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Experimental Investigation Of Plasma Assisted Combustion Of Heavy Hydrocarbons Using Gliding Rotating Arc
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Book Synopsis Experimental Investigation of Plasma-assisted Combustion of Heavy Hydrocarbons Using Gliding/Rotating Arc by : Jun Hee Han
Download or read book Experimental Investigation of Plasma-assisted Combustion of Heavy Hydrocarbons Using Gliding/Rotating Arc written by Jun Hee Han and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 92 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Rotating/Gliding arc gas discharge is known as a suitable application for plasma aided combustion (PAC). In this study, effects of rotating arc discharge on combustion of diesel and biodiesel fuel are investigated. The main focus of the experiment is to determine the effectiveness of rotating-arc in enhancing combustion performance. The first stage of the burner is designed for the fuel-air mixture to interact with the rotating arc at fuel-rich condition. The second stage of the burner is the main combustion section to make the mixture at overall fuel-lean condition and properly hold the flame inside the combustion chamber. As a result, lean flammability limit determined by equivalence ratio at lean blowout is found to be extended quite a bit when the arc is on. FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) measurements of exhaust gas show that both CO and CO2 concentration become higher and O2 concentration lower for overall fuel-lean combustion with plasma on. Based on the results of level of total carbon oxidation, combustion efficiency is slightly higher with plasma than without plasma. Slightly more NO is produced when the arc is at present for a fixed equivalence ratio. However, with the extension of lean flammability condition achieved by plasma-assisted combustion the minimum NO is produced for PAC case. The increase of reactant temperature due to direct heat transfer from the arc to the surrounding and partial oxidation (exothermal) can mainly account for the observed enhancement of combustion for the PAC.
Book Synopsis Toward Plasma-Assisted Ignition in Scramjets by :
Download or read book Toward Plasma-Assisted Ignition in Scramjets written by and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 27 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Air Force plasma ignition program is assessing the prospect of main-fuel ignition with plasma generating devices in a supersonic flow. As the study progresses baseline conditions of operation are being established such as the required operational time of the device to initiate a combustion shock train. The two plasma torches currently under investigation consist of a DC constricted-arc design from the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University and an AC unconstricted-arc design based on a modified spark-plug from Polytechnic University. The plasma torches are realistic in size and operate within current power constraints while differing substantially in orifice geometry. In order to compare the potential of each concept the flow physics of each part of the igniter/fuel-injector/combustor system are being studied. In each step of the program, we utilize CFD and experiments to help define and advance the ignition process. To understand the constraints involved with ignition process of a hydrocarbon fuel jet an experimental effort to study gaseous and liquid hydrocarbons is underway, involving the testing of ethylene and JP-7 fuels with nitrogen and air plasmas. Results from the individual igniter studies have shown the plasma igniters to produce hot pockets of highly excited gas with peak temperatures up to (and in some cases above) 5000 K at only 2-kW total input power. In addition ethylene and JP-7 flames with a significant level of OH as determined by OH PLIF were also produced in a Mach-2 supersonic flow with a total temperature and pressure of 590 K and 5.4 atm respectively.
Book Synopsis Flow Reactor Studies of Non-equilibrium Plasma Assisted Combustion Kinetics by : Nicholas Tsolas
Download or read book Flow Reactor Studies of Non-equilibrium Plasma Assisted Combustion Kinetics written by Nicholas Tsolas and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A new experimental facility was developed to study the reactive chemical kinetics associated with plasma-assisted combustion (PAC). Experiments were performed in a nearly isothermal plasma flow reactor (PFR), using reactant mixtures highly diluted in an inert gas (e.g., Ar, He, or N2) to minimize temperature changes from chemical reactions. At the end of the isothermal reaction zone, the gas temperature was rapidly lowered to terminate any continuation in reaction. Product composition as a result of any observed reaction was then determined using ex situ techniques, including non-dispersive infrared (NDIR), and by sample extraction and storage into a multi-position valve for subsequent analysis by gas chromatography (GC). Hydroxyl radical concentrations were measured in situ, using the laser induced fluorescence (LIF) technique. Reactivity maps for a given fuel system were achieved by fixing the flow rate or residence time of the reactant mixture through the PFR and varying the isothermal temperature. Fuels studied were hydrogen, ethylene and C1 to C7 alkane hydrocarbons, to examine pyrolysis and oxidation kinetics with and without the effects of a high-voltage nanosecond pulse duration plasma discharge, at atmospheric pressure from 420 K to 1250 K. In select instances, experimental studies were complimented with detailed chemical kinetic modeling analysis to determine the dominant and rate-controlling mechanisms, while elucidating the influence of the plasma chemistry on the thermal (neutral) chemistry.In the hydrogen oxidation system, no thermal reaction was observed until 860 K, consistent with the second explosion limit at atmospheric pressure, at which point all the hydrogen was rapidly consumed within the residence time of the reactor. With the plasma discharge, oxidation occurred at all temperatures examined, exhibiting a steady increase in the rate of oxidation starting from 470 K, and eventually consuming all the initial hydrogen by 840 K. For ethylene, kinetic results with the discharge indicated that pyrolysis type reactions were nearly as important as oxidative reactions in consuming ethylene below 750 K. Above 750 K, the thermal reactions coupled to the plasma reactions to further enhance the high temperature fuel consuming chemistry. Modeling analysis of plasma-assisted pyrolysis revealed that ethylene dissociation by collisional quenching with electronically-excited argon atoms formed in the presence of the plasma, resulted in the direct formation of acetylene and larger hydrocarbons by way of the ethyl radical. Similarly, during plasma-assisted oxidation, excited argon was able to directly dissociate the initial oxidizer to further enhance fuel consumption, but also facilitate low temperature oxidative chemistry due to the effective production of oxygenated species controlled by R+O2 chemistry. At the highest temperatures, the radical production by neutral thermal reactions became competitive and the effectiveness associated with the plasma coupled chemistry decreased. Under the effects of the plasma, alkane fuels exhibited extended limits of oxidation over the entire temperature range considered, compared to that of the thermal reactions alone. At atmospheric pressure, propane and butane exhibited cool flame chemistry between 420 K to 700 K, which normally occurs at higher pressures (P > 1 atm) for thermally constrained systems. This chemistry is characterized by the alkylperoxy radical formation, isomerization to the hydroperoxyalkyl radical, followed by dissociation to form aldehydes and ketones. Whereas, intermediate temperature chemistry between 700 K to 950 K, is characterized by beta-scission of the initial alkyl radical to form alkenes and smaller alkanes. The culmination of these studies demonstrate new insight into the kinetics governing PAC and provides a new experimental database to facilitate the development and validation of PAC-specific kinetic mechanisms.
Book Synopsis Plasma Catalysis by : Annemie Bogaerts
Download or read book Plasma Catalysis written by Annemie Bogaerts and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2019-04-02 with total page 248 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Plasma catalysis is gaining increasing interest for various gas conversion applications, such as CO2 conversion into value-added chemicals and fuels, N2 fixation for the synthesis of NH3 or NOx, methane conversion into higher hydrocarbons or oxygenates. It is also widely used for air pollution control (e.g., VOC remediation). Plasma catalysis allows thermodynamically difficult reactions to proceed at ambient pressure and temperature, due to activation of the gas molecules by energetic electrons created in the plasma. However, plasma is very reactive but not selective, and thus a catalyst is needed to improve the selectivity. In spite of the growing interest in plasma catalysis, the underlying mechanisms of the (possible) synergy between plasma and catalyst are not yet fully understood. Indeed, plasma catalysis is quite complicated, as the plasma will affect the catalyst and vice versa. Moreover, due to the reactive plasma environment, the most suitable catalysts will probably be different from thermal catalysts. More research is needed to better understand the plasma–catalyst interactions, in order to further improve the applications.
Book Synopsis Production of Synthetic Natural Gas in a Fluidized Bed Reactor by : Jan Kopyscinski
Download or read book Production of Synthetic Natural Gas in a Fluidized Bed Reactor written by Jan Kopyscinski and published by Suedwestdeutscher Verlag Fuer Hochschulschriften. This book was released on 2010 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As the demand for energy is increasing world wide, not only the security of energy supply and the stability of prices, but also climate change has become an important issue. The production of synthetic natural gas from biomass could be one route to address these issues. The advantages are the high conversion efficiency, the existing gas pipelines, the efficient end-use technologies and the recovery of a concentrated CO2 stream ready for carbon capture and storage. Within the EU project Bio-SNG a process development unit was erected that demonstrated the complete process chain from wood to SNG in half-commercial scale. The heart of the unit is a 1 MW fluidized bed methanation reactor. This thesis aims to increase the understanding of the different processes within such a reactor. A deeper inside was gained by dedicated experiments using spatially resolved measurement techniques. In addition, a fluidized bed model was developed using hydrodynamic parameters from the literature and kinetic parameters determined within this work. Modeling of a bench-scale unit showed that the initial slope of the gas composition profiles and the outlet composition could be reproduced.
Download or read book Methane Conversion written by D.M. Bibby and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 1988-03-01 with total page 759 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This proceedings volume comprises the invited plenary lectures, contributed and poster papers presented at a symposium organised to mark the successful inauguration of the world's first commercial plant for production of gasoline from natural gas, based on the Mobil methanol-to-gasoline process. The objectives of the Symposium were to present both fundamental research and engineering aspects of the development and commercialization of gas-to-gasoline processes. These include steam reforming, methanol synthesis and methanol-to-gasoline. Possible alternative processes e.g. MOGD, Fischer-Tropsch synthesis of hydrocarbons, and the direct conversion of methane to higher hydrocarbons were also considered.The papers in this volume provide a valuable and extremely wide-ranging overview of current research into the various options for natural gas conversion, giving a detailed description of the gas-to-gasoline process and plant. Together, they represent a unique combination of fundamental surface chemistry catalyst characterization, reaction chemistry and engineering scale-up and commercialization.
Download or read book Applied Mechanics Reviews written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 390 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Soot in Combustion Systems and Its Toxic Properties by : J. Lahaye
Download or read book Soot in Combustion Systems and Its Toxic Properties written by J. Lahaye and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-04-17 with total page 429 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Our interest in Mulhouse for carbon black and soot began some 30 years ago when J.B. Donnet developed the concept of surface chemistry of carbon and its involvement in interactions with gas, liquid and solid phases. In the late sixties, we began to study soot formation in pyrolytic systems and later on in flames. The idea of organ1z1ng a meeting on soot formation originated some four or five years ago, through discussions among Professor J.B. Howard, Dr. A. D'Alessio and ourselves. At that time the scientific community was becoming aware of the necessity to strictly control soot formation and emission. Being involved in the study of surface properties of carbon black as well as of formation of soot, we realized that the combustion community was not always fully aware of the progress made by the physical-chemists on carbon black. Reciprocally, the carbon specialists were often ignoring the research carried out on soot in flames. One objective of this workshop was to stimulate discussions between these two scientific communities. During the preparation of the meeting, and especially during the review process by the Material Science Committee of the Scientific Affairs Division of N.A.T.O. the toxicological aspect emerged as being an important component to be addressed during the workshop. To reflect these preoccupations we invited biologists, physical chemists and engineers, all leaders in their field. The final programme is a compromise of the different aspects of the subject and was divided in five sessions.
Book Synopsis Handbook of Combustion Emrw Update by : Maximilian Lackner
Download or read book Handbook of Combustion Emrw Update written by Maximilian Lackner and published by . This book was released on 2015-10-22 with total page 506 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This fully revised and updated edition of "Handbook of Combustion" - the standard work on this topic - comes with 30% more content and an extended new editorial team with two more renowned experts. The new edition combines the strength of the previous one while increasing the scope by additional chapters on unconventional natural gas, boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion (BLEVE) and smog formation, and by expanding existing topics, e.g., biofuels and chemical looping combustion. The work is divided in five topics: 1) Fundamentals and Safety, 2) Combustion Diagnostics and Pollutants, 3) Gaseous and Liquid Fuels, 4) Solid Fuels, and 5) New Technologies. Cross-references in and between the topics guide the reader to the content of interest and provide access to additional subjects. This major reference summarizes all significant information on combustion such as the chemistry, physics, and modeling of combustion processes, spectroscopic methods, safety regulations, pollutants formation, fuel types and, not the least, environmental impacts. The Handbook of Combustion is a complete and impressive work written for academic as well as industrial researchers and developers. Reviewer quotes (amazon): "... the entire area of combustion, including gasification and new technologies, is described in a clear and comprehensive way." "... this is a unique handbook, which closes a big gap in the literature."
Book Synopsis Carbon Black by : Jean-Baptiste Donnet
Download or read book Carbon Black written by Jean-Baptiste Donnet and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2018-05-04 with total page 484 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The second edition of this reference provides comprehensive examinations of developments in the processing and applications of carbon black, including the use of new analytical tools such as scanning tunnelling microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and inverse gas chromatography.;Completely rewritten and updated by numerous experts in the field to reflect the enormous growth of the field since the publication of the previous edition, Carbon Black: discusses the mechanism of carbon black formation based on recent advances such as the discovery of fullerenes; elucidates micro- and macrostructure morphology and other physical characteristics; outlines the fractal geometry of carbon black as a new approach to characterization; reviews the effect of carbon black on the electrical and thermal conductivity of filled polymers; delineates the applications of carbon black in elastomers, plastics, and zerographic toners; and surveys possible health consequences of exposure to carbon black.;With over 1200 literature citations, tables, and figures, this resource is intended for physical, polymer, surface and colloid chemists; chemical and plastics engineers; spectroscopists; materials scientists; occupational safety and health physicians; and upper-level undergraduate and graduate students in these disciplines.
Book Synopsis The Mechanism of Combustion by : J. T. Anthony
Download or read book The Mechanism of Combustion written by J. T. Anthony and published by . This book was released on 1918 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Low Temperature Plasma Technology by : Paul K. Chu
Download or read book Low Temperature Plasma Technology written by Paul K. Chu and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2013-07-15 with total page 497 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Written by a team of pioneering scientists from around the world, Low Temperature Plasma Technology: Methods and Applications brings together recent technological advances and research in the rapidly growing field of low temperature plasmas. The book provides a comprehensive overview of related phenomena such as plasma bullets, plasma penetration into biofilms, discharge-mode transition of atmospheric pressure plasmas, and self-organization of microdischarges. It describes relevant technology and diagnostics, including nanosecond pulsed discharge, cavity ringdown spectroscopy, and laser-induced fluorescence measurement, and explores the increasing research on atmospheric pressure nonequilibrium plasma jets. The authors also discuss how low temperature plasmas are used in the synthesis of nanomaterials, environmental applications, the treatment of biomaterials, and plasma medicine. This book provides a balanced and thorough treatment of the core principles, novel technology and diagnostics, and state-of-the-art applications of low temperature plasmas. It is accessible to scientists and graduate students in low-pressure plasma physics, nanotechnology, plasma medicine, and materials science. The book is also suitable as an advanced reference for senior undergraduate students.
Book Synopsis CO2 Conversion and Utilization by : Chunshan Song
Download or read book CO2 Conversion and Utilization written by Chunshan Song and published by ACS Symposium. This book was released on 2002 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book focuses on the chemistry and processes for conversion and utilization of carbon dioxide. Topics include CO 2 utilization, its conversion to industrial chemicals and fuels, its coversion via synthesis gas, and new catalysts and chemical processes for conversion.
Author :International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. Physical and Biophysical Chemistry Division Publisher :Royal Society of Chemistry ISBN 13 :0854044337 Total Pages :240 pages Book Rating :4.8/5 (54 download)
Book Synopsis Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry by : International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. Physical and Biophysical Chemistry Division
Download or read book Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry written by International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. Physical and Biophysical Chemistry Division and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2007 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Prepared by the IUPAC Physical Chemistry Division this definitive manual, now in its third edition, is designed to improve the exchange of scientific information among the readers in different disciplines and across different nations. This book has been systematically brought up to date and new sections added to reflect the increasing volume of scientific literature and terminology and expressions being used. The Third Edition reflects the experience of the contributors with the previous editions and the comments and feedback have been integrated into this essential resource. This edition has been compiled in machine-readable form and will be available online.
Book Synopsis Non-Thermal Plasma Techniques for Pollution Control by : Bernie M. Penetrante
Download or read book Non-Thermal Plasma Techniques for Pollution Control written by Bernie M. Penetrante and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-06-29 with total page 422 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Acid rain, global warming, ozone depletion, and smog are preeminent environmental problems facing the world today. Non-thermal plasma techniques offer an innovative approach to the solution of some of these problems. There are many types of non-thermal plasma devices that have been developed for environmental applications. The potential of these devices for the destruction of pollutants or toxic molecules has already been demonstrated in many contexts, such as nitrogen oxides (NOX) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) in flue gases, heavy metals and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in industrial effluents, and chemical agents such as nerve gases. This book contains a comprehensive account of the latest developments in non-thermal plasma devices and their applications to the disposal of a wide variety of gaseous pollutants.
Book Synopsis Microwave Discharges by : Carlos M. Ferreira
Download or read book Microwave Discharges written by Carlos M. Ferreira and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-11-21 with total page 556 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Proceedings of a NATO ARW held in Vimeiro, Portugal, May 11-15, 1992
Book Synopsis Advanced Techniques for Surface Engineering by : W. Gissler
Download or read book Advanced Techniques for Surface Engineering written by W. Gissler and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-04-17 with total page 402 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Today's shortages of resources make the search for wear and corrosion resistant materials one of the most important tasks of the next century. Since the surface of a material is the location where any interaction occurs, it is that there the hardest requirements on the material are imposed: to be wear resistant for tools and bearings; to be corrosion resistant for turbine blades and tubes in the petrochemical industry; to be antireflecting for solar cells; to be decorative for architectural panels and to combine several of these properties in other applications. Surface engineering is the general term that incorporates all the techniques by which a surface modification can be accomplished. These techniques include both coating and modification of the surface by ion implantation and laser beam melting. In recent years a continuously growing number of these techniques were developed to the extent that it became more and more difficult to maintain an overlook and to understand which of these highly differentiated techniques might be applied to resolve a given surface engineering problem. A similar development is also occuring for surface characterization techniques. This volume contains contributions from renowned scientists and engineers to the Eurocourse the aim of which was to inform about the various techniques and to give a comprehensive survey of the latest development on this subject.
