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Farm Size And Effects Of Chemical Fertilizer Price On Farm Households
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Book Synopsis Farm size and effects of chemical fertilizer price on farm households by : Takeshima, Hiroyuki
Download or read book Farm size and effects of chemical fertilizer price on farm households written by Takeshima, Hiroyuki and published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst. This book was released on 2016-12-09 with total page 32 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This research explores how inputs such as chemical fertilizer that are often complementary to labor can benefit smallholders in countries like Nepal. These and other inputs complement labor when a country experiences periods of increased labor scarcity due to rising wages in rural areas. The future of smallholders in Asian countries is vigorously debated in the policy and research arena. An increasing number of studies indicate that in the face of rising rural farm wages, growing mechanization is gradually shifting the advantages enjoyed by smallholders to slightly larger farms in many Asian countries, including Nepal. While the evidence is limited, earlier studies suggest that this trend may also be associated with a greater return to the use of chemical fertilizers by larger farms than by their smaller counterparts. In this paper, we further assess the relationship between the role of chemical fertilizer and farm size in lowland Nepal. In particular, we assess the different effects of chemical fertilizer price on large versus small farm households, depending on farm size. We use the 2003 and 2010 panel data from the Nepal Living Standard Survey. Results generally suggest that in Nepal Terai, lower chemical fertilizer price seems to increase the per capita incomes of farm households with larger landholdings more than it does those with smaller landholdings. The mechanism is somewhat complicated; typically, larger farms benefit through an increased supply of crops from sharecropped/rented farms, which leads to a potential increase in forage supply and increased revenues from livestock production. However, greater benefits for larger farms through this mechanism remains consistent with the greater return to chemical fertilizer among larger farms. This is contrary to the notion that chemical fertilizer is a land-saving input that benefits smaller farms relatively more than it does larger farms. We conclude that fertilizer policy in Nepal should be designed within the broader framework of longer-term agricultural-sector strategies that will impact the future of smallholder farmers.
Book Synopsis Prices of Fertilizers by : H. L. Trumbull
Download or read book Prices of Fertilizers written by H. L. Trumbull and published by . This book was released on 1919 with total page 28 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Agricultural Input Subsidies by : Ephraim Chirwa
Download or read book Agricultural Input Subsidies written by Ephraim Chirwa and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2013-09-26 with total page 315 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book takes forward our understanding of agricultural input subsidies in low income countries.
Book Synopsis Effects of agricultural mechanization on smallholders and their self-selection into farming by : Takeshima, Hiroyuki
Download or read book Effects of agricultural mechanization on smallholders and their self-selection into farming written by Takeshima, Hiroyuki and published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst. This book was released on 2016-12-16 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This research was undertaken to better assess the role of mechanization in the future of smallholder farmers in Nepal. It addresses the knowledge gap about whether promoting mechanization that is often complementary to land can effectively support smallholders, particularly in the face of a growing nonfarm sector. Rising rural wages in Nepal have increasingly put pressures on smallholder farmers, who tend to operate labor-intensive farming. Agricultural mechanization through custom hiring of tractor services has recently been considered as an option to mitigate the impact of rising labor costs for smallholders. However, the benefit of agricultural mechanization may still be better captured by exploiting the economies of scale of medium to large farmers rather than smallholders. In the meantime, the Nepal agricultural sector still employs a disproportionate share of workers given its share in the economy, potentially depressing agricultural labor productivity. It is therefore an important policy question whether to (1) continue supporting smallholders through custom-hired tractor services or (2) encourage smallholders to rent their farms out to medium-size or larger farmers, while helping smallholders specialize in the nonfarm sector, where their labor productivity may be higher. Using samples from the Terai zone—one of the agroecological belts in Nepal, largely consisting of lowland plains— from the Nepal Living Standards Survey, we assess whether the benefits of hiring in tractor services are greater among medium to large farmers than among smallholders, and how these benefits may depend on smallholders’ decision to remain in or leave farming. This study also contributes to the impact evaluation literature by showing that jointly assessing the effects of two treatments (whether to adopt custom-hired tractor services and continue farming, or to search for better options and specialize in off-farm activities) can lead to different implications than assessing them separately. Our analyses suggest that the government should continue to promote custom-hired tractor services not only for medium to large farmers but also for smallholders. If, over time, barriers to specializing in nonfarm activities are lowered and more smallholders start leaving farming, mechanization may no longer benefit the remaining smallholders. Support for mechanization can then be focused more on medium to large farmers, while types of support other than mechanization can be devised for the remaining smallholders.
Book Synopsis Determinants of chemical fertilizer use in Nepal by : Takeshima, Hiroyuki
Download or read book Determinants of chemical fertilizer use in Nepal written by Takeshima, Hiroyuki and published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst. This book was released on 2016-02-12 with total page 48 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Although overall chemical fertilizer use has grown steadily in Nepal in the past two decades, much of that growth has occurred in the Terai agroecological belt while use has stagnated in the Hills and the Mountains regions. Differences in chemical fertilizer use intensity between the Terai and the latter regions are typically pronounced among medium-to-large-size farmers. Using three rounds of the Nepal Living Standards Survey as well as secondary data, we examine the determinants of inorganic fertilizer (urea and DAP) use, as well as the marginal income returns from fertilizer use at the farm-household level. Similarities in soil and climate between farm locale and Agriculture Research Station locale seem to increase demand for fertilizer—even after controlling for distance to those stations. Most important, demand for chemical fertilizer is affected by the real fertilizer price (particularly since the 2003 NLSS survey), but the price response is relatively weaker in the Hills and Mountains, suggesting that returns to fertilizer may be generally low in those regions, and that reducing fertilizer price through subsidies on fertilizer or transportation may not substantially increase fertilizer use. This is confirmed by assessment of the returns to chemical fertilizer use estimated through generalized propensity score matching and ordinary propensity score matching. The findings cast doubt on the effectiveness of fertilizer subsidies as an instrument for stimulating chemical fertilizer use in Nepal, particularly among medium-to-large-scale farmers in the Hills, and point toward alternative measures like increased research and development into technologies that raise overall returns to chemical fertilizer.
Book Synopsis Water Resources in Mexico by : Úrsula Oswald Spring
Download or read book Water Resources in Mexico written by Úrsula Oswald Spring and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-08-26 with total page 535 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Water resources in Mexico are threatened by scarcity, pollution and climate change. In two decades water consumption doubled, producing water stress in dry seasons and semi-arid and arid regions. Water stress rises due to physical and economic stress. In seven parts a multidisciplinary team analyzes hydrological processes in basins and their interaction with climate, soil and biota. Competing water use in agriculture, industry and domestic needs require savings, decontamination processes and desalination to satisfy the growing demand. Water quality affects health and ecosystems. This creates conflicts and cooperation that may be enhanced by public policy, institution building and social organization.
Book Synopsis The Role of Smallholder Farms in Food and Nutrition Security by : Sergio Gomez y Paloma
Download or read book The Role of Smallholder Farms in Food and Nutrition Security written by Sergio Gomez y Paloma and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-01-01 with total page 253 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This open access book discusses the current role of smallholders in connection with food security and poverty reduction in developing countries. It addresses the opportunities they enjoy, and the constraints they face, by analysing the availability, access to and utilization of production factors. Due to the relevance of smallholder farms, enhancing their production capacities and economic and social resilience could produce positive impacts on food security and nutrition at a number of levels. In addition to the role of small farmers as food suppliers, the book considers their role as consumers and their level of nutrition security. It investigates the link between agriculture and nutrition in order to better understand how agriculture affects human health and dietary patterns. Given the importance of smallholdings, strategies to increase their productivity are essential to improving food and nutrition security, as well as food diversity.
Book Synopsis Land and the Challenge of Sustainable Development in Ethiopia by : Dessalegn Rahmato
Download or read book Land and the Challenge of Sustainable Development in Ethiopia written by Dessalegn Rahmato and published by African Books Collective. This book was released on 2006 with total page 207 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The papers are organised in three parts: Access to Land and Agrarian Class Differentiation; Land Transaction; Natural Resource Management, Policy, and Economic Return. Eight papers are presented, including the welcome and opening statements and the confer
Book Synopsis Imputing nutrient intake from foods prepared and consumed away from home and other composite foods by :
Download or read book Imputing nutrient intake from foods prepared and consumed away from home and other composite foods written by and published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst. This book was released on 2017-01-06 with total page 48 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper assesses the Subramanian and Deaton (S–D) approach for imputing the caloric intake of households from food prepared away from home (FAFH) and composite foods (CF) by juxtaposing it with the imputations of alternative approaches, and extends these approaches to four additional nutrients—vitamin A, iron, zinc, and calcium. The apparent relative nutritional insignificance of FAFH and CF in Bangladesh obfuscates our efforts to assess alternatives to the S–D approach to imputation, and we remain uncertain about the relative value of the alternative imputation approaches examined. FAFH and CF—although widely consumed in Bangladesh—constitute a relatively unimportant source of nutrients, regardless of how the nutrient content of FAFH and CF is imputed.
Book Synopsis Agricultural Household Models by : Inderjit Singh
Download or read book Agricultural Household Models written by Inderjit Singh and published by . This book was released on 1986 with total page 360 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents the basic model of an agricultural household that underlies most of the case studies undertaken so far. The model assumes that households are price-takers and is therefore recursive. The decisions modeled include those affecting production and the demand for inputs and those affecting consumption and the supply of labor. Comparative results on selected elasticities are presented for a number of economies. The empirical significance of the approach is demonstrated in a comparison of models that treat production and consumption decisions separately and those in which the decisionmaking process is recursive. The book summarizes the implications of agricultural pricing policy for the welfare of farm households, marketed surplus, the demand for nonagricultural goods and services, the rural labor market, budget revenues, and foreign exchange earnings. In addition, it is shown that the basic model can be extended in order to explore the effects of government policy on crop composition, nutritional status, health, saving, and investment and to provide a more comprehensive analysis of the effects on budget revenues and foreign exchange earnings. Methodological topics, primarily the data requirements of the basic model and its extensions, along with aggregation, market interaction, uncertainty, and market imperfections are discussed. The most important methodological issues - the question of the recursive property of these models - is also discussed.
Book Synopsis Modern Rice Technology and Income Distribution in Asia by : Cristina C. David
Download or read book Modern Rice Technology and Income Distribution in Asia written by Cristina C. David and published by Int. Rice Res. Inst.. This book was released on 1994 with total page 503 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Revisiting the demand and profitability of chemical fertilizers amid global fuel-food-fertilizer crisis: Evidence from Ethiopia by : Assefa, Thomas
Download or read book Revisiting the demand and profitability of chemical fertilizers amid global fuel-food-fertilizer crisis: Evidence from Ethiopia written by Assefa, Thomas and published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst. This book was released on 2024-07-16 with total page 40 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We revisit the state of smallholder fertilizer demand and profitability in Ethiopia in the face of the recent global fuel–food–fertilizer price crisis triggered by the Russian–Ukraine war and compounded by other domestic supply shocks. We first examine farmers’ response to changes in both fertilizer and food prices by estimating price elasticity of demand. We then revisit the profitability of fertilizer by computing average value–cost ratios (AVCRs) associated with fertilizer application before and after these crises. We use three-round detailed longitudinal household survey data, covering both pre-crisis (2016 and 2019) and post-crisis (2023) production periods, focusing on three main staple crops in Ethiopia (maize, teff, and wheat). Our analysis shows that fertilizer adoption, use, and yield levels were increasing until the recent crises, but these trends seem halted by these crises. We also find relatively large fertilizer price elasticity of demand estimates, ranging between 0.4 and 1.1, which vary across crops and are substantially larger than previous estimates. We find suggestive evidence that households with smaller farm sizes are relatively more responsive to changes in fertilizer prices. We also document that farmers’ response to increases in staple crop prices is not as strong as perceived and hence appears to be statistically insignificant. Finally, we show important dynamics in the profitability of chemical fertilizer. While the AVCRs show profitable trends for most crops, the share of farmers with profitable AVCRs declined following the fertilizer price surge. Our findings offer important insights for policy focusing on mitigating the adverse effects of fertilizer price shocks.
Book Synopsis Stimulating agricultural technology adoption: Lessons from fertilizer use among Ugandan potato farmers by : Nazziwa-Nviiri, Lydia
Download or read book Stimulating agricultural technology adoption: Lessons from fertilizer use among Ugandan potato farmers written by Nazziwa-Nviiri, Lydia and published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst. This book was released on 2017-02-17 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the context of a growing population in an already densely populated area, agricultural yields will need to increase without putting additional stress on the environment. The adoption of modern inputs by smallholders is an important ingredient of agricultural transformation. In this study we explore plot-level, household-level, and institutional-level characteristics associated with agricultural technology adoption behavior among smallholder farmers. The aim is to uncover correlations that can guide the design of policies and incentives that are likely to increase adoption. We explicitly differentiate between fixed costs that are likely to affect the decision to use the technology and variable costs that are more relevant for the decision regarding use intensity. In addition, we examine how the importance of each of these characteristics differs with asset status. To do so, we use data from about 1,880 potato plots cultivated by 500 randomly selected potato growers in southwestern Uganda. We first categorize households into poorly endowed and well-endowed asset classes based on their access to productive assets. We then estimate double-hurdle models for take-up and use intensity of fertilizer for each group. The results show that the factors associated with the decision to use fertilizer are often different from those associated with the decision about how much fertilizer to use and that the characteristics correlated with fertilizer adoption differ between asset-poor and asset-rich farmers. For instance, asset-poor female-headed households are less likely to use fertilizer, but if they do, they use more of it than male-headed households. Our results also suggest fertilizer packaging and distribution are important factors in fertilizer adoption decisions due to their impact on costs related to both indivisibilities and uncertainty about the quality. We derive a range of policy recommendations.
Book Synopsis Evaluating the adoption and impacts of agricultural technologies by : Francisco Areal
Download or read book Evaluating the adoption and impacts of agricultural technologies written by Francisco Areal and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2023-12-18 with total page 185 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Rice productivity in Myanmar: Assessment of the 2021 monsoon and outlook for 2022 by : Myanmar Agriculture Policy Support Activity (MAPSA)
Download or read book Rice productivity in Myanmar: Assessment of the 2021 monsoon and outlook for 2022 written by Myanmar Agriculture Policy Support Activity (MAPSA) and published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst. This book was released on 2022-06-01 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We analyze rice input and productivity data for the monsoon seasons of 2020 and 2021 from the Myanmar Agriculture Performance Survey (MAPS). The survey covers plots of 2,672 rice producers, spread over 259 townships in all states/regions of the country. We find that: 1. Rice productivity at the national level during the monsoon of 2021 decreased on average by 2.1 percent compared to the monsoon of 2020. Considering estimated area reductions, national paddy production decreased by 3.4 percent compared to the monsoon of 2020. 2. Some areas performed substantially worse. Rice yields were low and declined significantly in Kayah and Chin, two conflict-affected states that have shown the highest levels of food insecurity in recent assessments. 3. Prices for most inputs used in rice cultivation increased significantly between these two seasons. Prices of urea, the most important chemical fertilizer used by rice farmers, increased by 56 percent on average and mechanization costs increased by 19 percent. 4. Paddy prices at the farm increased by 8 percent, significantly less than input prices, squeezing rice farmers’ profits during the monsoon of 2021. Despite the substantial hurdles in production and marketing due to the political crisis and international market developments, the results of the Myanmar Agricultural Performance Survey show the overall resilience of rice production during the monsoon of 2021. While the rice sector has been a source of stability in the country, the situation for future crop seasons is however concerning given further increases in input prices (especially fertilizer), the overall reduced profitability of rice farming, the reduced coping strategies remaining for rice farmers, and currency policy changes by the military government.
Book Synopsis Farm machinery use and agricultural industries in India: Status, evolution, implications and lessons learned by : Bhattarai, Madhusudan
Download or read book Farm machinery use and agricultural industries in India: Status, evolution, implications and lessons learned written by Bhattarai, Madhusudan and published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst. This book was released on 2018-03-15 with total page 59 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study reviews the evolution of agricultural mechanization, particularly tractors, in India. In doing so, it provides some rough indicators of the extent of mechanization (particularly the spread of tractor use) at different historical phases, emphasizing that India’s experiences up to 1990 are as important as the lessons since then. The paper highlights the growth of diverse patterns of custom-hiring service provision, as well as heterogeneity in the speed of mechanization growth across regions and agroecological zones. It also summarizes the evolution of key related policies in India that are likely to have affected tractor imports, supply, financing, manufacturing, and related inputs such as fuel and electricity.
Book Synopsis Realization of Ecological Product Value, Land Use Change and Environment by : Hualin Xie
Download or read book Realization of Ecological Product Value, Land Use Change and Environment written by Hualin Xie and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2024-04-15 with total page 170 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Establishing the mechanism of realizing the value of ecological product is an important way to realize land use change, agricultural production transformation and reduce environmental pollution. In recent years, consumers' demand for ecological products has been increasing while the supply is seriously insufficient. The realization of ecological product value faces various bottlenecks, including the realization mechanism of ecological product value, land use variation and the temporal dynamics of land use change, and the driving forces behind land dynamics and their socio-ecological feedbacks. Meanwhile, the relationship between the realization of ecological product value, land use transformation and changes in agricultural production mode are still unclear. In the process of realizing the value of ecological products, how to realize agricultural production and land use transformation, and environmental improvement is also a constant concern to be solved desperately.
