Examining Public-private Partnerships as a Funding Model for Green Infrastructure Projects in Pittsburgh's Homewood Neighborhood

Download Examining Public-private Partnerships as a Funding Model for Green Infrastructure Projects in Pittsburgh's Homewood Neighborhood PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (135 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Examining Public-private Partnerships as a Funding Model for Green Infrastructure Projects in Pittsburgh's Homewood Neighborhood by : Sherrie Elise Dunlap Gallagher

Download or read book Examining Public-private Partnerships as a Funding Model for Green Infrastructure Projects in Pittsburgh's Homewood Neighborhood written by Sherrie Elise Dunlap Gallagher and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "In a time of multifaceted challenges and limited resources, it will be the strength of our partnerships at the local, state, national, and international levels that will define our success. In a time ever-divided by politics, it will be the partnerships between business, government, and residents that focus on the health and safety of people and the communities in which they live that will unite us and build resilience. These are among the many reasons I chose to examine if Public-Private Partnerships could be a funding model for green infrastructure in Pittsburgh's Homewood neighborhood. Having worked in the nonprofit sector for eight years between earning my undergraduate degree and deciding to return to school full-time, I chose to pursue the dual Master of Business Administration and Master of Sustainability degree because of my experience in seeing a need for more business minds in the nonprofit and public sectors. There is also a need to work together, across the sectors, using policy, leveraging resources, and expertise to address our most pressing needs in new and creative approaches. Through my graduate studies I am gaining a greater understanding of how I can work toward being part of the solution to the vital issues facing our communities, whether that is in a nonprofit, government, or on the corporate side. I share the value of the Chatham's interdisciplinary approach in our studies as well as the community-based learning opportunities presented in courses. In a cross sector and interdisciplinary approach, we can build more resilient communities and we can meet our current needs, without compromising the sustainability or ability of future generations to meet their needs. In the Spring of 2018, I was selected to receive one of the Summer fellowships to be a part of a sustainable community partnership project headed by Dr. Iris Grossmann between Chatham University and Pittsburgh's Homewood community. On this project team, funded by Bank of America, I served as the Project Manager, and worked with Dr. Grossmann and Dr. Thomas Macagno, four fellow teammates, and primarily Operation Better Block, a community-based nonprofit organization in Homewood. I interacted with community-based organizations, attended community meetings, organized the team meetings, created a blog to document our team's progress, and researched topic areas important to the community. While I had an interest in many social justice and community development issues, it was in listening to and researching the areas of interest that informed my own research. While the topic of public-private partnerships have been of interest to me Out of this experience grew my thesis research topic, examining if public-private partnerships could be a funding model for green infrastructure projects to aid in stormwater management and flood mitigation in Pittsburgh's Homewood neighborhood? During the summer, Operation Better Block and Homewood Children's Village shared their work being done in small-scale projects involving green infrastructure. Green Infrastructure (GI) is a more resilient, cost-effective and affordable approach to stormwater management, aiding in flood and runoff prevention (Water Environmental Federation, 2014). GI uses vegetation, soils, and other elements to restore some of the natural processes required to manage water and create healthier urban environments (Dunnett, 2007). Some GI projects include rain gardens, bioswales, permeable and semi-permeable pavements, curb cuts and bump outs, green roofs, stormwater planter, downspout planter, tree trenches, and other solutions that capture stormwater and prevent runoff and flooding (PWD, 2019). P3s could make these community improvement projects possible in low-income communities without burdening an already stressed community with additional taxes or fees. My thesis methodology includes a literature review, policy and regulation analysis, and the analysis of results of the two group workshops I developed and facilitated which included participants from all sectors and stakeholder groups who would be involved should a P3 for green infrastructure be developed and implemented in Homewood. In examining how this could be achieved, P3s were studied, as were case study examples from similar cities and neighborhoods, as well as the history of Pittsburgh's water and of the Homewood community. In this multi-pronged methodological approach, new information and insights gained were continually discussed, reflected up and used to inform the continued research and work on this topic to move ultimately towards recommendations and a framework for the needed elements to begin seeing a P3 as a viable funding model for green infrastructure. The City of Pittsburgh ,with its Office of Resilience and commitment to making the city a leader in sustainability, and with the neighborhoods already trying more green initiatives, and business wanting to move into this city, and with ongoing stormwater and flooding issues, it is an opportune time to examine public-private partnerships for funding green infrastructure. " -- Introduction

The Logic of Public–Private Partnerships

Download The Logic of Public–Private Partnerships PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Edward Elgar Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1784716693
Total Pages : 304 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (847 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Logic of Public–Private Partnerships by : Graeme A. Hodge

Download or read book The Logic of Public–Private Partnerships written by Graeme A. Hodge and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2019 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book examines Public–Private Partnerships (PPP), and tracks the movement from early technical optimism to the reality of PPP as a phenomenon in the political economy. Today's economic turbulence sees many PPP assumptions changed: what contracts can achieve, who bears the real risks, where governments get advice and who invests. As the gap between infrastructure needs and available financing widens, governments and businesses both must seek new ways to make contemporary PPP approaches work.

Public-private Partnerships for Climate Finance

Download Public-private Partnerships for Climate Finance PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Nordic Council of Ministers
ISBN 13 : 928934394X
Total Pages : 83 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (893 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Public-private Partnerships for Climate Finance by : Ann Gardiner

Download or read book Public-private Partnerships for Climate Finance written by Ann Gardiner and published by Nordic Council of Ministers. This book was released on 2015 with total page 83 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There is strong evidence showing the urgent need for scaling-up climate finance to mitigate greenhouse gases in line with the 2°C target, and to support adaptation to safeguard the international community from the consequences of a changing climate. While public actors have a responsibility to deploy climate finance, it is clear that the contribution from the private sector needs to be significant. Consequently, a strong public commitment is needed to engage with the private sector and ensure climate finance is leveraged and deployed effectively. In this context, Public Private Partnerships (PPPs) are a promising avenue to contribute to climate finance delivery. PPPs provide frameworks to ensure public leadership and accountability in tackling climate change, while enabling the ownership of certain components of climate finance to be transferred to private hands.

Public Private Partnerships

Download Public Private Partnerships PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Edward Elgar Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1845423437
Total Pages : 284 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (454 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Public Private Partnerships by : Darrin Grimsey

Download or read book Public Private Partnerships written by Darrin Grimsey and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2007-01-01 with total page 284 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This path-breaking book considers the recent trend for governments to look increasingly to private sector finance, provided by private enterprises constructing and managing public infrastructure facilities in partnership with government bodies. 'The boundaries between the public and private sector are the most important political issue of our time.'

Ten Principles for Successful Public/private Partnerships

Download Ten Principles for Successful Public/private Partnerships PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 48 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Ten Principles for Successful Public/private Partnerships by :

Download or read book Ten Principles for Successful Public/private Partnerships written by and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 48 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Public-Private Partnerships for Infrastructure Development

Download Public-Private Partnerships for Infrastructure Development PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Edward Elgar Publishing
ISBN 13 : 9781788973175
Total Pages : 360 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (731 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Public-Private Partnerships for Infrastructure Development by : Raymond E. Levitt

Download or read book Public-Private Partnerships for Infrastructure Development written by Raymond E. Levitt and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2019-04-26 with total page 360 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Large infrastructure projects often face significant cost overruns and stakeholder fragmentation. Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) allow governments to procure long-term infrastructure services from private providers, rather than developing, financing and managing infrastructure assets themselves.Aligning public and private interests and institutional logics to create robust, decades-long service contracts subject to shifting economic and political contexts is a significant cross-sectoral governance challenge. This work summarizes over a decade of research conducted by scholars at Stanford's Global Projects Center and multiple US and International collaborators to enhance the governance of both infrastructure projects and institutional investors, whose long term, cash flow obligations align especially well with the kinds of long term inflation-adjusted returns that PPP infrastructure projects can generate. In these pages, multiple theoretical perspectives are integrated and combined with empirical evidence to examine how experiences from more mature PPP jurisdictions can help improve PPP governance approaches worldwide.The information contained here will appeal to engineering, economics, political science, public policy and finance scholars interested in the delivery of high-quality, sustainable infrastructure services to the citizens in countries with established and emerging market economies. Officials in national, state/provincial and local government agencies seeking alternative financing and service provision strategies for their civil and social infrastructure, and legislators and their staff members interested in promoting PPP legislation will find this book invaluable. It will also be of high interest to long-term investment professionals from pension funds, sovereign funds, family offices and university endowments seeking to deploy money into the infrastructure asset class, and practitioners seeking insights into methods for enhancing stakeholder incentive alignment, reducing transaction costs and improving project outcomes in PPPs.

Public-Private Partnerships: Infrastructure, Transportation and Local Services

Download Public-Private Partnerships: Infrastructure, Transportation and Local Services PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317574362
Total Pages : 206 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (175 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Public-Private Partnerships: Infrastructure, Transportation and Local Services by : Germà Bel

Download or read book Public-Private Partnerships: Infrastructure, Transportation and Local Services written by Germà Bel and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2016-04-14 with total page 206 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Public–private partnerships (PPPs) are arrangements between government and private actors with the objective of providing public infrastructure, facilities and services. Three fundamental questions frame the use of PPPs at the local level: What do PPPs look like? What gives rise to the use of PPPs? And, what are the outcomes of PPPs? The articles in this book provide insightful answers to these questions. In addition, the contributions in the book identify lines of research that invite further investigation, namely: problems related to the degree of risk transfer; the challenges posed by renegotiation; and evaluation of PPPs’ results. The content of this book will be of interest for scholars, policy analysts, and policy makers. This book was published as a special issue of Local Government Studies.

The Economics of Public Private Partnerships

Download The Economics of Public Private Partnerships PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Edward Elgar Publishing
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 652 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (555 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Economics of Public Private Partnerships by : Darrin Grimsey

Download or read book The Economics of Public Private Partnerships written by Darrin Grimsey and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2005 with total page 652 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Examines recent overseas experience and risk management aspects of PPPs with a focus on construction-based projects such as roads, waste water treatment, hospitals and schools.

Public Investment and Public-Private Partnerships

Download Public Investment and Public-Private Partnerships PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 342 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Public Investment and Public-Private Partnerships by : Gerd Schwartz

Download or read book Public Investment and Public-Private Partnerships written by Gerd Schwartz and published by INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND. This book was released on 2008-06-25 with total page 342 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents a government perspective on public investments and public-private partnerships. It includes contributions from practitioners, academics and government officials, provides a government perspective and focuses on the fiscal risk of public-private partnerships.There are now increasing concerns about the need to upgrade public infrastructure, improve the delivery of public services, and explore new options for partnering with the private sector.

FROM GARDEN CITY TO SPONGE CITY

Download FROM GARDEN CITY TO SPONGE CITY PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (124 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis FROM GARDEN CITY TO SPONGE CITY by :

Download or read book FROM GARDEN CITY TO SPONGE CITY written by and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract : With rapid urbanization, environmental problems like green space shortage and urban flooding become prevalent. Identifying effective policymaking and implementation is critical in order to solve these problems. This dissertation addresses four theoretical topics in the context of urban green infrastructure: policy entrepreneur, institutional response to club goods, quasi-public-private partnership, and policy goal ambiguity. Each is exemplified by a causal case study. Data were collected through participant observation, field trips, semi-structured interviews, and crowdsourcing. Chapter 1 takes a longitudinal perspective and examines the dual role of policy entrepreneur and policy implementer in reaching the final policy goal of mandating vertical greening in the law in Shanghai (1992-2016). Usually, policy implementer and policy entrepreneur are two distinct identities and studied separately. This paper provides an unusual counterexample, exploring how the two intertwined identities may influence the entrepreneurial strategies and further influence the incremental policymaking process. Chapter 2 illustrates how government involvement may facilitate club-good development by investigating the nascent for-profit shopping mall roof garden (SMRG) development. SMRGs, established by developers to provide an amenity to mall customers, are in nature club goods. Although the government appreciates SMRGs given their positive externalities (e.g., recreation, stormwater mitigation), existing public policies fail to respond to SMRGs' cross-sector nature, leaving significant financial, legitimacy, and oversight gaps unattended. The research suggests that government involvement can better facilitate club-goods' sustainable development by creating an enabling institutional environment, which includes optimized policy design and coordinated cross-department collaboration. Chapter 3 focuses on the rarely studied phenomenon of the Quasi-Public Private Partnership (QPPP) in non-liberal societies. This work offers a general definition of Quasi-PPPs and identifies factors that influence the PPP to QPPP transition. In the case of eco-environmental service provision, the PPP-QPPP transition occurred in two stages. First, the eco-environmental service partnerships, initially established as PPPs, became inoperable with inexperienced partners and unsupportive markets. Second, with financial bailouts from the government, the private partner became a subordinated partner in a consortium between private partners and State-Owned Enterprises, and PPPs transitioned to QPPPs. In a non-liberal society, when the three critical PPP assumptions are violated (competent partners, supportive market, and horizontal partner structure), PPPs are more likely to transition to QPPPs. Chapter 4 examines how policy goal ambiguity influences policy implementation outcomes, exemplified by the Sponge City Program (SCP) implementation. SCP is a centrally-initiated program, requiring mainly the use of green instead of gray infrastructure to manage urban stormwater. When implemented top-down, three cross-level, layered goals of sustainability, stormwater management, and resident satisfaction became incoherent and vague in terms of priority and measurement. The research demonstrates that in a program with multiple policy goals, the goal priority ambiguity allows implementers the discretion to decide the order of goals to manage interest conflicts. Moreover, the goal measurement ambiguity allows implementers to decide the degree of their commitment to each goal, and to interpret the desired performance of a goal. Such ambiguity-caused discretions drastically inhibit the achievement of the sustainability policy goal.

Public Private Partnerships for Infrastructure and Business Development

Download Public Private Partnerships for Infrastructure and Business Development PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Palgrave Macmillan
ISBN 13 : 9781349570140
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (71 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Public Private Partnerships for Infrastructure and Business Development by : Stefano Caselli

Download or read book Public Private Partnerships for Infrastructure and Business Development written by Stefano Caselli and published by Palgrave Macmillan. This book was released on 2014-01-14 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Public-Private Partnerships for Infrastructure and Business Funding is ideal for scholars and practitioners who work in the field of public policy design and implementation, finance and banking, and economic development.

Public-private Partnerships

Download Public-private Partnerships PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Amer Society of Civil Engineers
ISBN 13 : 9780784410134
Total Pages : 403 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (11 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Public-private Partnerships by : Sidney M. Levy

Download or read book Public-private Partnerships written by Sidney M. Levy and published by Amer Society of Civil Engineers. This book was released on 2011 with total page 403 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Levy demystifies public-private partnerships as an innovative solution to the challenges of designing, financing, building, and operating major infrastructure projects.

Public-private Partnerships in Municipal Infrastructure : Theory and Practice

Download Public-private Partnerships in Municipal Infrastructure : Theory and Practice PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 129 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (359 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Public-private Partnerships in Municipal Infrastructure : Theory and Practice by : Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation

Download or read book Public-private Partnerships in Municipal Infrastructure : Theory and Practice written by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 129 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Public-Private Partnerships: Trends, Perspectives and Opportunities

Download Public-Private Partnerships: Trends, Perspectives and Opportunities PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781685071844
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (718 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Public-Private Partnerships: Trends, Perspectives and Opportunities by : Diego Monferrer Tirado

Download or read book Public-Private Partnerships: Trends, Perspectives and Opportunities written by Diego Monferrer Tirado and published by . This book was released on 2021-11-30 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the context of the economic crisis, governments are under increased pressure to find quick answers to hard questions about maintaining public services and funding infrastructure.Public-Private Partnership (PPP) can be used to describe a wide variety of arrangements involving the public and private sectors working together in some way. The key elements for a PPP project are long-term contract; design construction, financing and operation of public infrastructure by the private sector party; payments over the lifetime of the project to the private sector party for the use of the facility made either by the public sector party or by the general public as users of the facility; and facility remaining in the public sector ownership or reverting to public sector ownership at the end of the PPP contract.In this book we go through this concept by analyzing not only the opportunities in that field but also the trends and new perspectives. Therefore, this book captures the results of some of the recent research that is being carried out on public-private cooperation.

Exploring the Networks of Organizations That Enable and Govern Infrastructure Public Private Partnerships: An Organizational Field-Level Perspective

Download Exploring the Networks of Organizations That Enable and Govern Infrastructure Public Private Partnerships: An Organizational Field-Level Perspective PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (683 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Exploring the Networks of Organizations That Enable and Govern Infrastructure Public Private Partnerships: An Organizational Field-Level Perspective by : Stephan Francois Jooste

Download or read book Exploring the Networks of Organizations That Enable and Govern Infrastructure Public Private Partnerships: An Organizational Field-Level Perspective written by Stephan Francois Jooste and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The use of Public Private Partnerships (PPPs) for infrastructure development has received significant scholarly attention of late. Much of this attention emanates from a recognition of the challenges inherent in this move towards greater private participation in infrastructure delivery. Scholars agree that PPPs require new types of public sector capacity from governments in order to address these challenges. Unfortunately the locus and structure of this new capacity remain poorly understood. In this dissertation I propose that the need for this "PPP enabling capacity" has not been addressed by a reformation of public agents alone. Rather, a network of new "enabling organizations" (public, private and non-profit) has emerged in response to the emergent need for new capacity. Adopting the concept of "organization field" from institutional theory, I define this network of organizations as the "PPP-enabling field." I employ a qualitative case-based methodology to investigate the novel concept of the "PPP-enabling field" by looking at three leading cases of PPP-enabling fields: the Canadian province of British Columbia, the Australian state of Victoria, and South Africa. My analysis consists of three main parts. First, I examine these three fields in some detail. I identify differences in various field attributes, including the salient organizational actors, specific roles and responsibilities, dominant institutional logics (cognitive frames and ways of thinking) in the field, and the governance arrangements that guide action in the fields. Next, I turn to historical accounts of field formation in each of the three cases in an attempt to explain the reasons for the observed differences. Finally, I consider the impacts of these field differences on the overall "success" of PPP enablement in a region. To do this, I identify various measures of PPP program "success" and theorize about the linkages between PPP-enabling field characteristics and PPP program outcomes. This dissertation contributes to a more complete understanding of PPP-enablement by delineating, in some detail, contemporary forms of PPP-enabling fields. In this way I move beyond the normative approach that characterizes so much of the current literature on PPPs, to show how and why PPP-enabling fields emerge quite differently in different countries, and to propose functional and outcome implications of the field differences.

Public-private Partnership Projects in Infrastructure

Download Public-private Partnership Projects in Infrastructure PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781107217164
Total Pages : 244 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (171 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Public-private Partnership Projects in Infrastructure by : Jeffrey Delmon

Download or read book Public-private Partnership Projects in Infrastructure written by Jeffrey Delmon and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 244 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Investment in infrastructure is critical to economic growth, quality of life, poverty reduction, access to education, healthcare, and achieving many of the goals of a robust economy. But infrastructure is difficult for the public sector to get right. Public-private partnerships (PPPs) can help; they provide more efficient procurement, focus on consumer satisfaction and life cycle maintenance, and provide new sources of investment, in particular through limited recourse debt. But PPPs present challenges of their own. This book provides a practical guide to PPPs for policy makers and strategists, showing how governments can enable and encourage PPPs, providing a step-by-step analysis of the development of PPP projects, and explaining how PPP financing works, what PPP contractual structures look like, and how PPP risk allocation works in practice. It includes specific discussion of each infrastructure sector, with a focus on the strategic and policy issues essential for successful development of infrastructure through PPPs.

Public/Private Partnerships

Download Public/Private Partnerships PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9780387297743
Total Pages : 176 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (977 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Public/Private Partnerships by : Albert N. Link

Download or read book Public/Private Partnerships written by Albert N. Link and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2006-01-04 with total page 176 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Research and development (R and D) leads to innovation, and innovation leads to technological change. Technological change, in turn, is the primary driver of economic growth. Public/private partnerships -- cooperative relationships among industry, government, and/or universities -- leverage the efficiency of R and D and are thus a critical aspect of a nation’s innovation system. This text is intended for upper-level undergraduate and MBA courses such as Economics and Technology, Economics of Innovation, and Economics of Science and Technology, among others. The first chapter introduces the concept of public/private research partnerships along with other concepts fundamental to an understanding of innovation and technology policy. The framework chapters (2-5) set forth an argument for the public’s role – government’s role – in innovation in general and in public/private partnership in particular. The remaining chapters (6-14) describe a number of public/private partnerships and, to the extent possible, evaluate their social impact.