Ethnic and Cultural Diversity Among Lesbians and Gay Men

Download Ethnic and Cultural Diversity Among Lesbians and Gay Men PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : SAGE Publications, Incorporated
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 358 pages
Book Rating : 4.X/5 (4 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Ethnic and Cultural Diversity Among Lesbians and Gay Men by : Beverly Greene

Download or read book Ethnic and Cultural Diversity Among Lesbians and Gay Men written by Beverly Greene and published by SAGE Publications, Incorporated. This book was released on 1997-04-17 with total page 358 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ethnicity, culture, and sexual orientation are salient aspects of human identity. While diversity adds richness to the threads of our human tapestry, minorities often feel vulnerable with open disclosure and retreat from exposures they fear could leave them in jeopardy. This is especially so with the lesbian and gay community. Under the skilled editorship of Beverly Greene, Ethnic and Cultural Diversity Among Lesbians and Gay Men explores a broad range of culture-related topics specific to the experience of this populationùand is courageously presented by an outstanding, diverse group of contributors. Along with empirical, clinical, and theoretical discussions, the inclusion of personal narrative offers poignant insight into additional complexities, pressures, and losses that lesbians and gay men must cope with in a world that often handles diversity with the closed fist of bigotry. Academics, researchers, students, and the interested lay reader will find Ethnic and Cultural Diversity Among Lesbians and Gay Men both accessible and engaging. The volume is ideal for courses in psychology, social psychology, gender studies, sociology, human services, interpersonal violence, and ethnic studies.

Reader's Guide to Lesbian and Gay Studies

Download Reader's Guide to Lesbian and Gay Studies PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1135942412
Total Pages : 762 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (359 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Reader's Guide to Lesbian and Gay Studies by : Timothy Murphy

Download or read book Reader's Guide to Lesbian and Gay Studies written by Timothy Murphy and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013-10-18 with total page 762 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Reader's Guide to Lesbian and Gay Studies surveys the field in some 470 entries on individuals (Adrienne Rich); arts and cultural studies (Dance); ethics, religion, and philosophical issues (Monastic Traditions); historical figures, periods, and ideas (Germany between the World Wars); language, literature, and communication (British Drama); law and politics (Child Custody); medicine and biological sciences (Health and Illness); and psychology, social sciences, and education (Kinsey Report).

The Therapist's Notebook for Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Clients

Download The Therapist's Notebook for Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Clients PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 131776076X
Total Pages : 340 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (177 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Therapist's Notebook for Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Clients by : Joy S. Whitman

Download or read book The Therapist's Notebook for Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Clients written by Joy S. Whitman and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013-12-19 with total page 340 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Most therapy is set up in a heterosexist context. Explore the issues facing your gay, lesbian, and bisexual clients--and how to deal with them! The Therapist's Notebook for Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Clients offers therapists treating lesbian, gay, and bisexual clients innovative, practical interventions plus homework and hands-on activities tailored to these populations. Use the notebook to explore the issues surrounding coming out, homophobia in the workplace, spirituality, identity formation, and issues that require a non-heterosexist approach, such as domestic violence and relationship concerns. Grounded in current theory, each chapter explains the rationale for the activity it proposes, includes contraindications, and provides a list of helpful resources for therapists and clients. Here are just a few of the issues this extraordinary book explores in its four thoughtfully planned sections: Section I: Homework, Handouts, and Activities for Coming Out and Managing Homophobia and Heterosexism addresses: conflicts in self-perceptions obstacles to the growth of a healthy GLB identity dealing with the trauma and anxiety that result from discrimination using semi-hypnotic visualization to treat internalized homophobia helping bisexuals decide whether to come out or to “pass” coping with internalized homophobic messages dealing with heterosexism in the workplace or at school Section II: Homework, Handouts, and Activities for Relationship Issues will help you and your clients understand and work on issues involving: choosing the right partner intimacy and gender roles financial stability assimilation, queer pride, and everything in between how ethnicity and coupling impact sexual identity negotiating a healthy open relationship sexual concerns, sexual dysfunction, and pleasuring sexual role values for bisexual and lesbian women Section III: Homework, Handouts, and Activities for Gender, Ethnic, and Sexual Identity Issues addresses “who am I” issues: sexual orientation and gender identity the intersection of sexual and ethnic identity oppression on multiple fronts gender exploration for lesbians Section IV: Homework, Handouts, and Activities for Specific Issues tackles concepts including: enhancing resilience through spirituality reconciling with religion spiritual wellness and the spiritual autobiography body image disturbances unwanted sexual behavior creating a safety plan in case of same-sex domestic violence alienation and finding a caring community medication adherence for HIV+ clients the difficulties faced by coupled lesbians with children family care planning addiction and recovery healing from the wounds of homophobia relationships with ex-partners managing workplace stress If you're new to treating lesbian, gay, and bisexual clients you’ll find rich material, based in current literature, to guide your work. If you've already worked extensively with LGBT clients, the activities and fresh, innovative strategies in The Therapist's Notebook for Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Clients will expand and invigorate your skills.

Education, Research, and Practice in Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgendered Psychology

Download Education, Research, and Practice in Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgendered Psychology PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : SAGE
ISBN 13 : 9780803953833
Total Pages : 364 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (538 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Education, Research, and Practice in Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgendered Psychology by : Gladys L. Croom

Download or read book Education, Research, and Practice in Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgendered Psychology written by Gladys L. Croom and published by SAGE. This book was released on 2000 with total page 364 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This comprehensive resource manual provides information and references on important lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgendered issues which are required to make psychology curriculums and clinical competencies more inclusive.

The Fenway Guide to Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Health

Download The Fenway Guide to Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Health PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : ACP Press
ISBN 13 : 9781930513952
Total Pages : 546 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (139 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Fenway Guide to Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Health by : Harvey J. Makadon

Download or read book The Fenway Guide to Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Health written by Harvey J. Makadon and published by ACP Press. This book was released on 2008 with total page 546 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The Fenway Guide to Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Health is the first truly comprehensive clinical reference to enhancing the health care and wellness of LGBT patients. Written by leading experts in the field and created in conjunction with Fenway Community Health of Boston, one of America's most respected community-based research and treatment centers, this one-of-a kind resource examines the unique issues faced by sexual minority patients and provides readers with clear and authoritative guidance." -- Book Jacket.

Handbook of Multicultural Counseling

Download Handbook of Multicultural Counseling PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : SAGE
ISBN 13 : 9780761919841
Total Pages : 948 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (198 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Handbook of Multicultural Counseling by : Joseph G. Ponterotto

Download or read book Handbook of Multicultural Counseling written by Joseph G. Ponterotto and published by SAGE. This book was released on 2001-04-25 with total page 948 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This second edition of the Handbook of Multicultural Counseling marks an important turning point. It brings together the voices of some pioneers who have paved the way, and introduces us to new voices, who, while influenced by the pioneers, have taken different paths. Because the multicultural community is well represented in content and scholarship in this second addition, the reader can be assured that the view points represented in this book speak to the core issues of the field. I am excited about this Handbook because the authors answer the question that is often heard at many a conference: Where is the research to support multicultural counseling? I am equally excited about this Handbook because it breaks new ground by using as its anchor, oral histories, which demonstrates that for many of us multicultural counseling is not simply a research agenda, but a life long journey, that cannot always be measured. The underlying theme of social justice only reinforces our commitment to this journey. Drs. Ponterotto, Casas, Suzuki, and Alexander have once again helped shape the multicultural conversation. To those who have often said, "Where is the research," look not further." --From the forword by Donald B. Pope-Davis, Ph.D., Professor, University of Notre Dame The Second Edition of the Handbook of Multicultural Counseling presents a completely reconceived work building on the strengths of the first, reflecting the developments that continue to expand the profession of multicultural counseling. Eighty-five scholars in the field offer their perspectives, providing breadth and depth, as well as new visions for the discipline. This edition has been expanded to include more coverage of: Historical perspectives on the field Professional and ethical issues Counseling role in fighting oppression Psychological measurement theories Research design Gender issues and higher education issues The Handbook of Multicultural Counseling, Second Edition, is a critical resource for counselors, counseling students, and other mental health professionals who are seeking to improve their competence in treating a culturally diverse clientele.

Psychological Perspectives on Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Experiences

Download Psychological Perspectives on Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Experiences PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Columbia University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780231124133
Total Pages : 836 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (241 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Psychological Perspectives on Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Experiences by : Linda Garnets

Download or read book Psychological Perspectives on Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Experiences written by Linda Garnets and published by Columbia University Press. This book was released on 2003 with total page 836 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides an overview of current thought about the psychological issues affecting lesbians, bisexuals, and gay men.

Reader's Guide to Lesbian and Gay Studies

Download Reader's Guide to Lesbian and Gay Studies PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 9781579581428
Total Pages : 762 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (814 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Reader's Guide to Lesbian and Gay Studies by : Timothy F. Murphy

Download or read book Reader's Guide to Lesbian and Gay Studies written by Timothy F. Murphy and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2000 with total page 762 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A guide to existing academic literature on issues, persons, periods, and topics important in lesbian and gay studies. With a focus on book-length studies in English, entries offer a very brief introduction and a more detailed overview of the secondary literature, including the relative merits of each source under consideration. While the overall arrangement of entries is alphabetical, other means of access include a booklist, general indexes, cross references, and a thematic list (African American culture, AIDS, art and artists, Asian studies, biological sciences, lesbian and gay culture, education, family, gender studies, history, law, literature, media studies, medicine, music, performing arts, politics, psychology, philosophy and ethics, and others). Annotation copyrighted by Book News, Inc., Portland, OR

A Companion to African American History

Download A Companion to African American History PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1405137355
Total Pages : 584 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (51 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis A Companion to African American History by : Alton Hornsby, Jr.

Download or read book A Companion to African American History written by Alton Hornsby, Jr. and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2008-04-15 with total page 584 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A Companion to African American History is a collection oforiginal and authoritative essays arranged thematically andtopically, covering a wide range of subjects from the seventeenthcentury to the present day. Analyzes the major sources and the most influential books andarticles in the field Includes discussions of globalization, region, migration,gender, class and social forces that make up the broad culturalfabric of African American history

The Health of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender People

Download The Health of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender People PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309210658
Total Pages : 293 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (92 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Health of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender People by : Institute of Medicine

Download or read book The Health of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender People written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2011-06-24 with total page 293 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: At a time when lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender individuals-often referred to under the umbrella acronym LGBT-are becoming more visible in society and more socially acknowledged, clinicians and researchers are faced with incomplete information about their health status. While LGBT populations often are combined as a single entity for research and advocacy purposes, each is a distinct population group with its own specific health needs. Furthermore, the experiences of LGBT individuals are not uniform and are shaped by factors of race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, geographical location, and age, any of which can have an effect on health-related concerns and needs. The Health of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender People assesses the state of science on the health status of LGBT populations, identifies research gaps and opportunities, and outlines a research agenda for the National Institute of Health. The report examines the health status of these populations in three life stages: childhood and adolescence, early/middle adulthood, and later adulthood. At each life stage, the committee studied mental health, physical health, risks and protective factors, health services, and contextual influences. To advance understanding of the health needs of all LGBT individuals, the report finds that researchers need more data about the demographics of these populations, improved methods for collecting and analyzing data, and an increased participation of sexual and gender minorities in research. The Health of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender People is a valuable resource for policymakers, federal agencies including the National Institute of Health (NIH), LGBT advocacy groups, clinicians, and service providers.

Encyclopedia of Social Work

Download Encyclopedia of Social Work PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 0195306619
Total Pages : 2244 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (953 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Encyclopedia of Social Work by :

Download or read book Encyclopedia of Social Work written by and published by . This book was released on 1965 with total page 2244 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Clinical Issues with Interracial Couples

Download Clinical Issues with Interracial Couples PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317787374
Total Pages : 206 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (177 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Clinical Issues with Interracial Couples by : Volker Thomas

Download or read book Clinical Issues with Interracial Couples written by Volker Thomas and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2014-02-25 with total page 206 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Go beyond cookie-cutter therapy and interventions to provide culturally relevant therapy that works for your clients in interracial relationships! With this book, you'll explore an array of relational issues faced by various configurations of interracial couples. Then you'll learn specific intervention strategies for treating these couples in therapy. The first section presents research and theoretical chapters on issues faced by interracial couples who are heterosexual; the second focuses on issues facing racially mixed gay and lesbian couples; and the third provides you with specific interventions to use with couples in interracial relationships. Clinical Issues with Interracial Couples: Theories and Research is an important addition to the collection of any therapist who counts an interracial couple among his or her clients. From the editors: “Although interracial couples face challenges related to differences in their racial backgrounds, couple and family theories have had little to say about how to work with these differences. Not all couples are white, married, and heterosexual, and there is a growing understanding that clinical practices based on these assumptions may not be adequate when working with interracial couples. Recognizing the diversity of our clients, the intent of this book is to contribute to more respectful and inclusive clinical practices that can address the treatment issues we face in the first decade of the twenty-first century.” The first section of this book examines challenges faced by heterosexual interracial couples, focusing on: how black/white couples experience and respond to racism and how they negotiate the racial and ethnic differences they face in their relationships the significance of race—or lack of it—in white women's relationships with black men, with suggestions on how to create a therapeutic space for discussing race without over-determining its significance marriages where one partner is of Latino/a descent and the other of non-Latino/a white descent—a pilot study of a rarely investigated population! approaches, interventions, and strategies to use when treating multicultural Muslim couples Hawaii's unusual history of interracial ties and relationships, the common challenges that face interracial couples there, and therapeutic interventions that can benefit them The second section of Clinical Issues with Interracial Couples looks at the issues faced by same-sex interracial couples. Here is a sample of what you'll find: clinical considerations for working with interracial/intercultural lesbian couples pitfalls to avoid in therapy as well as suggestions for a conceptual approach for gay Latino men in cross-cultural relationships The book's final section presents interventions for use with interracial couples. Here you'll find: assessment techniques and interventions geared toward black-white couples information on doing effective therapy with Latino/a-white couples a case study of the therapeutic process as applied to an Asian-American woman married to a white man seven therapists' perspectives on working with interracial couples—focusing on the historical context of intermarriage, specific concerns and issues that interracial couples experience in their relationships, and the experiences of therapists working with this diverse and challenging client population

Psychotherapy with African American Women

Download Psychotherapy with African American Women PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Guilford Press
ISBN 13 : 9781572305854
Total Pages : 330 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (58 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Psychotherapy with African American Women by : Leslie C. Jackson

Download or read book Psychotherapy with African American Women written by Leslie C. Jackson and published by Guilford Press. This book was released on 2000-07-11 with total page 330 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Focusing on the breadth of issues that affect psychotherapy with African American women, this unique volume is designed to help clinicians develop a broader understanding of what is useful and what is problematic when applying psychodynamic concepts to their clients. From an array of seasoned clinicians, chapters present innovative and creative reformulations of theory and technique that build upon and challenge existing models. Issues addressed include the psychological dilemmas confronting diverse African American women as they negotiate a society that is hostile to them on multiple levels; how ethnicity, class, gender, sexual orientation and other differences come into play within the therapeutic dyad; and approaches to unraveling the complex interplay of sociopolitical, intrapsychic, and interpersonal concerns in treatment. Filled with illustrative clinical material and pointers for practice, the volume will enhance the cultural competence of mental heath practitioners and students across a range of disciplines.

Lesbian Family Life, Like the Fingers of a Hand

Download Lesbian Family Life, Like the Fingers of a Hand PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317992199
Total Pages : 202 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (179 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Lesbian Family Life, Like the Fingers of a Hand by : Valory Mitchell

Download or read book Lesbian Family Life, Like the Fingers of a Hand written by Valory Mitchell and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013-09-13 with total page 202 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this book, an array of approaches - first person and theoretical accounts, clinical understandings, qualitative and quantitative research - are brought to bear on controversial or under-discussed topics in lesbian family life. From conception all the way to care for elderly parents, this book takes a fresh look at lesbian family relationships. Topics include: butch/femme couples, infidelity, the psychological meaning of family for lesbians, age-discrepant couples, lesbian nuns as family, Listservs as family, intentional family for aging women, women raising sons, mothers who come out late in life, mothers and children in situations of domestic violence, lack of support for lesbian domestic violence survivors, death of a partner, psychological issues in the use of sperm donors or surrogates, and middle-aged lesbians caring for homophobic elderly parents. Some authors use self psychology and Jungian psychology to describe aspects of family life. The richness and diversity of topics makes it a text on "lesbian lives". Therapists and academics from throughout the U.S. have contributed to this collection. Many lesbian women, as well as teachers (it can be a text) and mental health professionals who work with children, families, couples and elderly will find useful material here. This book was published as a special issue of the Journal of Lesbian Studies.

Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Identities and Youth

Download Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Identities and Youth PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0195353188
Total Pages : 305 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (953 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Identities and Youth by : Anthony R. D'Augelli

Download or read book Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Identities and Youth written by Anthony R. D'Augelli and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2001-05-03 with total page 305 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Changes in biological processes, relationships, and community interactions influence the emergence of sexuality in all young people. The process is more complex and difficult for lesbian, gay and bisexual (LGB) teenagers. Fortunately, the cultural changes that have allowed LGB youths to become more open about themselves at earlier ages have also allowed social and behavioral scientists the opportunity to study them. The essays in this volume explore the psychological dimensions of LGB identities from puberty to adulthood. The essays focus on three general areas: theoretical frameworks that are important in understanding the development of sexual orientation in adolescence, challenges faced by LGB youth, and issues related to interventions and services for LGB youths in community settings. This volume presents authoritative, research-based reviews of this ever-increasing area of study and social concern.

Social Work and Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Trans People

Download Social Work and Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Trans People PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Policy Press
ISBN 13 : 1447308859
Total Pages : 164 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (473 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Social Work and Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Trans People by : Julie Fish

Download or read book Social Work and Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Trans People written by Julie Fish and published by Policy Press. This book was released on 2012-03-14 with total page 164 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This important textbook makes a timely contribution to international agendas in social work with lesbian, gay, bisexual and trans (LGBT) people. It examines how practitioners and student social workers can provide appropriate care across the lifespan (including work with children and families and older people) and considers key challenges in social work practice, for example asylum, mental health, and substance misuse. Drawing on practice scenarios, the book takes an enquiry-based learning approach to facilitate critical reflection. Its distinctive approach includes: • use of the concepts of the Professional Capabilities Framework for social work • key theoretical perspectives including human rights • structuring of the text around the framework of the UK National Occupational Standards for Social Work • student-friendly features including key questions and exercises • a complete glossary of key terms and concepts • examination of the UK policy and legislative context It is informed by international research in social work with LGBT people The book is essential reading for students on qualifying social work programmes and practitioners in statutory, voluntary and independent sectors.

Handbook of Gender Research in Psychology

Download Handbook of Gender Research in Psychology PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 144191465X
Total Pages : 715 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (419 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Handbook of Gender Research in Psychology by : Joan C. Chrisler

Download or read book Handbook of Gender Research in Psychology written by Joan C. Chrisler and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-03-12 with total page 715 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Donald R. McCreary and Joan C. Chrisler The Development of Gender Studies in Psychology Studies of sex differences are as old as the ?eld of psychology, and they have been conducted in every sub?eld of the discipline. There are probably many reasons for the popularity of these studies, but three reasons seem to be most prominent. First, social psychological studies of person perception show that sex is especially salient in social groups. It is the ?rst thing people notice about others, and it is one of the things we remember best (Fiske, Haslam, & Fiske, 1991; Stangor, Lynch, Duan, & Glass, 1992). For example, people may not remember who uttered a witty remark, but they are likely to remember whether the quip came from a woman or a man. Second, many people hold ?rm beliefs that aspects of physiology suit men and women for particular social roles. Men’s greater upper body strength makes them better candidates for manual labor, and their greater height gives the impression that they would make good leaders (i. e. , people we look up to). Women’s reproductive capacity and the caretaking tasks (e. g. , breastfeeding, baby minding) that accompany it make them seem suitable for other roles that require gentleness and nurturance. Third, the logic that underlies hypothesis testing in the sciences is focused on difference. Researchers design their studies with the hope that they can reject the null hypothesis that experimental groups do not differ.