Experimental Study Of Proppant Settling In A Narrow Fracture Analyzed With Particle Image Velocimetry

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Experimental Study of Proppant Settling in a Narrow Fracture Analyzed with Particle Image Velocimetry

Author : Lan Luo
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 125 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (952 download)

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Book Synopsis Experimental Study of Proppant Settling in a Narrow Fracture Analyzed with Particle Image Velocimetry by : Lan Luo

Download or read book Experimental Study of Proppant Settling in a Narrow Fracture Analyzed with Particle Image Velocimetry written by Lan Luo and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 125 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study presents results of an experimental study of the micromechanical proppant behavior during settling in both narrow smooth and rough fractures. This fundamental analysis seeks to better understand dynamics of particle interactions in a dense phase slurry on a small particle size scale, representing proppant settling in narrow hydraulic fractures. Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) is used for analysis of velocities of individual particle and group particles and their relative paths, collisions and agglomerating in viscous Newtonian fluid. The displacement vectors show the movements of group of particles and global velocity trends of the observed area. The results from this experimental study indicate dependency of settling velocity on particle size and shape, as well as the dependency of different size of particle or agglomerate particles. The measured results, including vertical velocities and displacement vectors of singular particle and agglomerated particles, were compared with previously published theoretical and empirical relationships. It can be seen that forming of proppant agglomerates during settling, caused by frequent particle-particle and particle-wall collisions and interactions, changes the overall settling velocities predicted by the previous experiments in larger slots. The slurry settling velocity depends on the relationship between settlement, proppant concentration and occurrence of proppant agglomeration. This study also compares the different agglomerations in different fluid. This study presents the influence of proppant concentration and proppant agglomeration. The effect of wall can also been found when the concentration and agglomeration is high. In order to better understanding proppant settling in hydraulic fracture where mostly rough, the proppant settling in narrow slot with adding rough surface is also analyzed. By comparing experimental results of proppant settling in narrow slot with both smooth surface and rough surface, it can be found that the rough surface can diminish average settling velocity. The decreasing of proppant concentration and agglomeration is also found in this study.

Energy Geotechnics

Author : Frank Wuttke
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 131531522X
Total Pages : 1100 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (153 download)

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Book Synopsis Energy Geotechnics by : Frank Wuttke

Download or read book Energy Geotechnics written by Frank Wuttke and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2016-12-01 with total page 1100 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Energy Geotechnics includes 97 technical papers presented at the 1st International Conference on Energy Geotechnics (ICEGT 2016, Kiel, Germany, 29-31 August 2016). The contributions provides significant advances and critical challenges facing the areas of fundamentals, constitutive and numerical modelling, testing techniques and energy geotechnics applications. Energy Geotechnics contains seven regular sessions and six minisymposia, with contributions on discrete and continuum based modelling as well as investigations based on experimental studies at various scales. The papers on discrete and continuum based modelling examine the behaviour of gas hydrate sediments, cyclic and Themo-Hydro-Mechanical (T-H-M) modelling of energy piles, non-linear behaviour of energy geo-storage and geo-structures, deformation of geomaterials, modelling of borehole heat exchangers and energy walls, analysis of hydraulic fracturing and discontinuities in reservoirs, engineering problems involving gas hydrates sediments, and modelling of environmental impact of energy geotechnical processes.

Improvement of Fracture Conductivity Through Study of Proppant Transport and Chemical Stimulation

Author : Songyang Tong
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (131 download)

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Book Synopsis Improvement of Fracture Conductivity Through Study of Proppant Transport and Chemical Stimulation by : Songyang Tong

Download or read book Improvement of Fracture Conductivity Through Study of Proppant Transport and Chemical Stimulation written by Songyang Tong and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During hydraulic fracturing treatments, proppants - usually sand - are placed inside fractures to improve fracture conductivity. However, a large portion of the generated hydraulic fractures often remain unpropped after fracturing treatments. There are two primary reasons for this poor proppant placement. First, proppants settle quickly in common fracturing fluids (e.g., slickwater), which results in unpropped sections at the tip or top of the fracture. Second, a large number of the microfractures are too narrow to accommodate any common commercial proppant. Such unpropped fractures hold a large potential flow capacity as they exhibit a large contact area with the reservoir. However, their potential flow capacity is diminished during production due to closing of unpropped fractures because of closure stress. In this study, fractures are categorized as wider fractures, which are accessible to proppant, and narrower fractures, which are inaccessible to proppant. For wider fractures, proppant transport is important as proppant is needed for keeping them open. For narrower fractures, a chemical formulation is proposed as there is less physical restriction for fluids to flow inside across them. The chemical formulation is expected to improve fracture conductivity by generating roughness on fracture surfaces. This dissertation uses experiments and simulations to investigate proppant transport in a complex fracture network with laboratory-scale transparent fracture slots. Proppant size, injection flow rate and bypass fracture angle are varied and their effects are systematically evaluated. Based on experimental results, a straight-line relationship can be used to quantify the fraction of proppant that flows into bypass fractures with the total amount of proppant injected. A Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model is developed to simulate the experiments; both qualitative and quantitative matches are achieved with this model. It is concluded that the fraction of proppant which flows into bypass fractures could be small unless a significant amount of proppant is injected, which indicates the inefficiency of slickwater in transporting proppant. An alternative fracturing fluid - foam - has been proposed to improve proppant placement because of its proppant carrying capacity. Foam is not a single-phase fluid, and it suffers liquid drainage with time due to gravity. Additionally, the existence of foam bubbles and lamellae could alter the movement of proppants. Experiments and simulations are performed to evaluate proppant placement in field-scale foam fracturing application. A liquid drainage model and a proppant settling correlation are developed and incorporated into an in-housing fracturing simulator. Results indicate that liquid drainage could negatively affect proppant placement, while dry foams could lead to negligible proppant settling and consequently uniform proppant placement. For narrower fractures, two chemical stimulation techniques are proposed to improve fracture conductivity by increasing fracture surface roughness. The first is a nanoparticle-microencapsulated acid (MEA) system for shale acidizing applications, and the second is a new technology which can generate mineral crystals on the shale surface to act as in-situ proppants. The MEA could be released as the fracture closes and the released acid could etch the surface of the rock locally, in a non-uniform way, to improve fracture conductivity (up to 40 times). Furthermore, the in-situ proppant generation technology can lead to crystal growth in both fracking water and formation brine conditions, and it also improves fracture conductivity (up to 10 times) based on core flooding experiments

Effect of Proppant Wellbore Settling on Proppant Distribution in Perforation Clusters

Author : Muhammad Jahanzaib Aijaz
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (134 download)

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Book Synopsis Effect of Proppant Wellbore Settling on Proppant Distribution in Perforation Clusters by : Muhammad Jahanzaib Aijaz

Download or read book Effect of Proppant Wellbore Settling on Proppant Distribution in Perforation Clusters written by Muhammad Jahanzaib Aijaz and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Proppant settling in the wellbore during hydraulic fracturing operations is an important consideration as it affects the efficiency and slurry distribution in perforation clusters. This phenomenon has been studied in the past and experiments have been conducted but no field scale simulations have been performed to quantify the amount of proppant settled in different sections of the wellbore. This study focuses on utilizing critical velocity correlations available in the literature and incorporates them into a numerical simulator for simulating hydraulic fracturing stages. Comparisons have been drawn between cases where no settling was considered to cases where settling is considered to demonstrate the difference in total proppant mass entering individual fractures in different sections of the wellbore. Effects of various parameters such as injection rates, viscosity, proppant diameter, proppant density, fluid density and number of clusters (for fracturing and refracturing) have been studied. Proppant settling has been observed starting at the toe side of the stage where fluid velocity drops below the critical velocity. The settling progresses progressively towards mid clusters as the toe side clusters are plugged and the critical velocity in that region drops below a threshold value. Proppant settling is limited because as proppant deposits in a section, the flow area is reduced and this in turn increases the flow velocity to above the resuspension velocity. Ultimately the volume of proppant deposited is limited by the volume of the wellbore. The study was further expanded to include inclined wellbores. Most wells are not perfectly horizontal but rather have small angle undulations resulting in inclinations and models that account for wellbore inclination were used to compute the critical velocity. The predictions were validated using experimental data. Our study was limited to inclinations between - 9 degrees to + 9 degrees as most wellbore surveys indicate inclinations within this range. Trends indicate that proppant settling increases with upward inclination and decreases with downward inclination. The effect of settling diminishes as the hole-angle is increased or decreased. The overall change in proppant settling within the studied range of hole-angles is small (less than 7%). A comparison is also drawn for the volume occupied by proppant in various sections of the wellbore at different angles. Various design parameters that affect the amount of proppant settled are discussed in this study

Proppant Transport in Complex Fracture Networks

Author : Christopher Allen Johnson Blyton
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (987 download)

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Book Synopsis Proppant Transport in Complex Fracture Networks by : Christopher Allen Johnson Blyton

Download or read book Proppant Transport in Complex Fracture Networks written by Christopher Allen Johnson Blyton and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Current hydraulic fracturing practice in unconventional resource development typically involves multiple fracturing stages, each consisting of the simultaneous creation of several fractures from a horizontal well. A large mass of proppant, often millions of pounds per well, is injected with the fluid to provide post-closure conductivity. Despite the large quantity of proppant used and its critical importance to well productivity, simple models are often applied to determine its placement in fractures. Propped or effective fracture lengths indicated by modeling may be 100 to 300% larger than the lengths inferred from production data. A common assumption is that the average proppant velocity due to pressure driven flow is equal to the average carrier fluid velocity, while the settling velocity calculation uses Stokes' law. To more accurately determine the placement of proppant in a fracture, it is necessary to rigorously account for many effects not included in the above assumptions. In this study, the motion of particles flowing with a fluid between fracture walls has been simulated using a coupled computational fluid dynamics and discrete element method (CFD-DEM) that rigorously accounts for the both aspects of the problem. These simulations determine individual particle trajectories as particle to particle and particle to wall collisions occur and include the effect of fluid flow. The results show that the proppant concentration and the ratio of proppant diameter to fracture width govern the relative velocity of proppant and fluid. Proppant settling velocity has been examined for small fracture widths to delineate the effect of several independent variables, including concentration. Simulations demonstrate that larger concentration increases the average settling velocity, in apparent contrast with much of the available literature, which indicates that increased concentration reduces settling velocity. However, this is due to the absence of displacement driven counter current fluid flow. This demonstrates that proppant settling in a hydraulic fracture is more complex than usually considered. A proppant transport model developed from the results of the direct numerical simulations and existing correlations for particle settling velocity has been incorporated into a fully three-dimensional hydraulic fracturing simulator. This simulator couples fracture geomechanics with fluid flow and proppant transport considerations to enable the fracture geometry and proppant distribution to be determined rigorously. Two engineering fracture design parameters, injection rate and proppant diameter, have been varied to show the effect on proppant placement. This allows for an understanding of the relative importance of each and optimization of the treatment to a particular application. The presence of natural fractures in unconventional reservoirs can significantly contribute to well productivity. As proppant is transported along a hydraulic fracture, the presence of a dilated natural fracture forms a fluid accepting branch and may result in proppant entry. The proportion of proppant transported into a branch at steady state has been determined using the CFD-DEM approach and is presented via a dimensionless 'particle transport coefficient' through normalization by the proportion of fluid flowing into the branch. Reynolds number at the inlet, branch aperture and the angle of orientation between the main slot and branch, particle size and concentration each affect the transport coefficient. A very different physical process, which controls particle transport into a branch under certain conditions, is the formation of a stable particle bridge preventing subsequent particle transport into the branch. This phenomenon was observed in several simulation cases. The complete set of equations for a three-dimensional formulation of rectangular displacement discontinuity elements has been used to determine the width distribution of a hydraulic fracture and dilated natural fracture. The widths have been determined for several combinations of stress anisotropy, net pressure, hydraulic fracture height and length. The effect of the length, height and orientation of the natural fracture and the elastic moduli of the rock have also been examined. Of the cases examined, many show that natural fracture dilation does not occur. Further, of those cases where dilation is apparent, the proppant transport efficiency corresponding to the natural fracture width is significantly less than one and in many cases zero due to size exclusion. The location and orientation of the natural fracture do not significantly affect its width, while its length and the elastic moduli of the rock substantially change the width.

Role of Fluid Elasticity and Viscous Instabilities in Proppant Transport in Hydraulic Fractures

Author : Sahil Malhotra
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (87 download)

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Book Synopsis Role of Fluid Elasticity and Viscous Instabilities in Proppant Transport in Hydraulic Fractures by : Sahil Malhotra

Download or read book Role of Fluid Elasticity and Viscous Instabilities in Proppant Transport in Hydraulic Fractures written by Sahil Malhotra and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation presents an experimental investigation of fluid flow, proppant settling and horizontal proppant transport in hydraulic fractures. The work is divided into two major sections: investigation of proppant settling in polymer-free surfactant-based viscoelastic (VES) fluids and development of a new method of proppant injection, referred to as Alternate-Slug fracturing. VES fluid systems have been used to eliminate polymer-based damage and to efficiently transport proppant into the fracture. Current models and correlations neglect the important influence of fracture walls and fluid elasticity on proppant settling. Experimental data is presented to show that elastic effects can increase or decrease the settling velocity of particles, even in the creeping flow regime. Experimental data shows that significant drag reduction occurs at low Weissenberg number, followed by a transition to drag enhancement at higher Weissenberg numbers. A new correlation is presented for the sphere settling velocity in unbounded viscoelastic fluids as a function of the fluid rheology and the proppant properties. The wall factors for sphere settling velocities in viscoelastic fluids confined between solid parallel plates (fracture walls) are calculated from experimental measurements made on these fluids over a range of Weissenberg numbers. Results indicate that elasticity reduces the retardation effect of the confining walls and this reduction is more pronounced at higher ratios of the particle diameter to spacing between the walls. Shear thinning behavior of fluids is also observed to reduce the retardation effect of the confining walls. A new empirical correlation for wall factors for spheres settling in a viscoelastic fluid confined between two parallel walls is presented. An experimental study on proppant placement using a new method of fracturing referred to as Alternate-Slug fracturing is presented. This method involves alternate injection of low viscosity and high viscosity fluids into the fracture, with proppant pumped in the low viscosity fluid. Experiments are conducted in Hele-Shaw cells to study the growth of viscous fingers over a wide range of viscosity ratios. Data is presented to show that the viscous finger velocities and mixing zone velocities increase with viscosity ratio up to viscosity ratios of about 350 and the trend is consistent with Koval's theory. However, at higher viscosity ratios the mixing zone velocity values plateau signifying no further effect of viscosity contrast on the growth of fingers and mixing zone. The plateau in the velocities at high viscosity ratios is caused by an increase in the thickness of the displacing fluid and a reduction in the thin film of the displaced fluid on the walls of the Hele-Shaw cell. Fluid elasticity is observed to retard the growth of fingers and leads to growth of multiple thin fingers as compared to a single thick dominant finger in less elastic fluids. Observations show the shielding effect is reduced by fluid elasticity. Elastic effects are observed to reduce the thickness of thin film of displaced fluid on the walls of Hele-Shaw cell. The dominant wave number for the growth of instabilities is observed to be higher in more elastic fluids. At the onset of instability, the interface breaks down into a greater number of fingers in more elastic fluids. Experiments are performed in simulated fractures (slot cells) to show the proppant distribution using alternate-slug fracturing. Observations show alternate-slug fracturing ensures deeper placement of proppant through two primary mechanisms: (a) proppant transport in viscous fingers formed by the low viscosity fluid and (b) an increase in drag force in the polymer slug leading to better entrainment and displacement of any proppant banks that may have formed. The method offers advantages of lower polymer costs, lower pumping horsepower, smaller fracture widths, better control of fluid leak-off and less gel damage compared to conventional gel fracs.

Investigation of Proppant Static Settling Velocity in Hydraulic Fractures Using Viscoelastic Linear Gel

Author : Vismay Shah
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 116 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (18 download)

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Book Synopsis Investigation of Proppant Static Settling Velocity in Hydraulic Fractures Using Viscoelastic Linear Gel by : Vismay Shah

Download or read book Investigation of Proppant Static Settling Velocity in Hydraulic Fractures Using Viscoelastic Linear Gel written by Vismay Shah and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 116 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Few studies have quantified proppant transport in static conditions using actual proppant and validated previously established correlation. The objective of this study is to investigate the rheological properties of the linear gel, and determine the effect of size, shape and specific gravity of the proppant, fracture walls and rheological properties of the fluid on the proppant settling velocity in static condition and validate the previously established correlation. Shear viscosity and dynamic frequency sweep tests were performed to investigate the viscous and viscoelastic behaviour of the HPG linear gel with five different concentrations. Proppant settling experiments were conducted with different proppant types and sizes with two different setups, one with a large diameter transparent cylinder and another with a parallel plexiglass plate model which imposes wall effects. Parameters used during the experiments were inserted into previously established correlation and the calculated settling values were compared with the experimental ones to identify the best suitable correlation. HPG linear gel behaved as non-Newtonian shear thinning fluid and showed very little elasticity for the angular frequency from 1 to 100 rad/sec. With increasing shear thinning behaviour of the linear gel it was found that the effect of proppant size, specific gravity and fracture walls got more pronounced. With increasing diameter and specific gravity of the proppant, the effect of viscosity of the unbounded fluid on the settling velocity decreased; however, it remained constant in the case of confined fracturing fluid. The correlation provided by Swanson (1967) and Liu and Sharma (2005) were identified as best suitable correlations based on this study for unbounded fracturing fluid and confined fracturing fluid respectively"--Abstract, page iii.

Proppant Settling in Viscoelastic Surfactant (VES) Fluids

Author : Sahil Malhotra
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 130 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (73 download)

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Book Synopsis Proppant Settling in Viscoelastic Surfactant (VES) Fluids by : Sahil Malhotra

Download or read book Proppant Settling in Viscoelastic Surfactant (VES) Fluids written by Sahil Malhotra and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 130 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Polymer-free viscoelastic surfactant-based (VES) fluid systems have been used to eliminate polymer-based damage and to efficiently transport proppants into the fracture. Current models and correlations neglect the important influence of fracture walls and fluid elasticity on proppant settling. This report presents an experimental study that investigates the impact of fluid elasticity and fracture width on proppant settling in VES fluid systems. Proppant settling experiments are performed in shear-thinning VES fluids. Experimental data is presented to show that fluid elasticity plays an important role in controlling the settling rate of the proppants. It is shown that elastic effects can increase as well as reduce the settling velocities depending upon the rheological properties of the fluid and properties of the proppants. Data is presented to show that the settling velocity reduces significantly as the proppant size becomes comparable to the fracture width. The reduction in settling velocity due to the presence of the fracture walls depends on the rheological properties of the fluid, ratio of particle diameter to fracture width as well as the diameter of the particle.

Computational Fluid Dynamics Modeling of Proppant Static Settling Velocity in High Viscosity Friction Reducers

Author : Chen Yuan
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 65 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (11 download)

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Book Synopsis Computational Fluid Dynamics Modeling of Proppant Static Settling Velocity in High Viscosity Friction Reducers by : Chen Yuan

Download or read book Computational Fluid Dynamics Modeling of Proppant Static Settling Velocity in High Viscosity Friction Reducers written by Chen Yuan and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 65 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "In the current petroleum fracturing industry, it is necessary to understand the downhole migration and settling velocity of the proppant. If we can master this information well, it will be a great help to obtain effective propped fracture conductivity. In order to study the transport of proppants in the well, we used laboratory experiments and computer numerical simulations to compare the results to get a meaningful conclusion. We spent a lot of time building models on a powerful computer and comparing the experimental conclusions. We finally decided to use computational fluid dynamics (CFD) as the simulation platform, discrete phase method (DPM) as the base model, and compare the simulation data with settling velocity experiment data to draw conclusions. Three cases were run and tested including fracture fluid type, proppant size, and fracture orientations. Results show a good integration between experimental results and simulation outputs. This work will help to provide a full understanding of the distinct changes of the mechanical characterization on the High Viscosity Friction Reducers (HVFRs). The findings provide an in-depth understanding of the behavior of HVFRs under confined effect, which could be used as guidance for fracture engineers to design and select better HVFR design"--Abstract, page iii.

Modeling of Solid Particle Transport in Fractures and Its Applications to Proppant Placement During Hydraulic Fracturing Operations

Download Modeling of Solid Particle Transport in Fractures and Its Applications to Proppant Placement During Hydraulic Fracturing Operations PDF Online Free

Author : Yanan Ding
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (137 download)

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Book Synopsis Modeling of Solid Particle Transport in Fractures and Its Applications to Proppant Placement During Hydraulic Fracturing Operations by : Yanan Ding

Download or read book Modeling of Solid Particle Transport in Fractures and Its Applications to Proppant Placement During Hydraulic Fracturing Operations written by Yanan Ding and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In addition to conventional enhanced oil recovery (EOR) technologies, extensive efforts have been made to explore new approaches to sustain the increasing global oil and gas consumption while lowering the operational costs. In recent decades, nanoparticles (NPs) have seen their promising potentials in recovering hydrocarbons from numerous laboratory experiments and field pilots. Also, hydraulic fracturing techniques have unlocked a significant quantity of hydrocarbon resources from unconventional reservoirs. Solid particle transport including NP transport, dispersion, and distribution in hydrocarbon reservoirs, proppant placement within hydraulic fractures, and sand production is critical to the efficient and effective hydrocarbon exploitation. Considering the petrophysical complexity as well as the intricate interactions among particles, fluids, and rock matrix, it is, therefore, an extremely challenging task to accurately predict the associated transport and placement behaviour of solid particles in a hydrocarbon reservoir. Theoretically, a robust and pragmatic method has been developed and validated to analytically determine the dynamic dispersion coefficients for particles flowing in a parallel-plate fracture with instantaneous point source as well as uniform and volumetric line sourcess, in which particle gravity settling effect has been considered. It is found that the point source and the uniform line source are respectively the most and least sensitive to the gravity effect. An increase of particle size larger than its critical value decreases the asymptotical dispersion coefficient for all the source conditions, while gravity settling promotes the dispersion phenomenon during the early-stage of point source condition. Particle-tracking simulations have been performed and validated on polydisperse dense particle transport in a randomly-orientated fracture with spatially variable apertures. The simulated results indicate that the mass breakthrough efficiency of particles and particle plume distribution in a randomly-orientated rough fracture are significantly influenced by different factors when particle gravity settling occurs. In addition, particle attachment consisting of reversible and irreversible adsorptions on an aperture surface is quantified applying the Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO) kinetics. With sensitivity analysis performed, the impacts of different factors on particle attachment are found to vary with each other through non-unique patterns. By integrating the Perkins-Kern-Nordgren-Carter (PKN-C) fracture propagation model and the particle tracking algorithm, a novel Eulerian-Lagrangian (E-L) model has been developed and validated to simulate field-scale proppant transport during hydraulic fracturing operations. Such an E-L model incorporates pertinent empirical correlations determined from regressing experimental measurements regarding the proppant settling velocity and the drag/lift forces, which is applicable to both the Newtonian and non- Newtonian fluid conditions. The non-Newtonian fluid is usually found to yield a less "heel-biased" pattern of proppant distribution in a hydraulic fracture, e.g., a larger slurry coverage together with a longer proppant dune, while distinct patterns of the dominant factors are observed and evaluated.

Experimental Study of Guar-borate Crosslinked Fracturing Fluid Under Temperature and Pressure Conditions and Its Applications to Proppant Settling

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Author : Vincent Dopgima Dohmatob
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (138 download)

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Book Synopsis Experimental Study of Guar-borate Crosslinked Fracturing Fluid Under Temperature and Pressure Conditions and Its Applications to Proppant Settling by : Vincent Dopgima Dohmatob

Download or read book Experimental Study of Guar-borate Crosslinked Fracturing Fluid Under Temperature and Pressure Conditions and Its Applications to Proppant Settling written by Vincent Dopgima Dohmatob and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For a hydraulic fracturing process to be considered successful, proper proppant transport and placement within an adequate fracture length is required. To achieve this, one must design a fracturing fluid that can bring about effective proppant placement and maintain desirable fluid properties under hydraulic fracturing conditions of temperature, pressure, and shear rates. This thesis focuses on better understanding fracturing fluid rheology and stability under hydraulic fracturing conditions of pressure, temperature, and shear rate for better proppant suspension and fracturing treatment designs. Rheological tests were performed on guar-borate crosslinked fracturing fluids of concentrations 20, 25, 30, and 35 lbm/1000gal or pptg (2.4, 3.0, 3.6, and 4.2 g/L) up to 2,000 psi (13.8 MPa) and 180 °F (82 °C) at pH of 9.3 and 10.5. Static proppant suspension test was also performed to study the suspension abilities of the testing fluids. Finally, zeta potential analysis was conducted to study the instability of the fluids due to potential repulsive/attractive forces within polymer particles.

A Theoretical Simulation of the Settling of Proppants in a Hydraulic Fracturing Process

Author : Nisreen Ali Hussein Alseamr
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 220 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (951 download)

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Book Synopsis A Theoretical Simulation of the Settling of Proppants in a Hydraulic Fracturing Process by : Nisreen Ali Hussein Alseamr

Download or read book A Theoretical Simulation of the Settling of Proppants in a Hydraulic Fracturing Process written by Nisreen Ali Hussein Alseamr and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 220 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Hydraulic fracturing is a process for the extraction of hydrocarbons from underground formations. It involves pumping a specialized fluid into the wellbore under high pressures to form and support fractures in the rock. Fracturing stimulates the well to increase the production of oil and the natural gas which are the pillars of the energy economy. Key to this process is the use of proppants, which are solid materials used to keep the fractures open. Understanding the transport of proppant particles through a fluid is important to improve the efficiency and reduce environmental impact of fracturing. An increase of the settling velocity for instance, will impede the hydraulic fracturing process by reducing well productivity, or necessitate use of chemical additives. This thesis presents a theoretical investigation of the settling velocity of proppant particles. The effect of different parameters on the settling velocity were studied by manipulating the main factors that can influence particle transport. These include size of the particle (300 [micro]m- 2000 [micro]m), sphericity, density (1200 kg/m3-3500 kg/m3) and concentration. These typical values were obtained from commercially available proppants currently used in industry. Various correlations were investigated, assuming the carrier (fracturing) fluid to be an ideal Newtonian and as a power law (non-Newtonian) fluid. This will help predict the settling velocity for proppant particles in order to increase well productivity, and improve hydraulic fracturing efficiency. The models show that changing the carrier fluid viscosity and particle properties such as diameter, density, sphericity, and concentration leads to a significant change in the proppant settling velocity. For instance, reduction in particle size, density, and sphericity tend to reduce the settling velocity, while increasing the concentration of the particles and the fluid viscosity reduce the settling velocity.

Experimental Study of Effect of Proppant Concentration, Types, Sizes, Rock Mineralogy and Overburden Stress on Fracture Conductivity

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Author : Abhishek Kumar Gupta
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 111 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (113 download)

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Book Synopsis Experimental Study of Effect of Proppant Concentration, Types, Sizes, Rock Mineralogy and Overburden Stress on Fracture Conductivity by : Abhishek Kumar Gupta

Download or read book Experimental Study of Effect of Proppant Concentration, Types, Sizes, Rock Mineralogy and Overburden Stress on Fracture Conductivity written by Abhishek Kumar Gupta and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 111 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Quantifying Ceramic Proppant Transport in Complex Fracture Networks

Author : Vivekvardhan Reddy Kesireddy
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 91 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (12 download)

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Book Synopsis Quantifying Ceramic Proppant Transport in Complex Fracture Networks by : Vivekvardhan Reddy Kesireddy

Download or read book Quantifying Ceramic Proppant Transport in Complex Fracture Networks written by Vivekvardhan Reddy Kesireddy and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 91 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Water fracs have become an essential part of unconventional reservoirs to create deeper fracture networks. Proppant transport in water fracs is challenging in terms of fluids ability to carry the proppant deeper into these fracture networks. This experimental study investigates the impact of the flow rates, fracture widths and complexity controlling the ability of proppant to flow into complex fracture networks. This research attempts to nullify the knowledge gap in understanding width heterogeneity in primary and secondary fractures. This study speaks for settling pattern and proppant transport through a slot flow model with a unique approach to understand stage wise distribution of proppant. The slurry was injected in multiple fracture pore volumes at required flow rates to monitor the stage-wise development of proppant bed. Study illustrates proppant transport in terms of proppant bed heights, equilibrium dune levels and proppant area fractions. Results represents proppant transport for fracture widths, which are comparable to proppant diameter. Two different configurations of apparatus were used to investigate heterogeneity in width in complex fracture networks. Results describe stepwise distribution of ceramic proppant under the influence of flow rates, fracture width and complexity. The bed height gradually builds up in the slot with each injection to achieve an equilibrium bed height. Injection slurry velocities primarily affect proppant transport affecting its distribution in fractures. The fracture width showed a significant impact on proppant transport. Width heterogeneity in complex fracture systems provide better proppant distribution in complex fracture networks. Heterogeneity of width in the fracture caused increased settling and more proppant surface area fractions. The results help in optimizing the proppant flow patterns into complex fracture networks"--Abstract, page iii.

An Experimental Investigation on the Transport Characteristics of Rough Fractures in the Presence of Proppants

Author : Raimbay Aigerim
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 111 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (959 download)

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Book Synopsis An Experimental Investigation on the Transport Characteristics of Rough Fractures in the Presence of Proppants by : Raimbay Aigerim

Download or read book An Experimental Investigation on the Transport Characteristics of Rough Fractures in the Presence of Proppants written by Raimbay Aigerim and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 111 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since the introduction of hydraulic fracturing technique, industry has been attempted to enhance production of hydrocarbon from tight reservoirs by selecting optimum design of hydraulic fracturing treatment. One of the essential parameters in hydraulic fracturing design is the proper selection and injection of proppants. They not only provide fracture permeability but also prevent "healing" of fractures. Hence, the quantification of proppant transport characteristics is highly critical in a sustainable production from hydraulically fractured wells. Previous studies in this regard were limited to smooth (parallel) fracture surfaces to a great extent ignoring the effect of roughness of fractures, which may have significant impact in controlling the permeability of hydraulic fractures in the presences of proppants. In this thesis, effect of surface roughness to fluid flow and transportation/distribution of propping agents were investigated through experimental work. Water and polymer solutions representing typical rheological properties of hydraulic fracturing fluids were injected through transparent models of the fractures of different origin rocks (granite, marble, and limestone) with and without propping agents. The permeability changes due to proppant distribution caused by the roughness of fracture surfaces were quantified and correlated to different fractal characteristics of surface roughness. Qualitative and quantitative analyses were supported by visualization of experiments.

Effect of Fracture Heterogeneity on Proppant Transport and Settling Mechanism

Author : Dhurgham Abdulameer Kadhim
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 104 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (1 download)

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Book Synopsis Effect of Fracture Heterogeneity on Proppant Transport and Settling Mechanism by : Dhurgham Abdulameer Kadhim

Download or read book Effect of Fracture Heterogeneity on Proppant Transport and Settling Mechanism written by Dhurgham Abdulameer Kadhim and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 104 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Proppant transport modeling through fractures with slickwater fluid systems assumes uniform and homogeneous fracture widths by implying constant fluid behavior at wall boundaries. Hydraulic fracturing mineback operations have demonstrated that induced fractures are heterogeneous and varying in width. This work investigates the impact of fracture width heterogeneity, roughness, and leak-off on ceramic proppant transport and settling, using proppant distribution concepts of Equilibrium Dune Level (EDL) and equilibrium Dune Length (EDX). Experimental work was conducted to investigate the impact of fracture width heterogeneity by varying fracture width along two plexiglass sheets. To mimic actual hydraulic fractures, the injection side was designed as the largest width, and the width of the opposite end was reduced. The ratio between the injection and tip side widths was varied to study the effect of changing fracture width. One ratio was used as a base to study the effect of varying wall roughness and leak-off on the proppant placement. Results of this work demonstrate the impacts of reservoir heterogeneity, wall roughness, and leak off on proppant conveyance and distribution. Fracture width and wall roughness have a significant effect on proppant distribution along a fracture. Increasing width heterogeneity and roughness provide a better proppant distribution and thus better fracture propped conductivity. The effect of leak-off on proppant distribution was monitored, and it showed that proppant followed water movement. Consequently, average water volume that left the slot was affected by proppant distribution"--Abstract, page iii.

Progress in Fine Particle Plasmas

Author : Tetsu Mieno
Publisher : BoD – Books on Demand
ISBN 13 : 1838804706
Total Pages : 228 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (388 download)

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Book Synopsis Progress in Fine Particle Plasmas by : Tetsu Mieno

Download or read book Progress in Fine Particle Plasmas written by Tetsu Mieno and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2020-08-26 with total page 228 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the field of plasma physics, plasmas (including charged fine particles) have been actively studied for more than 40 years, and special features of wave phenomena, self-organizations of the particles, potential formations, fluid-like motions of the particles, generations of fine particles in the plasmas, etc. have been investigated. Here, these plasmas are called “fine particle plasmas”, which are also called “dusty plasmas” and “complex plasmas”. This book intends to provide the reader with the recent progress of studies of fine particle plasmas from the viewpoints of wide and interdisciplinary directions, such as self-organized fine particles, Coulomb crystal formation, behaviors of fine particles, their stability, and syntheses of nano-sized particles in reactive plasmas. Further, the phenomena of dense grain particles and the effects of massive neutrinos in galaxy clustering are included.