Evaluation Of The Efficacy Of The Peak T Curriculum With Children With Autism

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Evaluation of the Efficacy of the PEAK-T Curriculum with Children with Autism

Author : Emily Jenkins
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 94 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (15 download)

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Book Synopsis Evaluation of the Efficacy of the PEAK-T Curriculum with Children with Autism by : Emily Jenkins

Download or read book Evaluation of the Efficacy of the PEAK-T Curriculum with Children with Autism written by Emily Jenkins and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 94 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This was a single-case study which evaluated the effects of PEAK-T on two children with Autism. A total of 6 programs were trained between the two participants using a Multiple Baseline Design across skills. This evaluation was conducted using the subtest materials provided in the PEAK-T modules and through full assessments. The assessments were used to identify the appropriate skill level of each participant and they were used to evaluate whether the skills were maintained. The participants had no prior exposure to any of the PEAK-T programs as demonstrated by the participants baseline scores. The results of the study showed that programming of multiple exemplars resulted in acquisition of novel skills in both participants and that the skills were maintained. Both Participants demonstrated mastery of their programs and a total of 4 programs between two participants were added to the participants repertoire.

Evaluating the Efficacy of the PEAK-E Curriculum in Establishing Equivalence Relations in Children with Autism

Author : Kayde L. Keinz
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 96 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (13 download)

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Book Synopsis Evaluating the Efficacy of the PEAK-E Curriculum in Establishing Equivalence Relations in Children with Autism by : Kayde L. Keinz

Download or read book Evaluating the Efficacy of the PEAK-E Curriculum in Establishing Equivalence Relations in Children with Autism written by Kayde L. Keinz and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 96 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study sought to evaluate the efficiency of the methods outlined in the Promoting the Emergence of Advanced Knowledge Relational Training System Equivalence Module (PEAK-E) utilizing a single-subject design. Three participants from a Midwest town were recruited to participate in the study and were assessed and validity, reliability, and efficacy were evaluated to determine the assessments ability to identify three language skills that weren't currently present in their repertoire. Baseline levels determined that the 3 skills for each participant (a total of 9 skills across the 3 participants) were not currently present in their repertoire prior to implementation of PEAK-E programs, as the participants demonstrated low levels of correct responding. Upon completion of program implementation across all three participants with autism, mastery criteria was obtained for all directly trained skills, and relations were derived for 9 out of 9 programs.

Promoting Genteralization Through Peak Curriculum in Children with Autism

Author : Amy Cochran
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 92 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (962 download)

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Book Synopsis Promoting Genteralization Through Peak Curriculum in Children with Autism by : Amy Cochran

Download or read book Promoting Genteralization Through Peak Curriculum in Children with Autism written by Amy Cochran and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 92 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The current study evaluated the efficacy of a set of procedures described in the PEAK Relational Training System’s Generalization Module in teaching three skills to two 3-year old boys with autism. The three skills taught were tacting sensory feelings, tact collateral responses, and tacting then asking for reinforcing items for each participant. These skills were not only trained but also generalization probes were conducted throughout the study. The results suggested that the procedures were effective in not only direct training participants to label sensory feelings, emotions, and reinforcing items, but also promoted the untrained emergence of novel skills through generalization.

Handbook of Applied Behavior Analysis Interventions for Autism

Author : Justin B. Leaf
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030964787
Total Pages : 627 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (39 download)

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Book Synopsis Handbook of Applied Behavior Analysis Interventions for Autism by : Justin B. Leaf

Download or read book Handbook of Applied Behavior Analysis Interventions for Autism written by Justin B. Leaf and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-05-06 with total page 627 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This handbook addresses evidence-based practices in Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) for individuals diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). It provides an overview of the history of evidence-based practices and their importance as applied to the law, school settings, and factors that influence the use for treatment of ASD. Additional areas of coverage include evidence-based and non-evidence-based ABA interventions for autism as well as decision-making ethics related to these treatments. In addition, the book addresses cultural considerations as they relate to these treatments and examines procedural aspects of ABA interventions for autism. Key ABA treatments addressed include: Discrete trial teaching. Pivotal response training. Video modeling. Parent-mediated intervention. Early Start Denver Model, PEAK, PECS, and AAC. Script fading/activity schedules and differential reinforcement/extinction. Response interruption and redirection. Self-management and self-monitoring. The Handbook of Applied Behavior Analysis Interventions for Autism is a must-have resource for researchers, professors, and graduate students as well as clinicians, therapists, and other professionals across such interrelated disciplines as clinical child, school, and developmental psychology, child and adolescent psychiatry, social work, rehabilitation medicine/therapy, pediatrics, and special education.

Using the PEAK-T Relational Training System to Teach Children with Autism to Develop Complex Relations

Author : Maria Ucan
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 116 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (15 download)

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Book Synopsis Using the PEAK-T Relational Training System to Teach Children with Autism to Develop Complex Relations by : Maria Ucan

Download or read book Using the PEAK-T Relational Training System to Teach Children with Autism to Develop Complex Relations written by Maria Ucan and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 116 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the efficacy of Promoting the Emergence of Advanced Knowledge Transformation Module System (PEAK-T) in teaching relational responding to children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). The current study was conducted on three participants that ranged from ages 5-10. The current study was conducted using a multiple baseline design across skills. A total of nine skills, three for each participant, were trained during this study. Baseline indicated that participants did not have skills previous to training. After skills were trained, participants were submitted to a post-assessment which results indicated the acquisition of novel skills that were not trained as part of the study. Results suggested the effectiveness of PEAK-T training on all three participants. The Average PND was 92% in the A-B relation training and a 100% when testing relations Y-Z. The post-Test results indicated that nine out of the nine skills were mastered after the skills were trained, in addition participants were able to acquire new skills that were not directly targeted throughout the study.

Evaluating the Efficacy of Using Peak Relational Training System to Produce Derived Relational Responding to Planets, Sports Teams, and Holidays in Children with Autism

Download Evaluating the Efficacy of Using Peak Relational Training System to Produce Derived Relational Responding to Planets, Sports Teams, and Holidays in Children with Autism PDF Online Free

Author : Kathleen S. M. Scully
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 82 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (957 download)

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Book Synopsis Evaluating the Efficacy of Using Peak Relational Training System to Produce Derived Relational Responding to Planets, Sports Teams, and Holidays in Children with Autism by : Kathleen S. M. Scully

Download or read book Evaluating the Efficacy of Using Peak Relational Training System to Produce Derived Relational Responding to Planets, Sports Teams, and Holidays in Children with Autism written by Kathleen S. M. Scully and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 82 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Autism is a neurological disorder which impairs the individual's social interactions and communication. Such impairments lead to deficits in learning which accumulate over time. Finding effective and efficient technologies to teach children with autism helps to minimize deficits and teach children new skills to be independent learners. There is previous research on technologies such as discrete trail training (DTT), antecedent based interventions, and consequence based interventions which have to be shown to be effective, however, more research is needed to find more cost effective and efficient procedures.. The PEAK Stimulus Equivalence Training Module seeks to teach children with Autism in a concise easy to follow manual. Past research has shown stimulus equivalence to not only effectively teach children with autism novel skills, but also has shown the emergence of untrained relations. The present study uses the PEAK module with three boys with autism, between the ages of 6 and 8, to teach novel stimuli including planets, holidays, and sports teams and to test for the emergence of untrained relations. Results showed that the all participants demonstrated derived relations. Implications for future research are discussed.

Evaluating the Effectiveness of the PEAK-E Curriculum in Teaching Receptive Metonymical Tacts Using Stimulus Equivalence Training Procedures

Download Evaluating the Effectiveness of the PEAK-E Curriculum in Teaching Receptive Metonymical Tacts Using Stimulus Equivalence Training Procedures PDF Online Free

Author : Caleb R. Stanley
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 92 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (969 download)

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Book Synopsis Evaluating the Effectiveness of the PEAK-E Curriculum in Teaching Receptive Metonymical Tacts Using Stimulus Equivalence Training Procedures by : Caleb R. Stanley

Download or read book Evaluating the Effectiveness of the PEAK-E Curriculum in Teaching Receptive Metonymical Tacts Using Stimulus Equivalence Training Procedures written by Caleb R. Stanley and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 92 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There currently exists limited published literature on methods for teaching complex verbal operants to individuals with autism. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the PEAK -- E curriculum in teaching receptive metonymical tacts using stimulus equivalence training procedures to children with autism. The procedures described in the PEAK -- E program 10P -- Equivalence: Metonymical Tacts were replicated across three children diagnosed with autism using a multiple baseline experimental design. The results of the suggest that the procedures were effective in teaching receptive metonymical tacts, with all three participants achieving mastery criteria. The results support and extend on previous studies by providing an empirical demonstration of effective procedures to teach receptive metonymical tacts to children with autism. The current study adds to progress behavior analysis in the direction of a behavior analytic understanding of complex verbal behavior.

A Liberated Mind

Author : Steven C. Hayes, PhD
Publisher : Penguin
ISBN 13 : 0735214018
Total Pages : 450 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (352 download)

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Book Synopsis A Liberated Mind by : Steven C. Hayes, PhD

Download or read book A Liberated Mind written by Steven C. Hayes, PhD and published by Penguin. This book was released on 2020-08-04 with total page 450 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "In all my years studying personal growth, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy is one of the most useful tools I've ever come across, and in this book, Dr. Hayes describes it with more depth and clarity than ever before."-Mark Manson, #1 New York Times best-selling author of The Subtle Art of Not Giving a F*ck Life is not a problem to be solved. ACT shows how we can live full and meaningful lives by embracing our vulnerability and turning toward what hurts. In this landmark book, the originator and pioneering researcher into Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) lays out the psychological flexibility skills that make it one of the most powerful approaches research has yet to offer. These skills have been shown to help even where other approaches have failed. Science shows that they are useful in virtually every area--mental health (anxiety, depression, substance abuse, eating disorders, PTSD); physical health (chronic pain, dealing with diabetes, facing cancer); social processes (relationship issues, prejudice, stigma, domestic violence); and performance (sports, business, diet, exercise). How does psychological flexibility help? We struggle because the problem-solving mind tells us to run from what causes us fear and hurt. But we hurt where we care. If we run from a sense of vulnerability, we must also run from what we care about. By learning how to liberate ourselves, we can live with meaning and purpose, along with our pain when there is pain. Although that is a simple idea, it resists our instincts and programming. The flexibility skills counter those ingrained tendencies. They include noticing our thoughts with curiosity, opening to our emotions, attending to what is in the present, learning the art of perspective taking, discovering our deepest values, and building habits based around what we deeply want. Beginning with the epiphany Steven Hayes had during a panic attack, this book is a powerful narrative of scientific discovery filled with moving stories as well as advice for how we can put flexibility skills to work immediately. Hayes shows how allowing ourselves to feel fully and think freely moves us toward commitment to what truly matters to us. Finally, we can live lives that reflect the qualities we choose.

Evaluating the Peak

Author : Catherine Huggins
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 68 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (11 download)

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Book Synopsis Evaluating the Peak by : Catherine Huggins

Download or read book Evaluating the Peak written by Catherine Huggins and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 68 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The present study investigates the language phenomenon of stimulus equivalence in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Stimulus equivalence is comprised of 3 main concepts: reflexivity, symmetry, and transitivity. Specifically, the researcher evaluated the ability to teach, test, and transfer sequential reflexivity across two participants. Two 4-year-old children diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder participated in the study. Methods were derived from the program: Reflexivity: Pictures-2A, along with a yes/no response modification to suite both of the participant's current level of developmental skills. The results suggest that the PEAK-E curriculum was effective in training and testing both children to establish reflexivity across stimulus set one. In addition, both participants demonstrated a transfer of stimulus function to an untrained stimulus set two once the trained stimulus set one was mastered.

The Educator′s Guide to Autism Spectrum Disorder

Author : Kaye L. Otten
Publisher : Corwin Press
ISBN 13 : 1071838806
Total Pages : 425 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (718 download)

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Book Synopsis The Educator′s Guide to Autism Spectrum Disorder by : Kaye L. Otten

Download or read book The Educator′s Guide to Autism Spectrum Disorder written by Kaye L. Otten and published by Corwin Press. This book was released on 2023-07-18 with total page 425 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Identify the best interventions to fit the unique needs of each learner with autism Whatever your role—general or special education teacher, school counselor, therapist, behavior analyst, administrator—you undoubtedly interact with learners with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and are committed to helping them succeed and thrive. This easy-to-use accessible guide summarizes more than 75 interventions and rates each based on the most recent evidence of effectiveness and safety. Features include: A summary of interventions and treatments from a comprehensive variety of domains organized into 11 categories, including behavioral interventions, visual supports, social and emotional skills training, and physiological interventions, as well as interventions that have the potential for causing harm An evidence-based five-point scale that clearly rates each intervention’s effectiveness for specific learners Guidance for working with colleagues and families to choose and implement the most promising treatments Written by educators with decades of experience and expertise in a variety of settings, many of whom are also Board Certified Behavior Analysts, this comprehensive guide is an indispensable resource for all those who serve students with ASD.

Establishing Cause and Effect Relations in Children with Autism Using the PEAK-E Curriculum

Author : Dustin Heitter
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 78 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (981 download)

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Book Synopsis Establishing Cause and Effect Relations in Children with Autism Using the PEAK-E Curriculum by : Dustin Heitter

Download or read book Establishing Cause and Effect Relations in Children with Autism Using the PEAK-E Curriculum written by Dustin Heitter and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 78 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The present study evaluated the effectiveness of stimulus equivalence procedures using the instructional protocols from the PEAK-E curriculum to develop the emergence of cause and effect relational responding in two children with autism. The procedures were taken from the PEAK-E program Transitivity: Multiple Actions & Outcomes-9p to aid in clinical replication. This study utilized a multiple baseline design across participants to evaluate the functional relationship between cause and effect relations. The results suggested that direct training of an action (A) to an outcome (B) (A-B) and direct training of an outcome (B) with an action that is produced by the outcome (C) (B-C) was effective for both participants. Following A-B and B-C training, the participants demonstrated emergent relations and untrained action (A) to action (C) relations which are consistent with transitivity. The results demonstrate efficacy of stimulus equivalence procedures for training cause and effect skills as well as the PEAK-E curriculum.

Utilizing the PEAK-E Training System to Teach Children with Autism to Derive Relations and Complex Language Skills

Author : Lindsay R. Ryan
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 120 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (968 download)

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Book Synopsis Utilizing the PEAK-E Training System to Teach Children with Autism to Derive Relations and Complex Language Skills by : Lindsay R. Ryan

Download or read book Utilizing the PEAK-E Training System to Teach Children with Autism to Derive Relations and Complex Language Skills written by Lindsay R. Ryan and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 120 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this study, a multiple baseline study was done on 3 participants with disabilities. The PEAK-E assessment and curriculum was used on the participants to identify skills that needed to be taught, trained and tested. This was done to show the effectiveness of teaching stimulus equivalence and demonstrate the reliability and validity of the PEAK-E assessment and modules. The participants were assessed, taught new skills, tested on these new skills and then assessed again to see what gains had been made. The results show that all three participants were able to master the trained and tested relations in all their programs. The assessment that was administered before and after treatment showed results of gains in skills. Two of the participants results were not only limited to gains in the skills taught in treatment, but displayed other skills as well.

An Application of the PEAK-T Curriculum to Assess Derived Relations Between Tactile Stimuli in Children with Autism

Author : Jordan A. Creed
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 90 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (19 download)

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Book Synopsis An Application of the PEAK-T Curriculum to Assess Derived Relations Between Tactile Stimuli in Children with Autism by : Jordan A. Creed

Download or read book An Application of the PEAK-T Curriculum to Assess Derived Relations Between Tactile Stimuli in Children with Autism written by Jordan A. Creed and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 90 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The current study utilized a program from the Promoting the Emergence of Advanced Knowledge Relational Training System Transformation Module (PEAK-T) to test derived auditory-tactile cross-sensory relations. Current published research involving cross-sensory relations has mainly focused on audio-visual, this study sought to explore the under-researched audio-tactile cross-sensory relation. A multiple baseline design across two participants was used. Participants were two boys diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder aged 6 and 16 years old. Baseline probes showed that neither participant reliably demonstrated proficiency with the skill prior to instruction. Based off of the procedures outlined in the PEAK-T: Opposing Tactile Qualities, each participant was taught tactile opposites of three stimulus classes: hard-squishy, rough-smooth, and big-small. Test probes were conducted using novel stimuli that fit the same previously taught stimulus classes to evaluate if derived relations had formed. Following instruction, each of the participants reached mastery criteria for directly trained opposite relations among all three stimulus classes as well as the derived relations present in test probes. These results show that the PEAK-T: Opposing Tactile Qualities curriculum was able to help both participants derive new cross-sensory relations within a previously trained stimulus class.

Enhancing the Well-Being of Students on the Autism Spectrum

Author : Joanne Danker
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1000761541
Total Pages : 212 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (7 download)

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Book Synopsis Enhancing the Well-Being of Students on the Autism Spectrum by : Joanne Danker

Download or read book Enhancing the Well-Being of Students on the Autism Spectrum written by Joanne Danker and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2019-11-28 with total page 212 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The importance of enhancing students’ well-being is recognised around the world, yet the well-being of autistic students remains largely unexplored. With the increasing enrolment of autistic students in mainstream schools, it is imperative to develop a comprehensive understanding of the well-being of autistic students to facilitate their sense of well-being in school. Enhancing the Well-Being of Students on the Autism Spectrum offers an in-depth understanding of the well-being of students on the autism spectrum using the innovative research methodology, Photovoice. Throughout the text, the author incorporates photographs taken by students on the autism spectrum, as well as interviews with the students, their teachers, and parents, to bring the authentic experiences of these students to the fore. The book also covers: An overview of the well-being of autistic students; Barriers to the well-being of autistic students and ways to overcome them; Protective factors of the well-being of autistic students and ways to develop these within the school context. This book is a necessary companion for postgraduate students in the field of education and special education, practitioners within the school context, and researchers interested in the area of autism spectrum condition or student well-being.

Derived Relational Responding Applications for Learners with Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities

Author : Ruth Anne Rehfeldt
Publisher : New Harbinger Publications
ISBN 13 : 1608826392
Total Pages : 402 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (88 download)

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Book Synopsis Derived Relational Responding Applications for Learners with Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities by : Ruth Anne Rehfeldt

Download or read book Derived Relational Responding Applications for Learners with Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities written by Ruth Anne Rehfeldt and published by New Harbinger Publications. This book was released on 2009-04-02 with total page 402 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Copublished with Context Press Derived Relational Responding offers a series of revolutionary intervention programs for applied work in human language and cognition targeted at students with autism and other developmental disabilities. It presents a program drawn from derived stimulus relations that you can use to help students of all ages acquire foundational and advanced verbal, social, and cognitive skills. The first part of Derived Relational Responding provides step-by-step instructions for helping students learn relationally, acquire rudimentary verbal operants, and develop other basic language skills. In the second section of this book, you'll find ways to enhance students' receptive and expressive repertoires by developing their ability to read, spell, construct sentences, and use grammar. Finally, you'll find out how to teach students to apply the skills they've learned to higher order cognitive and social functions, including perspective-taking, empathy, mathematical reasoning, intelligence, and creativity. This applied behavior analytic training approach will help students make many substantial and lasting gains in language and cognition not possible with traditional interventions.

An Investigation of the Reliability and Validity of Peak Relational Training System

Author : Autumn Nicole McKeel
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 286 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (88 download)

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Book Synopsis An Investigation of the Reliability and Validity of Peak Relational Training System by : Autumn Nicole McKeel

Download or read book An Investigation of the Reliability and Validity of Peak Relational Training System written by Autumn Nicole McKeel and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 286 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The current set of experiments sought to evaluate and address current, empirically based assessments and treatment protocols for children who have autism and/or other developmental disabilities. The past few decades of research have been successful in developing effective behavioral treatments, however, the dissemination of these strategies has not been maximized in applied settings. Furthermore, many existing treatments are outdated or not widely used in school or social settings. The current experiments evaluate existing effective assessments and treatments and extend them with the implementation of a novel package based off of commonly utilized discrete trial training behavioral techniques in behavior analysis. This treatment protocol was shown to have high inter observer reliability scores throughout the use of this assessment, as well as a high correlation with a commonly used language assessment in Experiment 1. Experiment 2 examined the positive effects of this treatment curriculum guide following skills training. Experiment 3 evaluated the validity of the programs that examined higher order learning from Skinner's (1957) analysis of verbal behavior. The results suggest that this assessment and training protocol has significant potential in efficiently training students with and without disabilities. Implications of these finding are discussed in terms of future progress of translational research in applied settings. Furthermore, the present set of experiments contributes largely to the dissemination of emerging research and practice in behavior analysis.

Olfactory-visual-textual Equivalence Class Formation

Author : Allison M. Ribley
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 8 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (11 download)

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Book Synopsis Olfactory-visual-textual Equivalence Class Formation by : Allison M. Ribley

Download or read book Olfactory-visual-textual Equivalence Class Formation written by Allison M. Ribley and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 8 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The purpose of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of a procedure for promoting stimulus equivalence class formation inclusive of olfactory, visual, and textual stimuli. The procedures used in the study were taken from the Promoting the Emergence of Advanced Knowledge Relational Training System Equivalence Module (PEAK-E). Four participants diagnosed with autism were taught to match written words (A) with pictures (B) (A-B), and to match pictures (B) with olfactory stimuli (C) (B-C). Following direct training of the A-B and B-C relations, the participants demonstrated both the derived transitive A-C relation, as well as the derived equivalence C-A relation. In addition, after demonstrating the formation of the equivalent olfactory-visual-textual classes, the participants also demonstrated untrained speaker (tact) as well as listener (mand) responses. The study was the first to demonstrate the emergence of equivalence classes inclusive of olfactory stimuli.