Evolution, Time, Production and the Environment

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Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3662025892
Total Pages : 249 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (62 download)

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Book Synopsis Evolution, Time, Production and the Environment by : Malte Faber

Download or read book Evolution, Time, Production and the Environment written by Malte Faber and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-14 with total page 249 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Long-run interactions between the economy and the natural environment are studied from all points of view. First, the aims of this overview are illustrated in Part I. Part II then explores and develops the concept of evolution, in particular distinguishing between evolution which does not involve the emergence of novelty, and evolution where novelty does occur. In Part III three types of time irreversibility are developed, and these concepts are used to show how time has been treated in the natural sciences, also typifying various schools of economic thought. Part IV is concerned with the economic modelling of these concepts. It extends and adapts neo-Austrian capital theory to provide a basis for the modelling of long-run economy-environment interactions. A heuristic simulation model is described, and its simulation results discussed. Part V draws some lessons from the earlier discussion and analysis. It also stresses the role and the importance of interdisciplinary work for the understanding of relationships between economic activity and the natural environment.

Understanding Climate's Influence on Human Evolution

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Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309148383
Total Pages : 128 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Understanding Climate's Influence on Human Evolution by : National Research Council

Download or read book Understanding Climate's Influence on Human Evolution written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2010-04-17 with total page 128 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The hominin fossil record documents a history of critical evolutionary events that have ultimately shaped and defined what it means to be human, including the origins of bipedalism; the emergence of our genus Homo; the first use of stone tools; increases in brain size; and the emergence of Homo sapiens, tools, and culture. The Earth's geological record suggests that some evolutionary events were coincident with substantial changes in African and Eurasian climate, raising the possibility that critical junctures in human evolution and behavioral development may have been affected by the environmental characteristics of the areas where hominins evolved. Understanding Climate's Change on Human Evolution explores the opportunities of using scientific research to improve our understanding of how climate may have helped shape our species. Improved climate records for specific regions will be required before it is possible to evaluate how critical resources for hominins, especially water and vegetation, would have been distributed on the landscape during key intervals of hominin history. Existing records contain substantial temporal gaps. The book's initiatives are presented in two major research themes: first, determining the impacts of climate change and climate variability on human evolution and dispersal; and second, integrating climate modeling, environmental records, and biotic responses. Understanding Climate's Change on Human Evolution suggests a new scientific program for international climate and human evolution studies that involve an exploration initiative to locate new fossil sites and to broaden the geographic and temporal sampling of the fossil and archeological record; a comprehensive and integrative scientific drilling program in lakes, lake bed outcrops, and ocean basins surrounding the regions where hominins evolved and a major investment in climate modeling experiments for key time intervals and regions that are critical to understanding human evolution.

Rethinking Economic Evolution

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Publisher : Edward Elgar Publishing
ISBN 13 : 178536507X
Total Pages : 264 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (853 download)

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Book Synopsis Rethinking Economic Evolution by : Ulrich Witt

Download or read book Rethinking Economic Evolution written by Ulrich Witt and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2016-07-30 with total page 264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Modern economies never come to rest. From institutions to activities of production, trade, and consumption, everything is locked in processes of perpetual transformation – and so are our daily lives. Why and how do such transformations occur? What can economic theory tell us about these changes and where they might lead? Ulrich Witt’s book discusses why evolutionary concepts are necessary to answer such questions. While economic evolution is in many respects unique, it nonetheless needs to be seen within the broader context of natural evolution. By exploring this complex relationship, Rethinking Economic Evolution demonstrates the significance of an evolutionary economic theory.

Solid-Earth Sciences and Society

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Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309047390
Total Pages : 369 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (9 download)

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Book Synopsis Solid-Earth Sciences and Society by : National Research Council

Download or read book Solid-Earth Sciences and Society written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1993-02-01 with total page 369 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As environmental problems move upward on the public agenda, our knowledge of the earth's systems and how to sustain the habitability of our world becomes more critical. This volume reports on the state of earth science and outlines a research agenda, with priorities keyed to the real-world challenges facing human society. The product of four years of development with input from more than 200 earth-science specialists, the volume offers a wealth of historical background and current information on: Plate tectonics, volcanism, and other heat-generated earth processes. Evolution of our global environment and of life itself, as revealed in the fossil record. Human exploitation of water, fossil fuels, and minerals. Interaction between human populations and the earth's surface, discussing the role we play in earth's systems and the dangers we face from natural hazards such as earthquakes and landslides. This volume offers a comprehensive look at how earth science is currently practiced and what should be done to train professionals and adequately equip them to find the answers necessary to manage more effectively the earth's systems. This well-organized and practical book will be of immediate interest to solid-earth scientists, researchers, and college and high school faculty, as well as policymakers in the environmental arena.

Human Evolution Beyond Biology and Culture

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Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1108470971
Total Pages : 575 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (84 download)

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Book Synopsis Human Evolution Beyond Biology and Culture by : Jeroen C. J. M. van den Bergh

Download or read book Human Evolution Beyond Biology and Culture written by Jeroen C. J. M. van den Bergh and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2018-10-18 with total page 575 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A complete account of evolutionary thought in the social, environmental and policy sciences, creating bridges with biology.

(R)Evolution

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Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9780387261256
Total Pages : 562 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (612 download)

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Book Synopsis (R)Evolution by : Rob Dekkers

Download or read book (R)Evolution written by Rob Dekkers and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2005-07-06 with total page 562 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: (R)Evolution studies the adaptation of industrial organisations to the dynamics of the environment by drawing an analogy with evolutionary biology, by extensively studying literature in management science, and by case studies. These investigations have lead to the insight that companies might evolve slower than generally expected; they doubt the effect of reorganizations, as commonly practiced in industry. Additionally, this work proposes the model for the Innovation Impact Point, the model for the Dynamic Adaptation Capability, the model for Collaboration.

Understanding Industrial Transformation

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Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1402044186
Total Pages : 238 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (2 download)

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Book Synopsis Understanding Industrial Transformation by : Xander Olsthoorn

Download or read book Understanding Industrial Transformation written by Xander Olsthoorn and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2006-02-21 with total page 238 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: When facing momentous societal change, such as the transformation to a sustainable world, the sciences must impress their importance upon the public and convince scientific and policy institutions in order to obtain the means to carry out their mission. This book represents the first attempt to integrate disciplinary views on the topic of transformation towards sustainability.

Distorted Time Preferences and Structural Change in the Energy Industry

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Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3790821837
Total Pages : 174 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (98 download)

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Book Synopsis Distorted Time Preferences and Structural Change in the Energy Industry by : Christoph Heinzel

Download or read book Distorted Time Preferences and Structural Change in the Energy Industry written by Christoph Heinzel and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2009-05-07 with total page 174 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The present study is a slightly revised version of my PhD thesis which was accepted at the Economics Department of Dresden University of Technology in July 2008. It has a long and a short history. For it began, as suggested theme, as a fundamental evaluation of evolutionary economics for ecological economics, asking, especially, for what the two ?elds actually constitutes and, eventually, relates. In several years of unfruitful dwelling, however, neither of these two young, non-mainstream ?elds proved as constituted at a fundamental level as yet. Rather, ecological economics, founded at the end of the 1980s as an attempt to combine social and natural s- ence approaches(in particular economics and ecology) to study especially long-run environmental problems in an encompassing manner, has mainly developed into an interdisciplinary research forum on environmental-economicissues. Particularly uni?edbycertainnormativestances sharedwithinits community,it constitutes,well understood, a new discpline of its own right, distinct from economics, with its own scienti?c standards, questions, methodologies and institutions (Baumgartner ̈ and Becker 2005). Modern evolutionaryeconomicson the other hand has been a quarter of a century after its inception with Nelson and Winter (1982) still a mainly h- erogeneousendeavor, linked by a (rather amorphous) common interest in economic “evolution” and a critical stance towards neoclassical mainstream economics, with a certain strength in applied studies on industrial dynamics (Heinzel 2004, 2006).

Economic Evolution and Demographic Change

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Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3642488080
Total Pages : 424 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (424 download)

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Book Synopsis Economic Evolution and Demographic Change by : Günter Haag

Download or read book Economic Evolution and Demographic Change written by Günter Haag and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 424 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The articles collected in this volume have two features in common: they wantto integrate economics, demography and geography, and they want to overcome the stationary approach in modelling in favour of a dynamic one. The book is subdivided into three parts, where Part I is focussing on economic evolution, Part II on geographical development and Part III is related to demographic change. The present volume aims at providing a new look at this triangle in view of the classical background of discussions by introducing new research ideas focussing in nonlinear dynamics and stochastic modelling. Thus the main purpose of this book is to make a contribution to the interdisciplinary work needed to integrate the effortsbetween these three research fields and to serve as a research source in demonstrating the current state of art in dynamic modelling. The book isaddressed to social scientists in general, and those in particular with a background in economics, geographics and demographics. It should also be of interest to mathematicians, physicists, and systems analysts interested in model building and applications of nonlinear dynamics.

Foundations of Economic Evolution

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Publisher : Edward Elgar Publishing
ISBN 13 : 178254836X
Total Pages : 695 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (825 download)

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Book Synopsis Foundations of Economic Evolution by : Carsten Herrmann-Pillath

Download or read book Foundations of Economic Evolution written by Carsten Herrmann-Pillath and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2013-01-01 with total page 695 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: ÔThis book is an ambitious intellectual enterprise to build a naturalistic foundation for economics, with amazingly vast knowledge of physical, biological, social sciences and philosophy. Readers will discover that approaches and insights emergent in institutional studies, (social)-neuroscience, network theory, ecological economics, bio-culture dualistic evolution, etc. are persuasively placed in a grand unified frame. It is written in a good Hayekian tradition. I recommend this book particularly to young readers who aspire to go beyond a narrowly specified discipline in the age of expanding communicability of knowledge and ideas.Õ Ð Masahiko Aoki, Stanford University, US ÔCarsten Herrmann-PillathÕs new book is an in-depth application of natural philosophy to economics that draws up an entirely new framework for economic analysis. It offers path-breaking insights on the interactions between human economic activity and nature and outlines a convincing solution to the long-standing reductionism controversy. A must-read for everyone interested in the philosophical underpinnings of economics as a science.Õ Ð Ulrich Witt, Max Planck Institute of Economics, Jena, Germany ÔÒBig pictureÓ philosophy of economics drifted into a dull cul-de-sac as it became obsessively focused on falsifiability and rationality. In this book Carsten Herrmann-Pilath pushes the field back onto the open highway by locating economics in the larger frameworks of metaphysics, evolutionary dynamics and information theory. This is large-scale, ambitious synthesis of ideas of the kind we expect from time to time to see devoted to physics and biology. Why should economics merit anything less? But of course this kind of intellectual tapestry must await the appearance of an unusually devoted scholar with special patience and eccentric independence from the pressure for quick returns that characterizes academic life. In the person of Hermann-Pilath this scholar has appeared. No one who wants to examine economics whole and in its richest context should miss his virtuoso performance in this book.Õ Ð Don Ross, University of Cape Town, South Africa and Georgia State University, US ÔHerrmann-PillathÕs work attempts to bring to bear upon the discipline of economics perspectives from other discourses which have been burgeoning recently Ð namely, thermodynamics, evolutionary biology, and semiotics, aiming at a consilience contextualized by economic activity and problems. This marks the work as a contemporary example of natural philosophy, which is now at the doorstep of a revival. The overall perspective is that human economic activity is an aspect of the ecology of the earthÕs surface, viewing it as an evolving physical system mediated through distributed mentality as expressed in technology evolution. Knowledge is taken to be ÔphysicalÕ with a performative function, as in PeirceÕs pragmaticism. Thus, the social meanings of expectations, prices, and credit are found to be rooted in energy flows. The work draws its foundation from Hegel and C.S. Peirce and its immediate guidance from Hayek, Veblen and Georescu-Roegen. The author generates an energetic theory of economic growth, guided by OdumÕs maximum power principle. Economic discourse itself is reworked in the final chapter, in light of the examinations of the previous chapters, naturalizing economics within an extremely powerful contemporary framework.Õ Ð Stanley N. Salthe, Binghamton University, US ÔAn Oscar-winning performance in the Òtheatre of consilience.Ó ItÕs hard to know which to praise first: Carsten Herrmann-PillathÕs humility or his ambition. He says his book Òis not a great intellectual featÓ because he pursues the Òhumble taskÓ of putting together Òthe ideas of others.Ó When he finally gets to economics he tries to Òbe as simple as possibleÓ and to conceive of economics in terms of the basics, at Òundergraduate level, so to say.Ó On the other hand, the scale of his ambition is to rethink the foundations of economics from first principles, while, at the same time, holding a running dialogue between contemporary sciences and classic philosophy. HeÕs much too modest, of course, because Foundations is a major achievement, but his modesty points to what makes it such a powerful treatise: the book is not about his preferences or prejudices; it is a Òscientific approach that aims at establishing truthful propositions about reality.Ó That is much harder to achieve than grand theories or Òcomplicated mathematics,Ó because it amounts to a new modern synthesis of the field Ð an achievement on a par with Julian HuxleyÕs, whose own modern synthesis of evolutionary theories in the 1940s allowed for the explosive growth of the biosciences over the next decades. The structure of the book is simple enough, providing a framework for the Ònaturalistic turnÓ in economics. Starting from material existence, causation and evolution, Herrmann-Pillath takes us through four fundamental concepts Ð individuals, networks, institutions and technology Ð before coming finally to the Òrealm of economics proper,Ó i.e. markets. However, Herrmann-Pillath believes that the Òfoundations of economics cannot be found within economicsÓ but only in dialogue with other sciences, or what he calls the Òtheatre of consilience.Ó ItÕs a theatre in which various characters come and go, where dialogue ebbs and flows, conflicts arise and are resolved, and where individual actions can be seen as concepts as, leading to higher levels of meaning as the plot unfolds. The magic of theatre, of course, is that the point of intelligibility, where the characters, actions and narrative resolve into meaningfulness, is projected out of the drama itself, into the spectator. ThatÕs you, dear reader. So it is with economics as a discipline. Economics is a player in a much larger performance about what constitutes knowledge, and how we know that. It is also a player in the economy it seeks to explain. To understand why money, firms, growth, prices, markets and other staples of economic thought emerge and function the way they do, it is necessary situate the analysis beyond economics (and the economy), and to engage with developments across the human, evolutionary and complexity sciences. This is what Herrmann-Pillath does, analyzing a breathtaking range of illuminating and sometimes challenging work along the way. We are treated to new ideas about the externalized brain, the evolution of knowledge in the Earth System (i.e. not just among humans), the role of signs and performativity in these processes, as well as that of Òenergetic transformations.Ó But Herrmann-Pillath is not satisfied with the ÒmodestÓ task of bringing the best of modern scientific thought to bear on economic concepts and performances; he really does harbor a deeper purpose. The clue is in his apparently quixotic desire to hang on to philosophical insights associated with pre-evolutionary thinkers like Aristotle and Hegel, and his apparently eccentric desire to place the semiotic philosophy of C.S. Pierce at center stage. But the patient observer will see that he is not seeking to change the facts by imposing idealist notions on them after the event. Instead, he is arguing for a change in the way we perform ourselves in the face of these facts. He is looking for a modern-day equivalent of Confucius or Socrates: one who can imagine values and beliefs that Òdefine the human species in a new way.Ó For those who have eyes to see, as the drama unfolds, it may be that we have found such a figure in Carsten Herrmann-Pillath himself, modesty, ambition and all. This is ÒCultural ScienceÓ as it should be done.Õ Ð John Hartley, Curtin University, Australia and Cardiff University, UK

Economic Evolution and Equilibrium

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Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3540686622
Total Pages : 265 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (46 download)

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Book Synopsis Economic Evolution and Equilibrium by : Marco Lehmann-Waffenschmidt

Download or read book Economic Evolution and Equilibrium written by Marco Lehmann-Waffenschmidt and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-05-07 with total page 265 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This work uses various model frameworks to study the evolution of equilibria in an open loop evolving economy in which the model characteristics evolve without any directional restrictions except for continuity. Applying mathematical methods, it is shown that equilibria can always be adapted in a piecewise gradual, non bang-bang way.

The Socialist Calculation Debate After the Upheavals in Eastern Europe

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Publisher : Librairie Droz
ISBN 13 : 9782600042499
Total Pages : 284 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (424 download)

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Book Synopsis The Socialist Calculation Debate After the Upheavals in Eastern Europe by : Pascal Bridel

Download or read book The Socialist Calculation Debate After the Upheavals in Eastern Europe written by Pascal Bridel and published by Librairie Droz. This book was released on 1993 with total page 284 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Introduction into Capital Theory

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Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3662030810
Total Pages : 290 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (62 download)

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Book Synopsis Introduction into Capital Theory by : Gunter Stephan

Download or read book Introduction into Capital Theory written by Gunter Stephan and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-14 with total page 290 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Capital theory is a cornerstone of modern economics. Its ideas are fundamental for dynamic equilibrium theory and its concepts are applied in many branches of economics like game theory, resource and environmental economics, although this may not be recognized on a first glance. In this monograph, an approach is presented, which allows to derive important results of capital theory in a coherent and readily accessible framework. A special emphasis is given on infinite horizon and overlapping generations economics. Irreversibility of time, or the failure of the market system appear in a different light if an infinite horizon framework is applied. To bridge the gap between pure and applied economic theory, the structure of our theoretical approach is integrated in a computable general equilibrium model.

Sustainability and the Art of Long-Term Thinking

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Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1134986181
Total Pages : 244 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (349 download)

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Book Synopsis Sustainability and the Art of Long-Term Thinking by : Bernd Klauer

Download or read book Sustainability and the Art of Long-Term Thinking written by Bernd Klauer and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2016-09-01 with total page 244 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Dealing with time is intimately linked to sustainability, because sustainability, at its core, involves long-term ethical claims. To live up to them, decision and policy-making has to consider long-term development of society, economy, and nature. However, dealing with time and such long-term development is a notoriously difficult subject, both in science and, in particular, in practical decision and policy making. Rooted in philosophical and scientific reasoning, this book explores how the concept of time can be incorporated into effective practical action. The book describes a system and uses case studies to help sustainability practitioners and researchers consider the long-term consequences of our actions in a methodical way. The system integrates scientific and practical knowledge about time and temporal developments to help break down the sometimes overwhelming complexity of sustainability issues. Combining theoretical conceptual thinking and practical applications, this book will be of great interest to students and researchers of sustainability science, environmental sciences, sustainable development, environmental economics, political sciences and practical philosophy.

Austrian Economics: Tensions and New Directions

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Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9401121869
Total Pages : 293 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (11 download)

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Book Synopsis Austrian Economics: Tensions and New Directions by : Bruce J. Caldwell

Download or read book Austrian Economics: Tensions and New Directions written by Bruce J. Caldwell and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 293 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: When we first invited the group of distinguished scholars represented here to contribute to a new volume on Austrian economics, four themes were stressed: tensions, new directions, selectivity, and criticism. In this brief introduction we will explain why those themes were emphasized and thereby shed light on our intentions and aspirations for the volume. The subtitle "Tensions and New Directions" indicates clearly the intent of the volume desired. If we take the 1871 publication of Carl Menger's Principles of Economics (Grundsiitze der Volkswirthschaftslehre) as mark ing its birth, the Austrian tradition is now well over one hundred years old. The origins of the so-called "Austrian Revival" are more difficult to pinpoint precisely, but many would accept two decades as a reasonable estimate of its lifespan. In any case, since the mid-1970s several collections of articles written by Austrians have been published. The intent of these collections appeared to be to educate, persuade, and inspire various audiences. Uninformed readers needed to be told about the specifics of the Austrian position, to be shown how it differed from and improved upon its rivals. The initiated needed to be reassured that their commitment to a novel program was justified. As such, much of the recent Austrian literature has consisted either of exegetical accounts of the views of past figures, or of critical assessments of the positions of alternative research programs in economics from an Austrian perspective.

Evolution in Markets and Institutions

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Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 364250065X
Total Pages : 122 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (425 download)

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Book Synopsis Evolution in Markets and Institutions by : Ulrich Witt

Download or read book Evolution in Markets and Institutions written by Ulrich Witt and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 122 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Evolutionary economics is the most challenging unorthodox approach to economic theory that has been developed in the last decades. The present volume offers a survey as well as a carefully selected sample of important new insights from a broad range of topics in economics: - the dynamics of institutional change - aggregate employment effects of diffusing innovations - institutional regimes of long run growth - indeterminaciesresulting expectation formation in the economy - the synergetic approach and its application to market morphology. The volume documentsa variety of modeling tools in evolutionary economics and offers a series ofstimulating hypotheses and research results. Its reading is a `must' for all scholars with an interest in economic change.

Ignorance and Surprise

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Publisher : MIT Press
ISBN 13 : 0262265613
Total Pages : 255 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (622 download)

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Book Synopsis Ignorance and Surprise by : Matthias Gross

Download or read book Ignorance and Surprise written by Matthias Gross and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2010-05-07 with total page 255 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The relationship between ignorance and surprise and a conceptual framework for dealing with the unexpected, as seen in ecological design projects. Ignorance and surprise belong together: surprises can make people aware of their own ignorance. And yet, perhaps paradoxically, a surprising event in scientific research—one that defies prediction or risk assessment—is often a window to new and unexpected knowledge. In this book, Matthias Gross examines the relationship between ignorance and surprise, proposing a conceptual framework for handling the unexpected and offering case studies of ecological design that demonstrate the advantages of allowing for surprises and including ignorance in the design and negotiation processes. Gross draws on classical and contemporary sociological accounts of ignorance and surprise in science and ecology and integrates these with the idea of experiment in society. He develops a notion of how unexpected occurrences can be incorporated into a model of scientific and technological development that includes the experimental handling of surprises. Gross discusses different projects in ecological design, including Chicago's restoration of the shoreline of Lake Michigan and Germany's revitalization of brownfields near Leipzig. These cases show how ignorance and surprise can successfully play out in ecological design projects, and how the acknowledgment of the unknown can become a part of decision making. The appropriation of surprises can lead to robust design strategies. Ecological design, Gross argues, is neither a linear process of master planning nor a process of trial and error but a carefully coordinated process of dealing with unexpected turns by means of experimental practice.