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Exposure To Violence As A Moderator Of The Relation Between Coping Strategies And Outcomes In Low Income Urban Youth
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Book Synopsis Exposure to Violence as a Moderator of the Relation Between Coping Strategies and Outcomes in Low Income Urban Youth by : Alexandra Lauren Barnett
Download or read book Exposure to Violence as a Moderator of the Relation Between Coping Strategies and Outcomes in Low Income Urban Youth written by Alexandra Lauren Barnett and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 60 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The current study addresses a paradox in the literature wherein the coping strategies seeming to be most effective for predominantly Caucasian, middle-class, adult samples, sometimes have the opposite effect on low income urban youth. In doing so, exposure to violence is investigated as a moderator of the association between active, behavioral avoidance and cognitive avoidance and internalizing and externalizing outcomes over the short and long term for low income urban youth. Luthar and colleague's (2000) protective-reactive, protective-enhancing, and vulnerable-reactive models are theoretical bases for this hypothesis. The findings are that the association between behavioral avoidance and internalizing symptoms was protective, at low levels of violence and detrimental, at high levels over the short term. It argues methodological issues currently need to be addressed to further inform how to most effectively equip low income urban youth with effective copings strategies that will help them with specific stressors in the context of urban poverty.
Book Synopsis Exposure to Violence, Coping and Psychological and Behavioral Outcomes Among Urban, Low-income Adolescents by : Anna L. Parnes
Download or read book Exposure to Violence, Coping and Psychological and Behavioral Outcomes Among Urban, Low-income Adolescents written by Anna L. Parnes and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 118 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Limited research has examined the influence of coping on psychological and behavioral outcomes among urban low-income adolescents, particularly those exposed to violence. This study examined coping strategies, including active, distraction, support-seeking and avoidant coping, as moderators and partial mediators of the relations between exposure to violence and internalizing symptoms (anxiety/depression) and externalizing behaviors (prosocial behavior and aggression). These relations were examined based on data that were collected at the beginning and end of the school year as part of an evaluation of a school-based violence prevention program. Participants were 313 urban, low-income, African American fifth through eight grade students. Exposure to violence was negatively associated with active coping. Active coping was negatively associated with aggression, and avoidant coping was positively associated with anxiety/depression. Prosocial behavior was not associated with coping. The coping strategies did not moderate the relations between exposure to violence and longitudinal outcomes, taking into account initial outcomes; however, there were some significant cross-sectional moderational findings. Specifically, distracting action coping moderated the relation between exposure to violence and anxiety/depression and had a protective-reactive effect on this relation. Direct problem solving coping moderated the relation between exposure to violence and aggression, such that direct problem solving had a protective effect as exposure to violence increased. Structural equation modeling revealed that exposure to violence was positively associated with anxiety/depression, which predicted the use of cognitive coping strategies (cognitive avoidance and seeking understanding), and seeking understanding perpetuated anxiety/depression. In another model, exposure to violence predicted aggression, and avoidant action coping was negatively associated with exposure to violence and aggression. Overall, it appears that avoidant action and direct problem solving coping represent protective factors against aggression for adolescents exposed to violence, whereas seeking understanding and distraction action coping represent risk factors for anxiety/depression. It is likely that the complexity of coping processes may explain why longitudinal analyses that examined coping as a moderator were not significant. Nonetheless, results have implications for prevention/intervention, targeting coping skill development and violence prevention. Further longitudinal study of relations between exposure to violence, coping and outcomes among urban, low-income adolescents is needed.
Book Synopsis The Impact of Exposure to School Violence and the Role of Hope in Low-income, Urban Youth by : Linda A. Cedeno
Download or read book The Impact of Exposure to School Violence and the Role of Hope in Low-income, Urban Youth written by Linda A. Cedeno and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 91 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The purpose of the current study was to investigate the prevalence and impact of personal victimization and witnessing violence in the school setting in a sample of low-income, ethnic-minority children. In addition, hope was examined as a potential protective factor in buffing youth from the development of problem behaviors in the context of school-specific violence. It was hypothesized that exposure to school violence would be positively associated with externalizing symptoms. Additionally, it was hypothesized that hope would be positively related to indices of adjustment, and inversely related to problem behaviors. Finally, exploratory questions suggested by extant research were posed further investigating associations between exposure to school violence and adjustment. Additionally, the moderating effects of hope and gender on the linkages between exposure to school violence and psychological and behavioral functioning were examined. Data were derived from a longitudinal primary prevention research project evaluating the impact of a social and emotional learning curriculum. Participants were approximately 161 African-American and Latino fifth graders. Students completed self-reports of self-concept and hope. Teachers completed a teacher-rated survey assessing levels of problem behaviors, social skills, and academic competence for each student in their class. Results indicated that the majority of youth had been personally victimized and witnessed violence on one or more occasion during a three-month period. In addition, exposure to school violence was positively associated with problem behaviors, and negatively associated with social skills, self-concept, and academic competence, most notably for males. Moreover, hope provided a buffering effect on females' self-concept for those witnessing higher levels of school violence. Implications of both the prevalence and impact of exposure to school violence, as well as the limited moderating effects of hope found in the current study are discussed in relation to intervention efforts and strengthening future research sampling low-income, ethnic-minority youth.
Book Synopsis Developmental Psychopathology, Risk, Resilience, and Intervention by : Dante Cicchetti
Download or read book Developmental Psychopathology, Risk, Resilience, and Intervention written by Dante Cicchetti and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2016-02-01 with total page 1155 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Examine the latest research merging nature and nurture in pathological development Developmental Psychopathology is a four-volume compendium of the most complete and current research on every aspect of the field. Volume Four: Genes and Environment focuses on the interplay between nature and nurture throughout the life stages, and the ways in which a child's environment can influence his or her physical and mental health as an adult. The discussion explores relationships with family, friends, and the community; environmental factors like poverty, violence, and social support; the development of coping mechanisms, and more, including the impact of these factors on physical brain development. This new third edition has been fully updated to incorporate the latest advances, and to better reflect the increasingly multilevel and interdisciplinary nature of the field and the growing importance of translational research. The relevance of classification in a developmental context is also addressed, including DSM-5 criteria and definitions. Advances in developmental psychopathology are occurring increasingly quickly as expanding theoretical and empirical work brings about dramatic gains in the multiple domains of child and adult development. This book brings you up to date on the latest developments surrounding genetics and environmental influence, including their intersection in experience-dependent brain development. Understand the impact of childhood adversity on adulthood health Gauge the effects of violence, poverty, interparental conflict, and more Learn how peer, family, and community relationships drive development Examine developments in prevention science and future research priorities Developmental psychopathology is necessarily interdisciplinary, as development arises from a dynamic interplay between psychological, genetic, social, cognitive, emotional, and cultural factors. Developmental Psychopathology Volume Four: Genes and Environment brings this diverse research together to give you a cohesive picture of the state of knowledge in the field.
Book Synopsis Health Disparities Among Under-served Populations by : Sheri R. Notaro
Download or read book Health Disparities Among Under-served Populations written by Sheri R. Notaro and published by Emerald Group Publishing. This book was released on 2012-08-13 with total page 333 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An anthology that critically examines the devastating impact of race, class, and gender on the health and health care of African Americans, Latinos and American Indians, with particular focus on children and adolescents. It includes chapters that focus on issues such as: substance abuse, psychological coping, trauma, infant mortality, and racism.
Book Synopsis Perceived Social Support and Coping as Moderators of Effects of Children's Exposure to Community Violence by : Jacqueline Anne Raia
Download or read book Perceived Social Support and Coping as Moderators of Effects of Children's Exposure to Community Violence written by Jacqueline Anne Raia and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 216 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The Role of Social Skills in Protecting Against the Impact of Family and Community Violence on Youth Psychopathology by : Emily Christine Hockenberry
Download or read book The Role of Social Skills in Protecting Against the Impact of Family and Community Violence on Youth Psychopathology written by Emily Christine Hockenberry and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Children and adolescents are exposed to family and community violence at high rates, and poly victimization is common. Further study is needed to assess the unique and additive effects of witnessing or directly experiencing violence in multiple contexts on psychopathology in urban youth of color. Additionally, analyzing the role of protective factors, such as social skills, in moderating the relation between violence exposure and psychopathology may aid in identifying unique and shared pathways by which different forms of interpersonal violence may impact mental health outcomes. This study sought to examine whether social skills (cooperation and assertion) moderated the relation between exposure to family and community violence and internalizing and externalizing symptoms in a sample of 116 youth (ages 5-17) and their caregivers. A community sample was recruited for a study evaluating the effectiveness of a trauma-specific cognitive behavioral therapy for family violence for Black and Latino families. Participants completed self-report and parent-report questionnaires assessing demographic information, history of violence exposure, social skills, and internalizing and externalizing symptoms. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses revealed that social skills moderated the effects of violence exposure on psychopathology such that youth with a history of exposure to community violence and high assertion were more likely to endorse higher levels of externalizing symptoms compared with community violence-exposed youth with moderate or low assertion scores or youth with no history of community violence. Additionally, a significant positive association between family violence exposure and internalizing symptoms was found. The implications of the unique and additive effects of family and community exposure on psychopathology in youth, as well as the role of social skills as a protective factor, are discussed.
Book Synopsis Dissertation Abstracts International by :
Download or read book Dissertation Abstracts International written by and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 734 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Exposure to Community Violence and the Trajectory of Internalizing and Externalizing Problems in a Sample of Low-income Urban Youth by : Jeremy Jay Taylor
Download or read book Exposure to Community Violence and the Trajectory of Internalizing and Externalizing Problems in a Sample of Low-income Urban Youth written by Jeremy Jay Taylor and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 92 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Intro: The transition from childhood to adolescence is a period of increased risk for psychological problems (e.g. Keiley, & Martin, 2002). Exposure to community violence, may impact the degree to which psychological problems emerge during adolescence (Grant et al., 2004). Previous research also indicates that low-income urban youth are disproportionately exposed to severe community violence, leaving them at higher risk to experience psychopathology (Grant et al., 2004). However, recent longitudinal research suggests that this elevated risk may decline throughout the adolescent years (Murphy et al., 2000) especially for internalizing problems (J. Twenge & S. Nolen-Hoeksema, 2002). The current research hypothesizes that youth that are exposed to high rates of severe community violence that increase with age, may view internalizing behaviors leaving them vulnerable to further victimization (Guerra et al., 2003, Ng-Mak et al., 2002). To protect themselves, youth most exposed may avoid expressing internalizing distress, instead becoming more likely to externalize. Methods: The current study used multi-group growth curve models to examine the trajectories of internalizing problems and externalizing problems, respectively, comparing low-income urban youth in high and low exposure to violence groups. Symptoms were measured using broadband scales of psychopathology from Achenbach's Youth Self-Report and Child Behavioral Checklist (2001). Exposure to Community Violence was measured using Exposure to Violence Survey--Screening Version (Martinez & Richters, 1993). Results & Discussion: Results support the extant literature that indicates that low-income urban youth are at heightened risk for psychological problems. At wave 1, youth in our sample were more than twice as likely to report internalizing problems (33%) in the clinical range, compared to normative youth (16%). Risk of exhibiting externalizing behaviors was also elevated, with 20% of the sample scoring in the clinical range. Exposure to community violence, in particular, was also supported as a risk factor for psychological problems, as the high group demonstrated more of both types of psychopathology than the low group (as demonstrated by significant differences in intercept in the growth model). Comparison of trajectories (slopes) indicated that both internalizing and externalizing problems declined over time, a finding that was only partially supportive of our hypothesis. Additionally, negative trajectories for both outcomes were found in both the low and high exposure to violence groups, although the decline in internalizing problems was of greater magnitude for the high exposure to violence group, compared to the low group. No between-group differences in slope were found for externalizing problems. Results provide some support for the theory that youth that are exposed to rates of severe community violence that increase with age may avoid expressions of internalizing problems. However, clear support was not found for the hypothesis that these youth turn to externalizing behaviors as an alternative way of expressing psychological distress. Alternative hypotheses and explanations for our findings are discussed. Robust differences in findings were also found by reporter and are discussed.
Book Synopsis Peer Victimization: by : Zina T. McGee
Download or read book Peer Victimization: written by Zina T. McGee and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This book provides key empirical findings from a study measuring the degree of perceived victimization and/or actual attack experienced by a sample of minority adolescents in an urban setting. The project uses a systematic sociological approach to examine the effects of violence on these adolescents by including measures of adjustment outcomes resulting from the stress experienced in these harsh environments. Central to the analysis is the discovery of the linkages between risk factors relating to peer-, community-, and school-level victimization and patterns of coping among youth. To further develop the study, the project determines the perceived level of fear and exposure to violence among urban youth, followed by investigations of variations in adjustment outcomes (i.e., delinquency, anxiety, depression, academic achievement, self-esteem) as they relate to dimensions of violence. Finally, the study focuses on the extent to which coping strategies moderate risk factors among minority adolescents across levels of adjustment outcomes. While the significance of this work is the determination of the relationships between victimization, adjustment outcomes, and coping strategies in urban, minority adolescents in environments at higher risk for violence, the greatest implication of this research is to provide an understanding of the role of particular risk factors and coping strategies used to explain differences in delinquent and anti-social behavior among socially vulnerable youth, many of whom are victimized, and influenced, by delinquent peers. These understandings will provide an empirical basis on which to dismantle structural inequality, develop mental health interventions, reinforce societal- and community-level change, and promote coping behaviors to offset the detrimental impact of violence on the lives of marginalized youth in many communities. Youth victimization and violence are not solely public health problems, but remain severe health disparities, as many neighborhoods and families plagued with elevated violence and systemic poverty need further support to help youth flourish"--
Book Synopsis Pathways from Childhood Violence Exposure to Antisocial Behavior in Emerging Adulthood by : Sarah Lowe Samuelson
Download or read book Pathways from Childhood Violence Exposure to Antisocial Behavior in Emerging Adulthood written by Sarah Lowe Samuelson and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 108 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The current study examined romantic relationship characteristics as potential mediators and gender-based power imbalance as potential moderators of the relationship between childhood violence exposure and antisocial behavior in emerging adulthood. Participants (N=129) were African American females recruited from mental health clinics serving low-income communities in Chicago. These young women were followed over seven waves of data collection reflecting early adolescence (mean age 14) to emerging adulthood (mean age 21). Childhood violence exposure was not directly associated with increased risk for antisocial behavior in emerging adulthood. Childhood violence exposure was associated with increased risk of physical dating violence, and both physical dating violence and partner antisocial behavior were associated with increased risk for antisocial behavior in emerging adulthood. There were specific circumstances under which gender-related power imbalance moderated the relationship between childhood violence exposure and antisocial behavior in emerging adulthood through romantic partner relationships. However, the results of the moderated model should be interpreted with caution and indicate an area for future research. Results from this study suggest that risky romantic relationships may be particularly relevant to the initiation or maintenance of antisocial behavior among low-income females in emerging adulthood. A history of childhood violence exposure may place these girls at higher risk for engagement in risky romantic relationships, particularly those characterized by physical dating violence. Perceptions of gender-related power imbalance likely play a role in these pathways, although more research is needed in this area. These findings suggest that psychosocial interventions designed for females in emerging adulthood exposed to childhood violence exposure and at risk for developing antisocial behavior should focus on promoting healthy romantic relationships.
Book Synopsis Effects of Violence Among Low Income African American Population and Their Barriers to Mental Health Services by : Ari Murphey
Download or read book Effects of Violence Among Low Income African American Population and Their Barriers to Mental Health Services written by Ari Murphey and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 23 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract Effects of Violence among Low Income African American population and Their Barriers to Mental Health Services By Ari Murphey Master of Social Work Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between violence and psychological and social well-being in low-income African American populations. Secondly, we examined the correlation of exposure to violence and social support and its influence on coping strategies within the African American community. Lastly, we examined how barriers to mental health correlates with psychological wellbeing in those who have been exposed to violence. Methods: The Secondary data source used was "Survey of Community, crime, and health, 1995, 1998[United States] (ICPSR 4381). Results: Pearson correlations showed that the more the sample was exposed to violence either directly or indirectly the more the sample was more susceptible to mental health illnesses, the data suggests that with less social support among the participants the more susceptible they were to mental health illnesses. These correlations suggest that exposure to violence and lack of social support may be an important correlation of worse mental health, but a large portion of this relationship can be explained by shared associations of being African American and income level/socioeconomic status. Barriers to mental health services were inclusive of those insured under various sources of access to healthcare and prescribed medications, this showed a positive correlation between those belonging to a lower socioeconomic status or low-income are more likely to be affected by barriers to mental health services. Discussion and Implications: The current study found that with higher levels of violence exposure either directly or indirectly, mental health decreased. These findings suggest that with less financial stability increases the chances of African Americans to acquire mental health illnesses. The current study found that social support is a significant explaining factor for decreased rates of mental health among African- Americans. Also, neighborhood quality coincides with social support in that or findings also imply a decrease of social support with a low quality of neighborhood participants resided in. Barriers to mental health services also proved to be a significant correlation for those occupying a low SES. These finding suggest those facing mental health crisis after being exposed to violence and not having access to necessary resources to combat negative coping or behaviors that show up in disadvantaged neighborhoods.
Book Synopsis Psychosocial Outcomes and School-related Protective Factors in Urban Youth Exposed to Community Violence by : Kristy A. Ludwig
Download or read book Psychosocial Outcomes and School-related Protective Factors in Urban Youth Exposed to Community Violence written by Kristy A. Ludwig and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 212 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study examined the relation of two putative school-based protective factors--student identification with school and perceived teacher support--to psychosocial outcomes in a sample of urban youth exposed to community violence. Participants were 175 high school students ages 14-19 in grades 9-12 from a large urban school district. Primary research questions were threefold: 1) What is the relationship between exposure to violence and psychosocial outcomes? 2) What is the relationship between identification with school and teacher support and psychosocial outcomes? 3) Does identification with school and/or teacher support moderate the relationship between overall exposure to violence and psychosocial outcomes? Results indicated that exposure to violence was positively associated with internalizing and externalizing symptoms. Additionally, identification with school and teacher support were related to higher hope and fewer psychological symptoms. Externalizing symptoms were more strongly related to exposure to violence for males and females than internalizing symptoms. Adolescents that reported higher identification with school and higher teacher support reported higher hope, regardless of the level of violence exposure. Results emphasize the importance of school factors, particularly feeling connected to and supported in school, in promoting hope and limiting psychological symptoms for youth exposed to community violence.
Book Synopsis Urban Adolescents' Exposure to Violence by : Emily June Ozer
Download or read book Urban Adolescents' Exposure to Violence written by Emily June Ozer and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 170 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Adolescent Exposure to Violence and Adult Outcomes by : Scott Menard
Download or read book Adolescent Exposure to Violence and Adult Outcomes written by Scott Menard and published by Lexington Books. This book was released on 2021 with total page 242 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book describes the complex relationships of different types of adolescent exposure to violence with diverse adult outcomes, including social statuses, mental health, substance use, violent victimization, and violence perpetration.
Book Synopsis Exposure to Violence Among Urban Late Adolescents and Young Adults by : Mytien T. Le
Download or read book Exposure to Violence Among Urban Late Adolescents and Young Adults written by Mytien T. Le and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Youths and young adults living in high-risk, urban areas are more likely to be exposed to violence than their counterparts living in lower-risk communities. Research has explored protective factors for youth who have experienced community and family violence. Less is known about the role that activity involvement, specifically extracurricular activities (EC) and civic engagement (CE), serve among late adolescents and young adults in high-crime, urban communities. In this study, I examined the relation of community and family violence to aggression/violent behaviors and post-traumatic stress symptoms among urban late adolescents and young adults, as well as the potential protective effects of engaging in extracurricular and civic activities. The data are part of a 5-wave longitudinal project known as the Flint-Weapons Violence Study, which examines predictors of aggression and weapon violence among a sample of 426 youth growing up in Flint, MI (Bushman, Huesmann, Anderson, Gentile, et al., 2006; Huesmann et al., 2021). Using data from the 4th wave when the sample was between 18-25 years of age, the results indicate: 1) community violence exposure (but not family violence exposure) was positively related to aggressive/violent behaviors and post-traumatic stress symptoms; 2) most of the sample reported engaging in at least one extracurricular and one civic activity in the past year; 3) activity involvement did not moderate the relation between violence exposure and behavioral or emotional outcomes; and 4) negative peer influences did not moderate the relation between activity involvement and aggressive/violent behaviors. Results are discussed in relation to the need to collect more nuanced and comprehensive measures of activity involvement, and to assess developmental differences in the role of engaging in these activities in high-risk urban communities.
Book Synopsis Neighborhood Violence and Urban Youth by : Anna Aizer
Download or read book Neighborhood Violence and Urban Youth written by Anna Aizer and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 47 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Three quarters of American children have been exposed to neighborhood violence in their lifetimes. Most of the existing research has concluded that exposure to violence leads to restricted emotional development, aggressive behavior and poor school outcomes. However, this literature fails to account for the fact that children exposed to neighborhood violence are highly disadvantaged in other ways: they are more likely to be black, poor and have poorly educated parents. As such, it is not clear whether exposure to violence or the underlying measures of disadvantage are responsible for the poor child outcomes observed. Using individual survey data on urban youth and their families from Los Angeles, we find that the most violent neighborhoods are also characterized by the highest degree of disadvantage: greatest poverty, highest unemployment, least education. And while living in a violent neighborhood increases the probability of exposure to violence, within violent neighborhoods those personally exposed to street violence are significantly more disadvantaged and are more likely to associate with violent peers than their unexposed neighbors. Once we control for observed and unobserved family disadvantage, the impact of violence declines for some child outcomes, suggesting that underlying disadvantage explains some of the negative outcomes observed, but not all - it is still the case that associating with violent peers is negatively correlated with cognitive test scores. In addition, when we control for underlying differences across families, the relationship between violence and internalizing behavioral problems appears stronger.
