Evaluating Submarine Groundwater Discharge to the Mediterranean Sea by Using Radium Isotopes

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ISBN 13 : 9788449049255
Total Pages : 209 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (492 download)

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Book Synopsis Evaluating Submarine Groundwater Discharge to the Mediterranean Sea by Using Radium Isotopes by : Valentí Rodellas i Vila

Download or read book Evaluating Submarine Groundwater Discharge to the Mediterranean Sea by Using Radium Isotopes written by Valentí Rodellas i Vila and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 209 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: La descàrrega d'aigua subterrània al mar (SGD, en les seves sigles en anglès) es defineix com a qualsevol flux d'aigua a través del marge continental des del substrat marí cap a la columna d'aigua del mar. La SGD inclou, doncs, aigua dolça d'origen continental i aigua salada que recircula a través de l'aqüífer costaner. A banda de la seva importància en el cicle hidrològic, com a font d'aigua dolça que pot alimentar, per exemple, zones humides, la SGD és considerada una font important de diversos compostos dissolts d'origen terrestre (com ara nutrients, metalls traça o contaminants) cap a l'oceà costaner. Aquests fluxos d'elements dissolts associats a la SGD poden tenir una gran influència en els cicles biogeoquímics dels ambients costaners marins, especialment en zones oligotròfiques i regions semi-àrides, com ara el Mar Mediterrani. Malgrat la importància de la SGD pel desenvolupament dels cicles biogeoquímics marins, els estudis sobre el paper de la SGD com a font de compostos dissolts als ecosistemes costaners del Mar Mediterrani són escassos. A més, a escala de tot el Mar Mediterrani, no existeixen estimacions de la magnitud de la SGD ni dels fluxos de compostos químics associats. L'objectiu principal d'aquesta Tesi Doctoral és avaluar la importància de la descàrrega d'aigua subterrània al Mar Mediterrani, així com el paper que juga com a font de compostos dissolts al mar i la utilitat dels isòtops de radi (Ra) com a traçadors per quantificar la SGD. Amb aquesta finalitat, s'han estudiat tres ambients Mediterranis costaners amb característiques hidrogeològiques diverses: i) una zona humida litoral alimentada per aigua subterrània provinent de diversos aqüífers (Marjal de Peníscola, Castelló); ii) un port natural semi-tancat, amb descàrregues d'aigua subterrània provinents d'un sistema calcari carstificat, i influenciat per la resuspensió freqüent de sediments (Port de Maó, Illes Balears); i iii) una badia oberta al mar amb descàrrega difusa d'aigua subterrània a través d'un aqüífer detrític superficial (Badia de Palma, Illes Balears). A banda d'aquestes tres zones d'estudi, també s'ha dut a terme un estudi general a tota la conca amb la finalitat d'obtenir una primera estimació de la SGD a tot el Mar Mediterrani, així com dels fluxos de nutrients associats a aquesta descàrrega. Els resultats derivats d'aquests estudis aporten nous coneixements en l'aplicació dels isòtops de Ra com a traçadors de SGD i realcen la seva idoneïtat en un ampli ventall de sistemes amb característiques hidrogeològiques diverses. Els isòtops de Ra han estat utilitzats amb èxit per a quantificar fluxos de nutrients cap al mar i, per primera vegada al Mar Mediterrani, s'ha quantificat els fluxos de metalls traça associats a la SGD, evidenciant la rellevància de la SGD com a font d'aquests compostos en ambients marins. L'avaluació de la SGD a tota la conca ha permès estimar la descàrrega d'aigua subterrània a tot el Mar Mediterrani ((0.2 – 4.3)·1012 m3·yr-1), demostrant que la SGD és un procés rellevant a llarga escala i d'una magnitud, per exemple, superior a les entrades d'aigua fluvial. A més, s'ha estimat que la SGD representa una font important de nutrients dissolts a tot al Mar Mediterrani, d'una magnitud comparable a les fonts externes considerades tradicionalment (i.e. aportacions atmosfèriques i del rius). Aquesta nova concepció de la magnitud de la SGD i dels seus fluxos associats demostra la rellevància de la SGD en els cicles biogeoquímics del Mar Mediterrani, accentuant la necessitat d'incloure aquests procés en futurs estudis marins, tan costaners com globals.

Submarine Groundwater Discharge in Coastal Mediterranean Areas by Using Radium Isotopes

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 242 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (84 download)

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Book Synopsis Submarine Groundwater Discharge in Coastal Mediterranean Areas by Using Radium Isotopes by : Ester Garcia Solsona

Download or read book Submarine Groundwater Discharge in Coastal Mediterranean Areas by Using Radium Isotopes written by Ester Garcia Solsona and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 242 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

An Evaluation of the Efficacy of Radium Isotopes as Tracers of Coastal Mixing and Submarine Groundwater Discharge

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 368 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (758 download)

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Book Synopsis An Evaluation of the Efficacy of Radium Isotopes as Tracers of Coastal Mixing and Submarine Groundwater Discharge by : Scott L. Stachelhaus

Download or read book An Evaluation of the Efficacy of Radium Isotopes as Tracers of Coastal Mixing and Submarine Groundwater Discharge written by Scott L. Stachelhaus and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Submarine Groundwater Discharge: Impacts on Coastal Ecosystem by Hidden Water and Dissolved Materials

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Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
ISBN 13 : 2889665356
Total Pages : 158 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (896 download)

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Book Synopsis Submarine Groundwater Discharge: Impacts on Coastal Ecosystem by Hidden Water and Dissolved Materials by : Makoto Taniguchi

Download or read book Submarine Groundwater Discharge: Impacts on Coastal Ecosystem by Hidden Water and Dissolved Materials written by Makoto Taniguchi and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2021-03-03 with total page 158 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Environmental Isotopes in Hydrogeology

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Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1482242915
Total Pages : 343 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (822 download)

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Book Synopsis Environmental Isotopes in Hydrogeology by : Ian D. Clark

Download or read book Environmental Isotopes in Hydrogeology written by Ian D. Clark and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2013-11-20 with total page 343 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Groundwater is an increasingly important resource to human populations around the world, and the study and protection of groundwater is an essential part of hydrogeology - the subset of hydrology that concentrates on the subsurface. Environmental isotopes, naturally occurring nuclides in water and solutes, have become fundamental tools for tracing

International Conference on Isotopes and Environmental Studies

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Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0080458416
Total Pages : 661 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (84 download)

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Book Synopsis International Conference on Isotopes and Environmental Studies by : Pavel P. Povinec

Download or read book International Conference on Isotopes and Environmental Studies written by Pavel P. Povinec and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2006-03-08 with total page 661 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The contents of the book are assembled from selected papers presented during the International Conference on Isotopes in Environmental Studies – AQUATIC FORUM 2004 convened in Monaco from 25 to 29 October 2004, which was the most important gathering of the year of isotope environmental scientists. The book reviews the present state of the art isotopic methods for better understanding of key processes in the aquatic environment, responsible for its future development and its protection. The main highlights include the latest developments in the study of the behaviour, transport and distribution of isotopes in the aquatic environment, recent climate change records using isotopic tracers in the environment, global isotopic oceanic studies, new trends in radioecological investigations and modelling, impact of groundwater-seawater interactions on coastal zones, groundwater dynamics and modelling, important for management of freshwater resources, development of new isotopic techniques, such as AMS, RIMS and ICPMS, and their applications in environmental studies, new trends in radiometrics underground techniques, new in situ radiometrics technologies and many other exciting topics which were presented and discussed during the Conference. The proceedings constitute an important contribution to the environmental isotopic research. In publishing this book the aim is to make the use of isotopes more widespread in the environmental disciplines and to further stimulate work in this exciting field. Presents selected papers from the International Conference on Isotopes in Environmental Studies - AQUATIC FORUM 2004 Addresses state-of-the-art isotopic methods for better understanding of key processes in the aquatic environment Aims to make the use of isotopes more widespread in the environmental disciplines and to further stimulate work in this exciting field

Estimation of Submarine Groundwater Discharge Into Tolo Harbour

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Publisher : Open Dissertation Press
ISBN 13 : 9781361438794
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (387 download)

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Book Synopsis Estimation of Submarine Groundwater Discharge Into Tolo Harbour by : Kiu-Chung Tse

Download or read book Estimation of Submarine Groundwater Discharge Into Tolo Harbour written by Kiu-Chung Tse and published by Open Dissertation Press. This book was released on 2017-01-27 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation, "Estimation of Submarine Groundwater Discharge Into Tolo Harbour" by Kiu-chung, Tse, 謝喬中, was obtained from The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong) and is being sold pursuant to Creative Commons: Attribution 3.0 Hong Kong License. The content of this dissertation has not been altered in any way. We have altered the formatting in order to facilitate the ease of printing and reading of the dissertation. All rights not granted by the above license are retained by the author. Abstract: Abstract of thesis entitled ESTIMATION OF SUBMARINE GROUNDWATER DISCHARGE INTO TOLO HARBOUR Submitted by KIU CHUNG TSE for the degree of Master of Philosophy at The University of Hong Kong in August 2006 The ecological impact of algal blooms in Tolo Harbour has received much attention. Nutrients such as N, P and Si are consented to be the limiting factors for algal blooms. This study aims to quantify the submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) flux discharging to Tolo Harbour and ultimately, to assess the ecological consequence of nutrient input through this underground route. SGD is assessed by radium isotopes and radon in this study. In 2005, seawater samples were collected for radium isotopic analysis in March and October, while a site in Plover Cove was selected for radon analysis in July 222 during the neap tide and spring tide periods. Temporal distributions of Rn 224 and Ra show an inverse relationship with the tidal height, which are 224 believed to reflect the tidal effects on SGD. Spatial distribution of Ra shows a prominent decreasing trend with distance offshore except for a site in Sha Tin Hoi, where SGD as the form of submarine groundwater spring is 224 suspected to exist at the bifurcation of two faults. Enrichment of Ra nearshore was speculated to be attributed to rivers and SGD. Based on the 224 Ra data, the residence time of radium in Tolo Harbour was estimated to be 46 days. Direct measurement by seepage meter in Plover Cove gives an average value of 0.08 m/day, which is very consistent with the SGD flux estimated by 222 Rn with SGD fluid represented by groundwater sample from Chim Uk private well (0.06 m/day). For a seepage area of 200 m x 3000 m in Plover 4 3 Cove, the volumetric SGD would be 3.6-4.8 x 10 m /day. In the Ra isotopes 4 3 approach, the volumetric SGD were estimated to be 6.87 x 10 m /day for 5 3 March and 1.53 x 10 m /day for October. Approximate estimate from water balance calculation places the value of terrestrial groundwater discharge to be 4 3 3.56 x 10 m /day. Nutrients in groundwater around Tolo Harbour were measured. Estimates of nutrient loading through the pathway of SGD ranged from 0 to 29.1 kg/day for nitrite, 32 to 2326 kg/day for nitrate and 0 to 71.9 kg/day for phosphate. 226 228 Limitations of this study mainly come from Ra and Ra data in which standards were not available for calibration. In radon analysis, there are two 222 abnormal Rn values which remain unexplainable. Also, the technique to install the seepage meter is still subject to improve. On the other hand, groundwater data are too sparse to represent the SGD fluid reasonably. Despite of the limitations, nutrient loading on Tolo Harbour through the pathway of SGD is doubtless significant. Unfortunately groundwater quality has been overlooked by the government in the management of red tides in Hong Kong. Based on the result from this study, the current practice for the management of red tides in Hong Kong has to be reviewed and the control measures of groundwater contamination are obviously required. DOI: 10.5353/th_b3823092 Subjects: Groundwater disposal in rivers, lakes, etc - China - Hong Kong Groundwater ecology - China - Hong Kong Groundwater disposal in rivers, lakes, etc - Tolo Harbour Groundwater ecology - Tolo Harbour

Coastal aquifers intrusion technology : mediterranean countries

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Publisher : IGME
ISBN 13 : 9788478404711
Total Pages : 356 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (47 download)

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Book Synopsis Coastal aquifers intrusion technology : mediterranean countries by : Juan Antonio López Geta

Download or read book Coastal aquifers intrusion technology : mediterranean countries written by Juan Antonio López Geta and published by IGME. This book was released on 2003 with total page 356 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Vol. 2: Técnicas de evaluación de la intrusión marina. Estado de la intrusión marina en los países mediterráneos.

Groundwater Contamination in Coastal Aquifers

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Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0323859747
Total Pages : 308 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (238 download)

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Book Synopsis Groundwater Contamination in Coastal Aquifers by : Senapathi Venkatramanan

Download or read book Groundwater Contamination in Coastal Aquifers written by Senapathi Venkatramanan and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2022-06-22 with total page 308 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Groundwater Contamination in Coastal Aquifers: Assessment and Management first describes groundwater contamination in coastal aquifers and then delves into specific topics surrounding various hydrogeochemical processes. Next, the book covers case studies of groundwater quality assessment using recent techniques, explains the various pollutants and contaminants in coastal aquifers, and covers management and remediation methods to control contamination in coastal aquifers. This key reference encompasses various topics in broader perspectives on groundwater contamination in coastal aquifers, providing a significant contribution to the field of hydrogeology. Presents global case studies that show the reader how this issue is affecting sites around the world Includes a remediation plan that solves problems surrounding the management of groundwater, water treatment techniques, and the management of available groundwater resources Provides advanced techniques that can be applied and used as methodologies for solving groundwater issues

Radium isotopes as tracers of submarine groundwater discharge in the northern part of the Venice Lagoon

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 89 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (82 download)

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Book Synopsis Radium isotopes as tracers of submarine groundwater discharge in the northern part of the Venice Lagoon by : Ester Garcia Solsona

Download or read book Radium isotopes as tracers of submarine groundwater discharge in the northern part of the Venice Lagoon written by Ester Garcia Solsona and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 89 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Environmental Tracers in Subsurface Hydrology

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Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1461545579
Total Pages : 545 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (615 download)

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Book Synopsis Environmental Tracers in Subsurface Hydrology by : Peter G. Cook

Download or read book Environmental Tracers in Subsurface Hydrology written by Peter G. Cook and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 545 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Environmental Tracers in Subsurface Hydrology synthesizes the research of specialists into a comprehensive review of the application of environmental tracers to the study of soil water and groundwater flow. The book includes chapters which cover ionic tracers, noble gases, chlorofluorocarbons, tritium, chlorine-36, oxygen-18, deuterium, and isotopes of carbon, strontium, sulphur and nitrogen. Applications of the tracers include the estimation of vertical and horizontal groundwater velocities, groundwater recharge rates, inter-aquifer leakage and mixing processes, chemical processes and palaeohydrology. Practicing hydrologists, soil physicists and hydrology professors and students will find the book to be a valuable support in their work.

Inputs of Nutrients and Pollutants to Hawaiian Coastal Waters from Submarine Groundwater Discharge

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Publisher : Stanford University
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 236 pages
Book Rating : 4.F/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Inputs of Nutrients and Pollutants to Hawaiian Coastal Waters from Submarine Groundwater Discharge by : Karen Lisa Knee

Download or read book Inputs of Nutrients and Pollutants to Hawaiian Coastal Waters from Submarine Groundwater Discharge written by Karen Lisa Knee and published by Stanford University. This book was released on 2010 with total page 236 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) is a spatially pervasive phenomenon that adds freshwater, nutrients, dissolved metals, bacteria, and other constituents to the coastal ocean. This dissertation investigated SGD-related inputs of nutrients and fecal indicator bacteria (Escherichia coli and Enterococcus sp.) to coastal waters in two Hawaiian locations, the north shore of Kaua'i and the Kona coast of Hawai'i. Concentrations of caffeine, which has been used previously as a wastewater tracer, were measured in groundwater and surface water on the north shore of Kaua'i. Both study areas have relatively light levels of urban and agricultural development, and maintaining good water quality is essential for their tourism-based economies, coral reefs, fisheries, and traditional way of life. Radium (Ra), an element with naturally elevated concentrations in coastal groundwater, was used as an SGD tracer and a mass-balance approach was used to quantify SGD. On the north shore of Kaua'i, agriculture was associated with higher nitrate + nitrite concentrations in the fresh SGD component, while phosphate and silica appeared to be controlled by geological differences in aquifer substrate. High ammonium concentrations in the fresh SGD component at one site may have been caused by a leaky cesspool. In Kona, no relation between urban development or agriculture and groundwater nutrient concentrations was observed, but bare lava rock was associated with higher nitrate + nitrite and silica concentrations in fresh SGD. Sites closer to golf courses also had higher nitrate + nitrite concentrations. Conservative estimates of total SGD on the north shore of Kaua'i ranged from 1.3 to 7.8 L per meter per minute, or up to 10% of Hanalei River discharge, and SGD contributed significant nitrate + nitrite inputs to Hanalei Bay. Estimates of SGD in Kona ranged from 5 to 1200 L per meter per minute, with between 10 and 100% of the brackish SGD comprised by the fresh SGD component. SGD-related water and nutrient fluxes on the Kona Coast -- where no rivers and streams are present -- were large compared to those reported for other sites worldwide. Caffeine concentrations in environmental waters on the north shore of Kaua'i ranged from 0-88 ng/L, on the low end of what has been reported for other locations. Metribuzin, an herbicide, was also detected at concentrations from 4-11 ng/L in five groundwater and surface water samples. A sensitivity analysis of Ra-based methods of estimating water ages and coastal mixing rates revealed that water ages shorter than 3 d cannot be estimated with confidence using Ra-based methods, even if the only uncertainty considered is analytical error. In conclusion, this dissertation provides new data about SGD and related inputs of nutrients and bacteria to Hawaiian coastal waters, suggests that even low levels of development may influence nutrient concentrations in coastal groundwater, presents the first caffeine concentrations measured in environmental water samples collected in a tropical setting, and explores the limits of applicability of Ra-based methods of estimating water ages and coastal mixing rates, providing guidance for researchers conducting Ra-based SGD studies in the future.

The Role of Submarine Groundwater Discharge as Material Source to the Baltic Sea

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Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319259601
Total Pages : 158 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (192 download)

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Book Synopsis The Role of Submarine Groundwater Discharge as Material Source to the Baltic Sea by : Beata Szymczycha

Download or read book The Role of Submarine Groundwater Discharge as Material Source to the Baltic Sea written by Beata Szymczycha and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-11-27 with total page 158 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book provides a review of experimental methods and presents the worldwide newest literature regarding chemical substances fluxes via submarine groundwater discharge (SGD). Thus, the book characterizes both the distribution of chemicals in groundwater impacted areas in the Baltic Sea and their fluxes via SGD to the Baltic Sea. This book presents the state of art regarding the SGD and detailed studies on SGD characterization in the Baltic Sea. The Baltic Sea is an example of a region highly influenced by a variety of human activities that affect the ecosystem. It is shown that SGD has been proven to be one of the important sources introducing dissolved substances into the Baltic Sea. The loads of chemical substances delivered to the Baltic sea with SGD have not been quantified so far.

Nuclear and Isotopic Techniques for the Characterization of Submarine Groundwater Discharge in Coastal Zones

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 199 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (12 download)

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Book Synopsis Nuclear and Isotopic Techniques for the Characterization of Submarine Groundwater Discharge in Coastal Zones by : IAEA (Corporate Author)

Download or read book Nuclear and Isotopic Techniques for the Characterization of Submarine Groundwater Discharge in Coastal Zones written by IAEA (Corporate Author) and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 199 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 2000, the IAEA and UNESCO jointly developed an initiative to assess methodologies and the environmental importance of submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) for costal zone management. Under that mandate, a coordinated research project was commissioned to test the application of recently developed nuclear and isotopic techniques suitable for quantitative estimation of various components of SGD. This publication highlights several methods of SGD assessment, carried out during a series of five intercomparison experiments in different hydrogeologic environments. It reviews the scientific and ma.

U-Th Series Nuclides in Aquatic Systems

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Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0080564887
Total Pages : 471 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (85 download)

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Book Synopsis U-Th Series Nuclides in Aquatic Systems by :

Download or read book U-Th Series Nuclides in Aquatic Systems written by and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2011-07-29 with total page 471 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Major advancement in the U-Th measurement techniques since the 1990's have resulted in new opportunities for the use of these nuclides to probe into aquatic processes in greater detail. U-Th Series Nuclides in Aquatic Systems provides state-of-the-art reviews on the applications of U-Th series nuclides to "time" and "tag" in a variety of processes occurring in aquatic systems. State of art reviews on the applications of U-Th Series nuclides to 'time'and 'tag' key processes occurring in aquatic systems. Self-contained, each chapter presents nuclide source functions, processes regulating their distributions and models used to describe them Emphasizes current thinking in the field and future directions

Nuclear and Isotopic Techniques for the Characterization of Submarine Groundwater Discharge in Coastal Zones

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9789201064080
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (64 download)

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Book Synopsis Nuclear and Isotopic Techniques for the Characterization of Submarine Groundwater Discharge in Coastal Zones by : International Atomic Energy Agency

Download or read book Nuclear and Isotopic Techniques for the Characterization of Submarine Groundwater Discharge in Coastal Zones written by International Atomic Energy Agency and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 2000, the IAEA and UNESCO jointly developed an initiative to assess methodologies and the environmental importance of submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) for coastal zone management. Under that mandate, a Coordinated Research Project was commissioned to test the application of recently developed nuclear and isotopic techniques suitable for quantitative estimation of various components of SGD. This publication highlights several methods of SGD assessment, carried out during a series of five intercomparison experiments in different hydrogeologic environments. It reviews the scientific and management significance of SGD as well as measurement approaches, and presents the results of the intercomparison experiments.

Using Excess Radon-222 to Assess Submarine Groundwater Discharge in the Delaware River and Bay Estuary

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 338 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (499 download)

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Book Synopsis Using Excess Radon-222 to Assess Submarine Groundwater Discharge in the Delaware River and Bay Estuary by : Matthew Charles Schwartz

Download or read book Using Excess Radon-222 to Assess Submarine Groundwater Discharge in the Delaware River and Bay Estuary written by Matthew Charles Schwartz and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 338 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: