Étude des liens entre les difficultés d'attention et le stress chez les jeunes, de la maternelle à l'université

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (11 download)

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Book Synopsis Étude des liens entre les difficultés d'attention et le stress chez les jeunes, de la maternelle à l'université by : Eric Meyer

Download or read book Étude des liens entre les difficultés d'attention et le stress chez les jeunes, de la maternelle à l'université written by Eric Meyer and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ces dernières années, la santé des jeunes générations est devenue une priorité et il est important de pouvoir mieux identifier les signes de mal-être et/ou de souffrance des jeunes. L'étude de ces problématiques de souffrance est d'autant plus importante que la réussite des jeunes passe par le fait d'être en bonne santé. Nous avons choisi de nous centrer sur deux dimensions de ces problématiques qui impactent la scolarité et l'efficacité des jeunes de la maternelle à l'université : le stress et les difficultés d'attention. Bien que la littérature aborde majoritairement la problématique des difficultés d'attention sous l'angle du Trouble de l'Attention avec ou sans Hyperactivité (TDAH), elles regroupent également les difficultés pouvant être présentes dans l'ensemble des dimensions cognitives propre à l'attention, et, peuvent être inhérentes à d'autres souffrances psychiques comme la dépression, l'anxiété, les troubles psychotiques. En considération avec la littérature récente, pour nous, les difficultés d'attention correspondent à un continuum dont une extrémité serait le TDAH, pouvant ainsi être défini selon le niveau de symptomatologie du TDAH. Le stress est défini et évalué de manière multiple, selon des marqueurs physiologiques, ou encore par des inventaires d'événement de vie. Pour des raisons théoriques, nous le définissons par le concept de stress perçu et ressenti. Il ressort que les liens entre le stress et les difficultés d'attention ne sont pas clairs. Certaines études mettent en avant un impact du stress sur les difficultés d'attention, d'autres des difficultés d'attention sur le stress. Afin d'approfondir ces liens, nous avons isolé deux prédicteurs de la symptomatologie du TDAH en lien avec le stress : les comportements parentaux et les problèmes de sommeil. Toutefois, il n'existe à notre connaissance aucune étude ayant travaillé les liens entre le stress, la symptomatologie du TDAH et les problèmes de sommeil, et, entre le stress, la symptomatologie du TDAH et les comportements parentaux. Afin d'étudier ces liens et comprendre l'articulation du stress et de la symptomatologie du TDAH (difficultés d'attention et comportements d'hyperactivité), nous avons réalisé trois études: deux en population générale, auprès d'enfants en maternelle (3-6 ans) et auprès d'étudiants à l'université, et, une auprès d'enfant et d'adolescents (6-16 ans) présentant des difficultés scolaires. Nos études montrent que le stress est fortement associé aux difficultés d'attention et moins aux comportements d'hyperactivité chez les 3-6 ans et chez les étudiants. Chez les 6-16 ans, le stress perçu n'est pas associé à la symptomatologie du TDAH au contraire des difficultés émotionnelles mesurées par les parents qui sont associées aux difficultés d'attention et aux comportements d'hyperactivité. Les problèmes de sommeil sont associés aux difficultés d'attention et aux comportements d'hyperactivité chez les étudiants, ils ne sont associés qu'aux comportements d'hyperactivité chez les 3-6 ans et qu'aux difficultés d'attention chez les 6-16 ans. Nos résultats montrent la présence d'une médiation partielle chez les étudiants que nous ne retrouvons pas chez les enfants et adolescents. Les comportements parentaux, principalement coercitifs, sont associés avec les comportements d'hyperactivité et d'inattention. Et il semble que le stress soit un médiateur partiel entre les comportements parentaux et la symptomatologie du TDAH. Ainsi l'ensemble de nos études montrent l'importance de considérer les difficultés d'attention selon un continuum et de tenir compte du stress et des difficultés de sommeil lorsque nous évaluons la présence de difficultés d'attention. Ces deux variables peuvent augmenter la sévérité des difficultés d'attention, pouvant peut-être provoquer un TDAH-like. Ce travail de thèse fait également ressortir un champ d'intervention possible par la prise en compte simultanée des difficultés d'attention, du stress et des problèmes de sommeil.

Liens entre les stratégies d'ajustement, le niveau de stress et la santé mentale de mères et de pères d'un enfant d'âge scolaire ayant une déficience intellectuelle

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (131 download)

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Book Synopsis Liens entre les stratégies d'ajustement, le niveau de stress et la santé mentale de mères et de pères d'un enfant d'âge scolaire ayant une déficience intellectuelle by : Vicky Tremblay

Download or read book Liens entre les stratégies d'ajustement, le niveau de stress et la santé mentale de mères et de pères d'un enfant d'âge scolaire ayant une déficience intellectuelle written by Vicky Tremblay and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Les parents d'un enfant ayant une déficience intellectuelle (DI) sont susceptibles de vivre un haut niveau de stress, lequel peut avoir des effets importants sur leur santé mentale. En plus de répondre aux besoins de l'enfant, ces parents font face à de nombreux stresseurs, tels que des problèmes de santé et de comportement de l'enfant (Lachance, Richer, Côté, & Poulin, 2004). De plus, les différentes transitions scolaires, comme l'entrée à l'école, occasionnent également du stress chez les parents d'un enfant ayant une DI (Rousseau, Dionne, Vézina, & Drouin, 2009). Selon le modèle transactionnel de Lazarus et Folkman (1984), le stress prend sa source dans une interaction entre l'individu et l'environnement dans laquelle les processus cognitifs sont centraux. Ainsi, le stress survient lorsque l'individu considère que la demande excède ses ressources et ses habiletés. Pour certains parents, le stress aurait des conséquences importantes sur la santé mentale. Pour tenter de s'adapter, les parents utilisent des stratégies d'ajustement qui peuvent prendre différentes formes (résolution de problèmes, recadrage et gestion du stress) (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984; Nolan, Grant, & Keady, 1996). À ce jour, les écrits ne permettent pas d'établir clairement les stratégies les plus efficaces pour pallier les conséquences du stress ainsi que la nature des liens entre les stresseurs, les stratégies d'ajustement employées, le niveau de stress et les indicateurs de santé mentale. La présente étude transversale descriptive corrélationnelle vise donc à décrire et à examiner les liens entre les stratégies d'ajustement et le niveau de stress de mères et de pères d'un enfant d'âge scolaire ayant une DI ainsi qu'à vérifier si l'utilisation des diverses formes de stratégies d'ajustement peut médiatiser ou modérer la relation entre le niveau de stress parental et des indicateurs de santé mentale (bien-être et détresse psychologique). L'échantillon comprend 111 mères et 88 pères d'un enfant ayant une DI âgé de 5 à 21 ans. Les parents ont été rencontrés à leur domicile où ils ont rempli individuellement un questionnaire sur le stress parental, les stratégies d'ajustement, la détresse et le bien-être psychologique ainsi qu'une fiche de renseignements sociodémographiques. Les résultats des analyses comparatives montrent que les mères rapportent plus de stress et de détresse psychologique que les pères alors que le niveau de bien-être psychologique ne diffère pas significativement. Les mères privilégient l'utilisation de stratégies de résolution de problèmes alors que les pères utilisent les trois formes de stratégies sans distinction. Les analyses corrélationnelles exposent un lien significatif entre le niveau de stress parental et les deux indicateurs de santé mentale, et ce, indépendamment du sexe du parent. Le niveau de stress parental est lié positivement à l'utilisation de stratégies de gestion du stress seulement chez les mères. Chez ces dernières, une plus grande utilisation des stratégies de gestion du stress est aussi associée à un plus haut niveau de bien-être psychologique. Un effet de médiation est présent chez les mères de sorte qu'il y a processus dans lequel l'utilisation de stratégies de gestion du stress, en réaction au stress, montre un effet positif sur le niveau de bienêtre psychologique. Il n'y a toutefois pas d'effet significatif de modération. Bien que ces résultats rendent compte de différences entre les mères et les pères, il est nécessaire de poursuivre des études afin de préciser les facteurs individuels (évènements de vie stressants, type de personnalité, indicateurs socio-économiques) qui interviennent dans la relation entre le stress et les indicateurs de santé mentale.

Woodcock-Johnson Psycho-educational Battery-revised

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 404 pages
Book Rating : 4.X/5 (2 download)

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Book Synopsis Woodcock-Johnson Psycho-educational Battery-revised by : Nancy Mather

Download or read book Woodcock-Johnson Psycho-educational Battery-revised written by Nancy Mather and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 404 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This bestselling book is the ultimate resource for users of the WJ-R. The first section is comprised of a variety of recommendations for cognitive, academic, behavioral and social interventions. The second section is intended to help translate the identified areas of need into behavioral objectives for planning instruction and developing the individual educational plan. The third section presents case studies that exemplify the use of the WJ-R in educational and clinical settings with clients from preschool to age 86. The fourth section, the appendix, contains short summaries of interventions and remedial techniques that were referred to in the recommendations.

PROMOTION DE LA SANTE ET AUTONOMISATION DANS LE CONTEXTE AFRICAIN

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Publisher : Lulu.com
ISBN 13 : 1291761152
Total Pages : 327 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (917 download)

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Book Synopsis PROMOTION DE LA SANTE ET AUTONOMISATION DANS LE CONTEXTE AFRICAIN by : David HouŽto

Download or read book PROMOTION DE LA SANTE ET AUTONOMISATION DANS LE CONTEXTE AFRICAIN written by David HouŽto and published by Lulu.com. This book was released on 2014-02-26 with total page 327 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Le terme promotion de la santé en Afrique, près de 30 ans après l'adoption de la Charte d'Ottawa, continue d'avoir des connotations complètement hors du sens que lui confère cette charte. Cela n'est pas étonnant quand on sait que la notion de santé dans ce contexte africain équivaut à la lutte contre la maladie à travers les soins de santé dispensés par des professionnels de la santé dans des formations sanitaires et les hôpitaux. L'évolution que connait le continent depuis quelques décennies est de donner un peu plus de place à la communauté à travers les relais communautaires dans une participation communautaire vidée de son contenu, car le pouvoir n'est jamais passé entre les mains des communautés.C'est au vu de tout ceci que le présent ouvrage à sa raison d'être pour expliquer les fondements de l'autonomisation communautaire et de la promotion de la santé avec leur importance pour la région africaine en proie aux mauvais indicateurs de santé comparativement aux autres régions du monde.

Your Mindful Compass

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ISBN 13 : 9780615928791
Total Pages : 318 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (287 download)

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Book Synopsis Your Mindful Compass by : Andrea Maloney Schara

Download or read book Your Mindful Compass written by Andrea Maloney Schara and published by . This book was released on 2013-12-01 with total page 318 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Your Mindful Compass" takes us behind the emotional curtain to see the mechanisms regulating individuals in social systems. There is great comfort and wisdom in knowing we can increase our awareness to manage the swift and ancient mechanisms of social control. We can gain greater flexibility by seeing how social controls work in systems from ants to humans. To be less controlled by others, we learn how emotional systems influence our relationship-oriented brain. People want to know what goes on in families that give rise to amazing leaders and/or terrorists. For the first time in history we can understand the systems in which we live. The social sciences have been accumulating knowledge since the early fifties as to how we are regulated by others. S. Milgram, S. Ashe, P. Zimbardo and J. Calhoun, detail the vulnerability to being duped and deceived and the difficulty of cooperating when values differ. Murray Bowen, M.D., the first researcher to observe several live-in families, for up to three years, at the National Institute of Mental Health. Describing how family members overly influence one another and distribute stress unevenly, Bowen described both how symptoms and family leaders emerge in highly stressed families. Our brain is not organized to automatically perceive that each family has an emotional system, fine-tuned by evolution and "valuing" its survival as a whole, as much as the survival of any individual. It is easier to see this emotional system function in ants or mice but not in humans. The emotional system is organized to snooker us humans: encouraging us to take sides, run away from others, to pressure others, to get sick, to blame others, and to have great difficulty in seeing our part in problems. It is hard to see that we become anxious, stressed out and even that we are difficult to deal with. But "thinking systems" can open the doors of perception, allowing us to experience the world in a different way. This book offers both coaching ideas and stories from leaders as to strategies to break out from social control by de-triangling, using paradoxes, reversals and other types of interruptions of highly linked emotional processes. Time is needed to think clearly about the automatic nature of the two against one triangle. Time and experience is required as we learn strategies to put two people together and get self outside the control of the system. In addition, it takes time to clarify and define one's principles, to know what "I" will or will not do and to be able to take a stand with others with whom we are very involved. The good news is that systems' thinking is possible for anyone. It is always possible for an individual to understand feelings and to integrate them with their more rational brains. In so doing, an individual increases his or her ability to communicate despite misunderstandings or even rejection from important others. The effort involved in creating your Mindful Compass enables us to perceive the relationship system without experiencing it's threats. The four points on the Mindful Compass are: 1) Action for Self, 2) Resistance to Forward Progress, 3) Knowledge of Social Systems and the 4) The Ability to Stand Alone. Each gives us a view of the process one enters when making an effort to define a self and build an emotional backbone. It is not easy to find our way through the social jungle. The ability to know emotional systems well enough to take a position for self and to become more differentiated is part of the natural way humans cope with pressure. Now people can use available knowledge to build an emotional backbone, by thoughtfully altering their part in the relationship system. No one knows how far one can go by making an effort to be more of a self-defined individual in relationships to others. Through increasing emotional maturity, we can find greater individual freedom at the same time that we increase our ability to cooperate and to be close to others.

Extreme Stress and Communities: Impact and Intervention

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Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9780792334682
Total Pages : 570 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (346 download)

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Book Synopsis Extreme Stress and Communities: Impact and Intervention by : S.E. Hobfoll

Download or read book Extreme Stress and Communities: Impact and Intervention written by S.E. Hobfoll and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 1995-05-31 with total page 570 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on `Stress and Communities', Château de Bonas, France, June 14--18, 1994

Disaster risk reduction in school curricula: case studies from thirty countries

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Publisher : UNESCO
ISBN 13 : 9230010871
Total Pages : 209 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (3 download)

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Book Synopsis Disaster risk reduction in school curricula: case studies from thirty countries by :

Download or read book Disaster risk reduction in school curricula: case studies from thirty countries written by and published by UNESCO. This book was released on 2012 with total page 209 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Child Friendly Schools Manual

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Publisher : UNICEF
ISBN 13 : 9280643762
Total Pages : 244 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (86 download)

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Book Synopsis Child Friendly Schools Manual by :

Download or read book Child Friendly Schools Manual written by and published by UNICEF. This book was released on 2009 with total page 244 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Child-Friendly Schools (CFS) Manual was developed during three-and-a-half years of continuous work, involving the United Nations Children's Fund education staff and specialists from partner agencies working on quality education. It benefits from fieldwork in 155 countries and territories, evaluations carried out by the Regional Offices and desk reviews conducted by headquarters in New York. The manual is a part of a total resource package that includes an e-learning package for capacity-building in the use of CFS models and a collection of field case studies to illustrate the state of the art in child-friendly schools in a variety of settings.

The linguistic integration of adult migrants: from one country to another, from one language to another

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Publisher : Council of Europe
ISBN 13 : 928717962X
Total Pages : 58 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (871 download)

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Book Synopsis The linguistic integration of adult migrants: from one country to another, from one language to another by : Council of Europe

Download or read book The linguistic integration of adult migrants: from one country to another, from one language to another written by Council of Europe and published by Council of Europe. This book was released on 2014-01-01 with total page 58 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The linguistic integration of migrants affects every aspect of settling in a new country (employment, health, etc.). The aim of this collection of texts is to propose a number of specific measures member states can take to help adult migrants become acquainted with the language of the host country. The main focus is on organising language courses that meet migrants’ real communication needs. It is not enough for authorities simply to consider the technical aspects of such courses, they should also design and conduct them in accordance with the fundamental values of the Council of Europe. A number of issues concerning the linguistic integration of adult migrants are presented here, beginning with the notion of linguistic integration itself. Family reunion, the nature of citizenship and the function of language tests, among others, are dealt with from the point of view of language and language use. Readers are invited to reflect on the type of language competences that need to be acquired as well as an appropriate use of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages. The collection also sets out approaches and instruments designed to assist in implementing effective policies.

Classroom Assessment Scoring System (CLASS) Manual, Toddler

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Publisher : Brookes Publishing Company
ISBN 13 : 9781598572599
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (725 download)

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Book Synopsis Classroom Assessment Scoring System (CLASS) Manual, Toddler by : Karen M. La Paro

Download or read book Classroom Assessment Scoring System (CLASS) Manual, Toddler written by Karen M. La Paro and published by Brookes Publishing Company. This book was released on 2012 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This manual includes detailed descriptions of the 8 CLASS Toddler dimensions, administration procedures, and information about the tool's development.

The Online Informal Learning of English

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Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 113741488X
Total Pages : 241 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (374 download)

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Book Synopsis The Online Informal Learning of English by : G. Sockett

Download or read book The Online Informal Learning of English written by G. Sockett and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-09-26 with total page 241 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Young people around the world are increasingly able to access English language media online for leisure purposes and interact with other users of English. This book examines the extent of these phenomena, their effect on language acquisition and their implications for the teaching of English in the 21st century.

French Grammar in Context

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Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 9780071440509
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (45 download)

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Book Synopsis French Grammar in Context by : Margaret Jubb

Download or read book French Grammar in Context written by Margaret Jubb and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2004 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Taking authentic texts from a variety of sources - the human body on CD-ROM, a fish recipe, 'L'Etranger' and many others - this book uses them as a starting point for the illustration and explanation of key areas of French grammar. It includes a range of exercises, many of them text-based.

Handbook of Father Involvement

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Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1135654239
Total Pages : 689 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (356 download)

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Book Synopsis Handbook of Father Involvement by : Natasha J. Cabrera

Download or read book Handbook of Father Involvement written by Natasha J. Cabrera and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 689 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book brings together experts from diverse scientific disciplines who share an interest in the topic of father involvement. Unlike most books in the field, which tend to solely draw from a psychological perspective, this Handbook merges theories and research from the unique fields of psychology, economics, demography sociology, anthropology, and social policy. For the most part, research on fathering is motivated by concern for children's well-being. Social scientists share a core set of questions, including: *"Who are fathers?" *"What is father involvement and how does it affect children and families?" *"What are the determinants of father involvement?" *"How do cultural contexts shape fathers' roles in families?" This Handbook sheds light on how a cross-disciplinary approach to the study of fathering can advance knowledge about these fundamental questions. This integrative approach is fundamental to a comprehensive understanding of human development generally, and to fathering more specifically. At the core of this book are the goals of describing and understanding the nature, antecedents, and consequences of father involvement across biological status, family structure, culture, and stages in children's development--both within and across scientific boundaries. Each of the scientific disciplines represented offers unique methodological and theoretical approaches to the study of fathering and to the interpretation of behavioral patterns that characterize ecological systems that include--as well as extend beyond--family units. Together, the chapters offer provocative and challenging insight into the nature and meaning of fatherhood and father involvement by questioning longstanding assumptions about fathers' roles in the lives of families and children in current history.

For Better Or for Worse

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Publisher : W. W. Norton & Company
ISBN 13 : 9780393324136
Total Pages : 326 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (241 download)

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Book Synopsis For Better Or for Worse by : Mavis E Hetherington

Download or read book For Better Or for Worse written by Mavis E Hetherington and published by W. W. Norton & Company. This book was released on 2003-02-25 with total page 326 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Debunking popular wisdom on the devastating psychological and social effects of divorce, eminent psychologist Mavis Hetherington presents a more nuanced picture. This unprecedented look at our divorce-prone society concludes that the aftermath of divorce need not be a prescribed pathway of dissolution but can be one of healing and ultimate fulfillment. Copyright © Libri GmbH. All rights reserved.

Deadbeat Dads

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Publisher : University of Toronto Press
ISBN 13 : 9780802083180
Total Pages : 298 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (831 download)

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Book Synopsis Deadbeat Dads by : Deena Mandell

Download or read book Deadbeat Dads written by Deena Mandell and published by University of Toronto Press. This book was released on 2002-01-01 with total page 298 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: And all too often, as this study shows, in the struggle between the state's protection of its financial interests and the fathers' focus on their personal rights, the needs of children disappear.".

Lifestyle Migration

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Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 131710515X
Total Pages : 190 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (171 download)

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Book Synopsis Lifestyle Migration by : Michaela Benson

Download or read book Lifestyle Migration written by Michaela Benson and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2016-05-06 with total page 190 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Relatively affluent individuals from various corners of the globe are increasingly choosing to migrate, spurred on by the promise of a better and more fulfilling way of life within their destination. Despite its increasing scale, migration academics have yet to consolidate and establish lifestyle migration as a subfield of theoretical enquiry, until now. This volume offers a dynamic and holistic analysis of contemporary lifestyle migrations, exploring the expectations and aspirations which inform and drive migration alongside the realities of life within the destination. It also recognizes the structural conditions (and constraints) which frame lifestyle migration, laying the groundwork for further intellectual enquiry. Through rich empirical case studies this volume addresses this important and increasingly common form of migration in a manner that will interest scholars of mobility, migration, lifestyle and culture across the social sciences.

Oral Speech Mechanism Screening Examination (OSMSE)

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 56 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Oral Speech Mechanism Screening Examination (OSMSE) by : Kenneth O. St. Louis

Download or read book Oral Speech Mechanism Screening Examination (OSMSE) written by Kenneth O. St. Louis and published by . This book was released on 1981 with total page 56 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Although speech-language pathologists are expected to be able to administer and interpret oral examinations, there are currently no screening tests available that provide careful administration instructions and data for intra-examiner and inter-examiner reliability. The Oral Speech Mechanism Screening Examination (OSMSE) is designed primarily for use by clinical speech-language pathologists. The examination could also serve, however, as a useful tool for oral myofunctional therapists, as well as physical therapists, dentists, and orthodontists interested specifically in speech. It is reliable, relatively easy and quick to administer, and appropriate for children and adults in either diagnostic or therapy settings. The OSMSE is intended to assess those anatomical structures and physiological functions that are most often considered to be potentially related to speech or language disorders. Structural and/or functional judgments included are organized on the OSMSE test form under categories of: lips, tongue, jaw, teeth, hard palate, soft palate, pharynx, breathing, and diadochokinesis. Results of a preliminary study with normal speaking subjects indicated that the OSMSE had satisfactory intra- and inter-examiner reliability after minimal training. The time required to administer the examination typically ranged from 5 to 10 minutes. (Author/GK)