarity with basic vector calculus and matrix methods, common statistical concepts, and elementary physics.
Book Synopsis Model Based Approach to UXO Imaging Using the Time Domain Electromagnetic Method by :
Download or read book Model Based Approach to UXO Imaging Using the Time Domain Electromagnetic Method written by and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 10 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Time domain electromagnetic (TDEM) sensors have emerged as a field-worthy technology for UXO detection in a variety of geological and environmental settings. This success has been achieved with commercial equipment that was not optimized for UXO detection and discrimination. The TDEM response displays a rich spatial and temporal behavior which is not currently utilized. Therefore, in this paper the author describes a research program for enhancing the effectiveness of the TDEM method for UXO detection and imaging. Fundamental research is required in at least three major areas: (a) model based imaging capability i.e. the forward and inverse problem, (b) detector modeling and instrument design, and (c) target recognition and discrimination algorithms. These research problems are coupled and demand a unified treatment. For example: (1) the inverse solution depends on solution of the forward problem and knowledge of the instrument response; (2) instrument design with improved diagnostic power requires forward and inverse modeling capability; and (3) improved target recognition algorithms (such as neural nets) must be trained with data collected from the new instrument and with synthetic data computed using the forward model. Further, the design of the appropriate input and output layers of the net will be informed by the results of the forward and inverse modeling. A more fully developed model of the TDEM response would enable the joint inversion of data collected from multiple sensors (e.g., TDEM sensors and magnetometers). Finally, the author suggests that a complementary approach to joint inversions is the statistical recombination of data using principal component analysis. The decomposition into principal components is useful since the first principal component contains those features that are most strongly correlated from image to image.
Book Synopsis UAV-based Detection of Landmines and Unexploded Ordnance (UXO) by : Aleksandar Smiljanic
Download or read book UAV-based Detection of Landmines and Unexploded Ordnance (UXO) written by Aleksandar Smiljanic and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2022-01-03 with total page 176 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Wars may officially end and treaties may be signed, but their lethal legacy lives on in the form of unexploded ordinance and minefields that continue to harm civilian populations. Aerial reconnaissance reduces the need for risky, costly and time-consuming ground operations, and the rapid development of unmanned aerial vehicles offers crucial innovations for addressing the aftermath of conflicts worldwide. Aleksandar Smiljanic, an international recognized subject matter expert in next generation defence technologies, examines current developments in technology, electronics, and unmanned autonomous systems that are increasingly allowing military experts to address the challenges of mine clearance and left-over munitions, thereby helping to neutralize the dangers posed by former battlefields. Focusing on the role that unmanned vehicle reconnaissance can play in future identification and clearance operations, the author's timely and critical account - richly illustrated and with a host of supporting scientific and mathematical evidence throughout - offers a fertile and thought-provoking array of solutions to a scourge that has affected civilian populations and civic infrastructure throughout the world for decades. This is a must-read for political and military policymakers and a vital contribution to global efforts at humanitarian relief when it comes to rebuilding the social, political, economic, and cultural landscape of affected populations, with effects not just on their own countries but consequences for us all.
Book Synopsis Unexploded Ordnance Detection and Mitigation by : James Byrnes
Download or read book Unexploded Ordnance Detection and Mitigation written by James Byrnes and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-12-19 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The chapters in this volume were presented at the July–August 2008 NATO Advanced Study Institute on Unexploded Ordnance Detection and Mitigation. The conference was held at the beautiful Il Ciocco resort near Lucca, in the glorious Tuscany region of northern Italy. For the ninth time we gathered at this idyllic spot to explore and extend the reciprocity between mathematics and engineering. The dynamic interaction between world-renowned scientists from the usually disparate communities of pure mathematicians and applied scientists which occurred at our eight previous ASI’s continued at this meeting. The detection and neutralization of unexploded ordnance (UXO) has been of major concern for very many decades; at least since the First World war. UXO continues to be the subject of intensive research in many ?elds of science, incl- ing mathematics, signal processing (mainly radar and sonar) and chemistry. While today’s headlines emphasize the mayhem resulting from the placement of imp- vised explosive devices (IEDs), humanitarian landmine clearing continues to draw signi?cant global attention as well. In many countries of the world, landmines threaten the population and hinder reconstruction and fast, ef?cient utilization of large areas of the mined land in the aftermath of military con?icts.
Book Synopsis Near-Surface Applied Geophysics by : Mark E. Everett
Download or read book Near-Surface Applied Geophysics written by Mark E. Everett and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2013-04-25 with total page 419 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A refreshing, up-to-date exploration of the latest developments in near-surface techniques, for advanced-undergraduate and graduate students, and professionals.
Book Synopsis Defense environmental programs annual report to Congress: Military Munitions Response Program (2002) by :
Download or read book Defense environmental programs annual report to Congress: Military Munitions Response Program (2002) written by and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on with total page 44 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Improving the Discrimination of Unexploded Ordnances by : Alan Yehren Chen
Download or read book Improving the Discrimination of Unexploded Ordnances written by Alan Yehren Chen and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Unexploded ordnances, UXOs, are a significant safety and economic problem in the US and worldwide. Typically, they consist of munitions such as rockets, artillery shells, and missiles. They are buried in unknown locations and present a danger due to both their explosive nature and their environmental impact. Across the US, UXOs are suspected to infest over 15 million acres of land consisting of troop training areas, weapons testing sites, and munitions storage facilities. One of the difficult challenges facing UXO clearance work is discriminating whether a detected target is an UXO and needs to be excavated or an inert object that can be left in the ground. An electromagnetic induction, EMI, sensor is commonly used in UXO clearance work. This research introduces two strategies that change the way the EMI sensor is used in order to improve discrimination. The first strategy is to use more target specific sensor swaths and to use an odometer based positioning system. This research shows that this can improve discrimination over the traditional GPS-based approach because there is less relative error in the sensor position estimates. The next strategy is to use an adaptive sensing algorithm to determine where to move and how to orient an EMI sensor. Allowing the sensor to rotate increases the directions at which the target can be illuminated. The adaptive sensing algorithm exploits this new flexibility to maximize the information obtained during a sensor run, thereby improving UXO discrimination.
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