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Evolution And Comparative Immunology Of Immune Systems In Marine Organisms
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Book Synopsis Evolution and Comparative Immunology of Immune Systems in Marine Organisms by : Gyri T. Haugland
Download or read book Evolution and Comparative Immunology of Immune Systems in Marine Organisms written by Gyri T. Haugland and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2022-02-14 with total page 232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Comparative Immunology of Marine Mammals by : Giovanni Di Guardo
Download or read book Comparative Immunology of Marine Mammals written by Giovanni Di Guardo and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2019-11-21 with total page 101 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Marine mammals (MMs) are regarded as valuable bioindicators with tremendous potential for public health. However, many aspects of their immune system remain poorly understood. Monitoring immune responses of MMs is pivotal for the health assessment of both individuals and populations, as well as providing the scientific basis for analyzing the anthropogenic environmental impact on marine ecosystems and marine-terrestrial interphases. For instance, the increasing susceptibility of Mediterranean whale and dolphin populations to various diseases has been linked to a possible negative influence of multiple environmental factors on the immune system of MMs. The currently limited knowledge on MM immunology has mainly centered on: (i) lymphocyte transformation assays; (ii) natural killer cell activity; (iii) phagocytic activity and respiratory burst; (iv) humoral immune responses; (v) cytokines and (vi) acute phase immune responses. Therefore, further research is essential for deepening our understanding of the specificity of the host immune response in MMs, with a particular emphasis on the genesis and dynamics of (i) cytokine ‘networks’ or ‘signatures’; (ii) transcriptional regulation of immune cells and (iii) major immunomodulators. High-throughput molecular techniques, such as transcriptomic analysis and RNA sequencing, may enable the characterization of immune gene responses at the transcriptomic level. This integrative and holistic approach requires sophisticated tools and methods capable of unveiling the diversity of immune cells and immunologically relevant molecules that orchestrate environmental adaptation and immune protection against pathogens in MMs. This Research Topic aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge of MM immunology with a particular emphasis on structural and functional studies at the protein and cellular level. We wish to encourage and coordinate studies and investigations in order to fill gaps of knowledge in this field. This article collection aims to help gain more data regarding: a) The characterization of the immune system in several species of MMs, i.e. cetaceans, pinnipeds and sirenians; b) The interplay between the host immune system and the most relevant pathogens, e.g., Morbillivirus, Brucella, Toxoplasma gondii and c) The possible interplay between the immune system and contaminants.
Book Synopsis Comparative Mammalian Immunology by : Ian R Tizard
Download or read book Comparative Mammalian Immunology written by Ian R Tizard and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2023-02-09 with total page 460 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Comparative Mammalian Immunology: The Evolution and Diversity of the Immune Systems of Mammals provides a review on the current knowledge of mammalian immune systems from a comparative viewpoint. This reference encompasses recent work on the immune systems of marine mammals, bats and marsupials in addition to other lesser-known species, with the immune systems of humans and laboratory mice as components of chapters on primates and rodents respectively. The book also makes use of the most recent studies on the genomic sequences of the mammals to identify both common and unique features of each mammal's immune system. The book elucidates the complex, but coordinated and controlled series of interactions involving cells and molecules that has evolved to protect the host against disease. Mammals consist of a highly diverse group of animals in which the immune system has been subjected to a variety of selective pressures. This is reflected in differences in the organization and function of their immune systems, and is especially seen in those gene families characterized by complexity and polymorphism. - Demonstrates multiple diverse pathways and mechanisms to optimize resistance and survival in the face of infectious diseases - Shows the clear patterns of emergence of different immunologic traits among the diverse orders of mammals - Reflects issues with innate or adaptive immune systems - Serves as a comprehensive review of the current state of knowledge of the immune system of each mammalian order
Book Synopsis Evolution of Immune Reactions by : Petr Sima
Download or read book Evolution of Immune Reactions written by Petr Sima and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 1990-08-27 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book on phylogeny and immunity reconstructs the history and evolutionary pathways of immunity among the various forms of life. The authors argue that the immunity could have evolved different adequately successful patterns in the animal sub-regnum which are strictly determined by the morpho-physiological possibilities of the animals. They state that the vertebrate type of immunity evolved only in the chordate branch. The publication devotes special attention to the arthropods and molluscs, as they have attracted more investigative efforts than any other invertebrate taxa. The authors selected Agnatha, Chondrichthyes, and Osteichthyes from the vertebrate taxa in order to show where and how the morphofunctional basis of the truly adapative immunity of the endothermic tetrapods gradually evolved. Each chapter gives the description of the origin and interrelationships of the representatives of the taxon in question. Also given are the main biological, morphological, non-morphological and immune attributes. Emphasized throughout the book is the central idea that immunological reactions are a part of the overall biological phenomena and should be studied only from this aspect. The authors express that the fields of comparative and evolutionary immunology will provide inspiration for further investigations in biomedicine in the near future.
Book Synopsis Host and Microbe Adaptations in the Evolution of Immunity by : Larry J. Dishaw
Download or read book Host and Microbe Adaptations in the Evolution of Immunity written by Larry J. Dishaw and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2019-12-31 with total page 254 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The evolution of metazoans has been accompanied by new interfaces with the microbial environment that include biological barriers and surveillance by specialized cell types. Increasingly complex organisms require increased capacities to confront pathogens, achieved by co-evolution of recognition mechanisms and regulatory pathways. Two distinct but interactive forms of immunity have evolved. Innate immunity, shared by all metazoans, is traditionally viewed as simple and non-specific. Adaptive immunity possesses the capacity to anticipate new infectious challenges and recall previous exposures; the most well-understood example of such a system, exhibited by lymphocytes of vertebrates, is based on somatic gene alterations that generate extraordinary specificity in discrimination of molecular structures. Our understanding of immune phylogeny over the past decades has tried to reconcile immunity from a vertebrate standpoint. While informative, such approaches cannot completely address the complex nature of selective pressures brought to bear by the complex microbiota (including pathogens) that co-exist with all metazoans. In recent years, comparative studies (and new technologies) have broadened our concepts of immunity from a systems-wide perspective. Unexpected findings, e.g., genetic expansions of innate receptors, high levels of polymorphism, RNA-based forms of generating diversity, adaptive evolution and functional divergence of gene families and the recognition of novel mediators of adaptive immunity, prompt us to reconsider the very nature of immunity. Even fundamental paradigms as to how the jawed vertebrate adaptive immune system should be structured for “optimal” recognition potential have been disrupted more than once (e.g., the discovery of the multicluster organization and germline joining of immunoglobulin genes in sharks, gene conversion as a mechanism of somatic diversification, absence of IgM or MHC II in certain teleost fishes). Mechanistically, concepts of innate immune memory, often referred to as “trained memory,” have been realized further, with the development of new discoveries in studies of epigenetic regulation of somatic lineages. Immune systems innovate and adapt in a taxon-specific manner, driven by the complexity of interactions with microbial symbionts (commensals, mutualists and pathogens). Immune systems are shaped by selective forces that reflect consequences of dynamic interactions with microbial environments as well as a capacity for rapid change that can be facilitated by genomic instabilities. We have learned that characterizing receptors and receptor interactions is not necessarily the most significant component in understanding the evolution of immunity. Rather, such a subject needs to be understood from a more global perspective and will necessitate re-consideration of the physical barriers that afford protection and the developmental processes that create them. By far, the most significant paradigm shifts in our understanding of immunity and the infection process has been that microbes no longer are considered to be an automatic cause or consequence of illness, but rather integral components of normal physiology and homeostasis. Immune phylogeny has been shaped not only by an arms race with pathogens but also perhaps by mutualistic interactions with resident microbes. This Research Topic updates and extends the previous eBook on Changing Views of the Evolution of Immunity and contains peer-reviewed submissions of original research, reviews and opinions.
Book Synopsis Lessons in Immunity by : Loriano Ballarin
Download or read book Lessons in Immunity written by Loriano Ballarin and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2016-04-08 with total page 326 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Lessons in Immunity: From Single-cell Organisms to Mammals stems from the activity of the Italian Association of Developmental and Comparative Immunobiology (IADCI), represented by the editors. This book is presented as a series of short overviews that report on the current state of various relevant fields of immunobiology from an evolutionary perspective. The overviews are written by authors directly involved in the research, and most are members of the IADCI or have otherwise been involved in the related research for their respective overview. This publication offers scientists and teachers an easy and updated reference tool. - Provides simple and updated reviews on the immunobiology of a wide spectrum of organisms, considered in an evolutionary context - Focuses on both cells and humoral components of a variety of non-classical model organisms - Offers in a single volume many contributions which can help with understanding the evolution of immune responses and the main adaptations in animal phyla - Presents a valuable holistic cross-sectional approach for teaching immunology and its applications
Book Synopsis Evolutionary Mechanisms of Defense Reactions by : Vaclav Vetvicka
Download or read book Evolutionary Mechanisms of Defense Reactions written by Vaclav Vetvicka and published by Birkhäuser. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 207 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: At present, we do not fully understand at what stage of the evolution of living matter the first traces of defense reactions occurred. We even do not fully understand how and why immune systems reached their contem porary state in advanced vertebrates and man. It may be expected that in the near future these questions will be answered by comparative and develop mental biology. Together with an extraordinary explosion of our knowledge about immunity of mammals including man, an increase in the interests concerning origin and development of immune mechanisms at lower stages of the phylogeny can be observed. The search for simple types of immune mechanisms in less complex but still evolutionary successful animals is promising and may contribute to better understanding of highly complex immune adaptive responses in mammals. It is important to note that comparative and evolutionary immunology differs greatly from other branches of biomedical science. Apart from immunology and molecular biology, a specialist in this discipline has to be familiar with every detail of taxonomy, comparative anatomy, physiology, embryology, and even with the phyletic relationships of animals. Probably no monography could deal with the entire animal kingdom, because, in many cases, the insights into questions about immune mecha nisms of many animal groupings or phyla, and their possible evolutionary implications, are unknown or just now beginning to take shape. For the moment, our knowledge on such matters relies upon reconstructions of ideas that we have deduced from studies on members of relative taxa.
Book Synopsis Comparative Immunology by : Edwin Lowell Cooper
Download or read book Comparative Immunology written by Edwin Lowell Cooper and published by Prentice Hall. This book was released on 1976 with total page 360 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Changing Views of the Evolution of Immunity by : Gary W. Litman
Download or read book Changing Views of the Evolution of Immunity written by Gary W. Litman and published by Frontiers E-books. This book was released on 2014-01-22 with total page 131 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The multitude of cells, signaling pathways, receptors, novel genetic recombination mechanisms and interactive pathways of receptor function and cell differentiation that constitute the vertebrate adaptive immune system are integrally linked with the multicomponent innate immune system. At first glance, the levels of complexity seen in both systems at the phylogenetic level of mammals present what seem to be insurmountable hurdles in terms of achieving a systematic understanding of the evolution of immunity. New research directions and approaches suggest that resolution of many long-standing questions in this area is now possible. Historically, immunologists considered lower vertebrates and invertebrates as “simpler” forms, i.e., they were expected to possess more basic (less layered) levels of immunological complexity and thus potentially would serve as important resources. By considering the systematic placement of representative species in the context of phylogeny, characterizing their immune receptors, co-receptors as well as accessory molecules and evaluating responses to immunologic stimuli, it was thought that a clearer picture of immune evolution would emerge. There is no doubt that this approach has achieved some notable successes but for the most part it has fallen short in terms of achieving a broad understanding of the immunologic needs of many relevant models and how adaptive change in immune function is effected. Even if a structurally relevant ortholog of an immune effector is identified in a model organism, there is no reason to assume that it functions in a corresponding manner in disparate phylogenetic taxa. For example, survival of a sessile marine invertebrate, whose anatomical form puts it in open and contiguous contact with a literal sea of microorganisms and viruses, would be thought to depend, at least in part, on a “capable” immune response; however, at present, we have no real understanding of how this is achieved in an integrated manner. Furthermore, questions arise as to whether or not phenomena that are considered integral components of vertebrate-type immunity such as memory, tolerance, somatic change and clonal selection exist in invertebrates and if their functions parallel those recognized in mammals. More often than not, our interpretations are guided by preconceived notions that are based on observations made in distant species that often do not apply to far- removed taxa. We anticipate that major advances in our understanding of this broad subject are now forthcoming as resources exist or are being developed for examining important model organisms in their natural environments instead of within the confines of in vitro systems of potentially remote physiological significance. Taking a wide range of hypotheses, observations and interpretations into account, in this special topic, contributors have developed a comprehensive overview emphasizing new directions and interpretations for understanding basic aspects of immunity that consider unique features inherent to various model systems, their life histories and habitats. Approaches applied with key model organisms maintained and confronted with relevant challenges under natural conditions are emphasized. Current concepts of self and nonself are addressed not only in terms of immunity but also reproductive fitness. How genetic variation in immune effector molecules is achieved and maintained in natural populations is examined; particular attention is directed to response interfaces that factor in symbiotic interactions. Gene expansion and mechanisms of genetic diversification are explored. How diverse molecules and a variety of effector cells contribute to our broad understanding of the evolution of a remarkably complex, integrated system and how this work is facilitating our understanding of mammalian immunity is addressed.
Book Synopsis Evolutionary Mechanisms of Defense Reactions by : Vaclav Vetvicka
Download or read book Evolutionary Mechanisms of Defense Reactions written by Vaclav Vetvicka and published by . This book was released on 1998-07-21 with total page 216 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The Primordial VRM System and the Evolution of Vertebrate Immunity by : John Stewart
Download or read book The Primordial VRM System and the Evolution of Vertebrate Immunity written by John Stewart and published by R. G. Landes. This book was released on 1994 with total page 144 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book discusses the evolutionary origin of immunoglobulins and T-cell receptors. The complex interactions between B and T cells in response to external antigens are the major focus of contemporary immunology. This book argues that these interactions may be relatively late evolutionary developments, due to the redeployment of a system invented for other reasons. In other words immunoglobulins did not arise in evolution to fight infection. The author theorizes that the system of variable region moleculars (VRM) arose at the time of the first vertebrates by an endogenous, self-organizing process. This primordial VRM system instituted a molecular ecology, a function so vital that from then on no vertebrate has been able to do without it.
Book Synopsis The Fish Immune System: Organism, Pathogen, and Environment by :
Download or read book The Fish Immune System: Organism, Pathogen, and Environment written by and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 1997-02-20 with total page 395 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book comprehensively reviews the immunology of fish--their health, interactions between them and their pathogens, and the impact of both endogenous and environmental changes on these interactions. Leading authorities provide an essential foundation for the understanding of fish immunology and fish health.As fish are increasingly used as model systems for vertebrate immune systems, The Fish Immune System will be a crucial reference. - The only comprehensive, single-volume reference on the fish immune system - Contributions from an international team of experts - Useful to researchers interested in fish health as well as professionals managing fish hatcheries, aquariums, and other facilities that must maintain healthy fish
Book Synopsis Invertebrate Immunity by : Kenneth Söderhäll
Download or read book Invertebrate Immunity written by Kenneth Söderhäll and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-06-28 with total page 338 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It can be seen that the insects are the still attracting most research and researchers. However, an increasing interest is emerging to study new invertebrate groups, especially those where the genome is known. Even though Drosophila has been and still is an excellent model for immune studies, it is now clear that there are great differences between immune responses in Drosophila and that of several other invertebrates, which indeed calls for more research on other invertebrates
Book Synopsis Origin and Evolution of the Vertebrate Immune System by : L. Du Pasquier
Download or read book Origin and Evolution of the Vertebrate Immune System written by L. Du Pasquier and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 324 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The comparative approach to immunology can be traced to the era of Pasteur and Metchnikov in which observations regarding foreign recognition in invertebrates was a factor in the develop ment of the principal concepts that created the foundation of what now is the broad field of immunology. With each major experimental and conceptual breakthrough, the classical, albeit essential, question has been asked "are the immune systems of phylogenetically primitive vertebrates and invertebrates similar to that of mammals?" Somewhat surprisingly for the jawed verte brates, the general answer has been a qualified form of "yes", whereas for agnathans and invertebrate phyla it has been "no" so far. The apparent abruptness in the appearance of the immune system of vertebrates is linked to the introduction of the somatic generation of the diversity of its antigen specific receptors. Therefore the questions regarding the origin and evolution of the specific immune system revolve around this phenomenon. With respect to the origin of the system (aside from the or igin of the rearranging machinery itself, the study of which is still in its infancy) one can ask questions about the cellular and mo lecular contexts in which the mechanism was introduced.
Book Synopsis Advances in Comparative Immunology by : Edwin L. Cooper
Download or read book Advances in Comparative Immunology written by Edwin L. Cooper and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-08-07 with total page 1063 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Immunologists, perhaps understandably, most often concentrate on the human immune system, an anthropocentric focus that has resulted in a dearth of information about the immune function of all other species within the animal kingdom. However, knowledge of animal immune function could help not only to better understand human immunology, but perhaps more importantly, it could help to treat and avoid the blights that affect animals, which consequently affect humans. Take for example the mass death of honeybees in recent years – their demise, resulting in much less pollination, poses a serious threat to numerous crops, and thus the food supply. There is a similar disappearance of frogs internationally, signaling ecological problems, among them fungal infections. This book aims to fill this void by describing and discussing what is known about non-human immunology. It covers various major animal phyla, its chapters organized in a progression from the simplest unicellular organisms to the most complex vertebrates, mammals. Chapters are written by experts, covering the latest findings and new research being conducted about each phylum. Edwin L. Cooper is a Distinguished Professor in the Laboratory of Comparative Immunology, Department of Neurobiology at UCLA’s David Geffen School of Medicine.
Download or read book Fish Diseases written by Galina Jeney and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2017-02-11 with total page 280 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fish Diseases: Prevention and Control Strategies provides essential information on disease prevention and treatment by the most experienced fish culturists in the industry. The book presents both traditional and novel methodologies of identifying and addressing fish disease risk, along with preventative and responsive insights to the challenges impacting fish production today. Both specific (vaccination) and non-specific (immunostimulation) approaches are explored, from maintaining optimal environmental conditions, to understanding how stressors in fish affect their immune system. - Includes relevant information on government restrictions on drug usage in aquaculture to address the strict demand for fish products free of pollutants/antibiotics - Presents best practices in fish farming to prevent disease and promote good health status and fish disease management - Provides the most recent research on fish diseases prevention, the pathogens most studied, and options for methods of treatment
Book Synopsis The Evolution of Senescence in the Tree of Life by : Richard P. Shefferson
Download or read book The Evolution of Senescence in the Tree of Life written by Richard P. Shefferson and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2017-02-23 with total page 445 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The existing theories on the evolution of senescence assume that senescence is inevitable in all organisms. However, recent studies have shown that this is not necessarily true. A better understanding of senescence and its underlying mechanisms could have far-reaching consequences for conservation and eco-evolutionary research. This book is the first to offer interdisciplinary perspectives on the evolution of senescence in many species, setting the stage for further developments. It brings together new insights from a wide range of scientific fields and cutting-edge research done on a multitude of different animals (including humans), plants and microbes, giving the reader a complete overview of recent developments and of the controversies currently surrounding the topic. Written by specialists from a variety of disciplines, this book is a valuable source of information for students and researchers interested in ageing and life history traits and populations.
