Ethical Issues in Aviation

Download Ethical Issues in Aviation PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317141512
Total Pages : 327 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (171 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Ethical Issues in Aviation by : Elizabeth Hoppe

Download or read book Ethical Issues in Aviation written by Elizabeth Hoppe and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2016-05-13 with total page 327 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Applied ethics has been gaining wide attention in a variety of curriculums, and there is growing awareness of the need for ethical training in general. Well-publicized ethical problems such as the Challenger disaster, the Ford Pinto case and the collapse of corporations such as Enron have highlighted the need to rethink the role of ethics in the workplace. The concept of applied ethics originated in medicine with a groundbreaking book published in 1979. Business ethics books began to appear in the 1980s, with engineering ethics following in the 1990s. This volume now opens up a new area of applied ethics, comprehensively addressing the ethical issues confronting the civil aviation industry. Aviation is unique in two major ways: firstly it has a long history of government regulations, and secondly its primary focus is the safety of its passengers and crew. For decades commercial aviation was viewed in the same manner as public utilities, and thus it was highly regulated by the government. Since the Deregulation Act of 1978, aviation has been viewed as any other business while other experts continue to believe that the sudden switch to deregulation has caused problems, especially since many airlines were unprepared for the change. Ethical Issues in Aviation focuses on current concerns and trends, to reflect the changes that have occurred in this deregulated era. The book provides the reader with an overview of the major themes in civil aviation ethics. It begins with theoretical frameworks, followed by sections on the business side of aviation, employee responsibility, diversity in aviation, ground issues regarding airports, air traffic control and security, as well as health and the environment. The contributors to the volume include both academics doing research in the field as well as professionals who provide accounts of the ethical situations that arise in the workplace.

Safety Ethics

Download Safety Ethics PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1000083004
Total Pages : 347 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 ( download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Safety Ethics by : Manoj S. Patankar

Download or read book Safety Ethics written by Manoj S. Patankar and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2020-04-27 with total page 347 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Much of the previous literature in the field of safety focuses on either the technical equipment issues or the human performance factors that contribute to the active failures in safety-critical systems. However, this book provides guidance in the moral or ethical aspects of decision-making that perpetuate many of the latent failures in safety-critical systems. The book provides a concise introduction to the ethical foundations and follows up with case studies from aviation, healthcare, and environmental and occupational health.

The DC-10 Case

Download The DC-10 Case PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : SUNY Press
ISBN 13 : 9780791410875
Total Pages : 364 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (18 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The DC-10 Case by : John H. Fielder

Download or read book The DC-10 Case written by John H. Fielder and published by SUNY Press. This book was released on 1992-01-01 with total page 364 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Designed as a textbook for courses in ethics, this book provides the material needed to understand the accidents in which more that 700 people were killed -- accidents that many believe were the result of unethical actions and inactions by individuals, organizations, and government agencies. An introduction to ethical analysis and discussions of the ethical responsibilities involved are also provided. The case study offers material for a sustained inquiry into every level of ethical responsibility reflecting the rich ethical complexity of actual events. The DC-10 Case presents these issues through a collection of original and published articles, excerpts from official accident reports, congressional hearings, and other writing on the DC-10. The authors allow the readers to examine the ethical issues of airline safety as they actually occur, taking account of the circumstances in which they arise.

Fiscal Aspects of Aviation Management

Download Fiscal Aspects of Aviation Management PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : SIU Press
ISBN 13 : 9780809322503
Total Pages : 340 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (225 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Fiscal Aspects of Aviation Management by : Robert W. Kaps

Download or read book Fiscal Aspects of Aviation Management written by Robert W. Kaps and published by SIU Press. This book was released on 2000 with total page 340 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Although introductions to courses in finance exist for a variety of fields, Robert W. Kaps provides the first text to address the subject from an aviation viewpoint. Relying on his vast experience--twenty-plus years in the airline industry and more than thirty years in aviation--Kaps seeks not only to prepare students for careers in the aviation field but also to evoke in these students an excitement about the business. Specifically, he shows students how airlines, airports, and aviation are financed. Each chapter contains examples and illustrations and ends with suggested readings and references. Following his discussion of financial management and accounting procedures, Kaps turns to financial management and sources of financial information. Here he discusses types of business organizations, corporate goals, business ethics, maximizing share price, and sources of financial information. Kaps also covers debt markets, financial statements, air transport sector revenue generation, and air transport operating cost management, including cost administration and labor costs, fuel, and landing fees and rentals. He describes in depth air transport yield management systems and airport financing, including revenues, ownership, operations, revenue generation, funding, allocation of Air Improvement Program funds, bonds, and passenger facility charges. Kaps concludes with a discussion of the preparation of a business plan, which includes advice about starting and running a business. He also provides two typical business plan outlines. While the elements of fiscal management in aviation follow generally accepted accounting principles, many nuances are germane only to the airline industry. Kaps provides a basic understanding of the principles that are applicable throughout the airline industry.

Green Aviation

Download Green Aviation PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1136318194
Total Pages : 493 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (363 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Green Aviation by : Emily S. Nelson

Download or read book Green Aviation written by Emily S. Nelson and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2018-06-12 with total page 493 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Aircraft emissions currently account for ~3.5% of all greenhouse gas emissions. The number of passenger miles has increased by 5% annually despite 9/11, two wars and gloomy economic conditions. Since aircraft have no viable alternative to the internal combustion engine, improvements in aircraft efficiency and alternative fuel development become essential. This book comprehensively covers the relevant issues in green aviation. Environmental impacts, technology advances, public policy and economics are intricately linked to the pace of development that will be realized in the coming decades. Experts from NASA, industry and academia review current technology development in green aviation that will carry the industry through 2025 and beyond. This includes increased efficiency through better propulsion systems, reduced drag airframes, advanced materials and operational changes. Clean combustion and emission control of noise, exhaust gases and particulates are also addressed through combustor design and the use of alternative fuels. Economic imperatives from aircraft lifetime and maintenance logistics dictate the drive for "drop-in" fuels, blending jet-grade and biofuel. New certification standards for alternative fuels are outlined. Life Cycle Assessments are used to evaluate worldwide biofuel approaches, highlighting that there is no single rational approach for sustainable buildup. In fact, unless local conditions are considered, the use of biofuels can create a net increase in environmental impact as a result of biofuel manufacturing processes. Governmental experts evaluate current and future regulations and their impact on green aviation. Sustainable approaches to biofuel development are discussed for locations around the globe, including the US, EU, Brazil, China and India.

An Ethical Dilemma

Download An Ethical Dilemma PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781526426345
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (263 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis An Ethical Dilemma by : John R. Ledgerwood

Download or read book An Ethical Dilemma written by John R. Ledgerwood and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This case is based on a real situation and covers aspects of unethical decision-making practices in the airline industry. EastJet, an airline company based in Eastern Europe is a small regional air carrier, struggling to achieve profitability in a limited niche market. EastJet’s executive team is expected to make significant cost cuts and show positive changes in the airline’s financial situation. Newly appointed Onboard Services Manager Emma Banks joins the company and discovers unethical practices related to catering cost calculations and tax evasion. Students are asked to analyze the ethical dilemma Emma faced and to assess possible outcomes based on the information provided in the case and class discussions.

Corporate Sustainability and Responsibility in Tourism

Download Corporate Sustainability and Responsibility in Tourism PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3030156249
Total Pages : 382 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (31 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Corporate Sustainability and Responsibility in Tourism by : Dagmar Lund-Durlacher

Download or read book Corporate Sustainability and Responsibility in Tourism written by Dagmar Lund-Durlacher and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-05-03 with total page 382 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book offers essential insights into how the world's second largest industry, tourism, is responding to challenges involved in expanding the corporate social responsibility (CSR) concept to corporate sustainability and responsibility, referred to as CSR 2.0. It analyzes the typical setup of tourism with various types of commercial agents: corporations, small and medium sized enterprises, public-private partnerships, social enterprises and local cooperatives. In addition, the book examines a broad range of voluntary initiatives, the effectiveness of these efforts, and how contextual and wider policy features shape these relationships. The book is divided into three parts, the first of which elaborates on strategic drivers and rationales for CSR. In turn, the second part introduces readers to design approaches for CSR programs and envisaged impacts, while part three focuses on implementation, certification, reporting, and possible outcomes. Each part offers a mixture of theoretical perspectives, synthesis analyses and case studies. The respective chapters tackle a broad spectrum of tourism sub-sectors, e.g. the cruise industry, aviation, gastronomy, nature-based tourism, and urban destinations.

Aviation and Airport Security

Download Aviation and Airport Security PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1439894736
Total Pages : 380 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (398 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Aviation and Airport Security by : Kathleen Sweet

Download or read book Aviation and Airport Security written by Kathleen Sweet and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2008-12-23 with total page 380 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Definitive Handbook on Terrorist Threats to Commercial Airline and Airport SecurityConsidered the definitive handbook on the terrorist threat to commercial airline and airport security, USAF Lieutenant Colonel Kathleen Sweet‘s seminal resource is now updated to include an analysis of modern day risks. She covers the history of aviation security

Airline Passenger Security Screening

Download Airline Passenger Security Screening PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309054397
Total Pages : 88 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (9 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Airline Passenger Security Screening by : National Research Council

Download or read book Airline Passenger Security Screening written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1996-07-19 with total page 88 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book addresses new technologies being considered by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) for screening airport passengers for concealed weapons and explosives. The FAA is supporting the development of promising new technologies that can reveal the presence not only of metal-based weapons as with current screening technologies, but also detect plastic explosives and other non-metallic threat materials and objects, and is concerned that these new technologies may not be appropriate for use in airports for other than technical reasons. This book presents discussion of the health, legal, and public acceptance issues that are likely to be raised regarding implementation of improvements in the current electromagnetic screening technologies, implementation of screening systems that detect traces of explosive materials on passengers, and implementation of systems that generate images of passengers beneath their clothes for analysis by human screeners.

Ethical issues regarding the charging of overweight people on airplanes. The "pay-by-weight" policy

Download Ethical issues regarding the charging of overweight people on airplanes. The

Author :
Publisher : GRIN Verlag
ISBN 13 : 3668615799
Total Pages : 9 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (686 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Ethical issues regarding the charging of overweight people on airplanes. The "pay-by-weight" policy by : Patrick Kimuyu

Download or read book Ethical issues regarding the charging of overweight people on airplanes. The "pay-by-weight" policy written by Patrick Kimuyu and published by GRIN Verlag. This book was released on 2018-01-18 with total page 9 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Essay from the year 2018 in the subject Medicine - Public Health, grade: 1, Egerton University, language: English, abstract: Debates over ethical issues do not seem to end anytime soon. Over the past half century, ethical issues have been emerging in the global society, especially the industrialized world. For instance, the debate over the decriminalization of abortion and euthanasia has lingered around for quite too long without a consensus decision. On the other hand, the issue of gay marriages that emerge in 1970s remained surrounded by immense controversy until a few months ago when the US Supreme Court brought the issue to rest through upholding gay rights. Surprisingly, the termination of gay marriages debate did not seem to change the course of ethical phenomena among the global society. Recently, a new ethical issue emerged: the pay-as-you-weigh policy. This policy requires obese people to pay extra charge in the airlines. In retrospect, obesity is considered as an ethical issue and it has emerged to be a controversial subject. It is an ethical issue because it causes adverse consequences to obese individuals, as well as, the society. However, these factors do not seem to be part of the justification for the introduction of pay-as-you-weigh pricing in the aviation industry. Instead, the core argument by airline administrators and economists is that flying obese people increases fuel costs; thus, the so-called "fat-taxes" will address the issue of financial costs. Contrary to this perspective held within the aviation industry, environmentalists view obesity as an issue that has environmental cost. The increased fuel consumption by airplanes is believed to exacerbate climate change, primarily global warming due to increased greenhouse gas emissions. From these perspectives, it is apparent that obesity is a controversial issue. Therefore, this research will provide a comprehensive overview of the ethical issue of charging overweight people on airlines.

Ethical Issues in Aviation

Download Ethical Issues in Aviation PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 0429791992
Total Pages : 336 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (297 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Ethical Issues in Aviation by : Elizabeth A. Hoppe

Download or read book Ethical Issues in Aviation written by Elizabeth A. Hoppe and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2018-10-16 with total page 336 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The aviation industry is unique in two major ways: firstly, it has a long history of government involvement dating back to the early days of aviation; and secondly, its primary concern is the safety of its passengers and crew. These features highlight the importance of ethical decision-making at all levels of the industry. However, well-publicized problems such as the disappearance of Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 highlight the need for ethics to take a more prominent role in the field. Ethical Issues in Aviation focuses on both past and current topics in aviation, providing the reader with an overview of the major themes in aviation ethics that cover a broad range of subjects. Contributors include academics who do research in the field as well as professionals who provide first-hand accounts of the ethical situations that arise in the aviation industry. This second edition has been thoroughly revised throughout to bring it up to date, and features several new chapters that cover recent events and topics. This book enhances student learning by providing faculty, students, and those interested in aviation with discussion of the most pressing ethical issues that continue to impact the industry.

Dragged Off

Download Dragged Off PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Mango Media Inc.
ISBN 13 : 1642504025
Total Pages : 134 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (425 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Dragged Off by : David Anh Dao

Download or read book Dragged Off written by David Anh Dao and published by Mango Media Inc.. This book was released on 2021-03-16 with total page 134 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A Vietnamese Refugee, a Viral Video, and the United Airlines Scandal That Started It All “His refusal to give up his seat on a United Airlines flight, and the ensuing assault he suffered, is emblematic of how far we, the people, still have to travel to create a world with liberty and justice for all.” —Marlena Fiol, PhD, globally recognized scholar and speaker and author of Nothing Bad Between Us Dr. David Dao was dragged off United Express Flight 3411 on April 9, 2017 after refusing to give up his seat. In the tradition of contemporary immigrant stories comes a personal narrative of the many small but significant acts of racial discrimination faced on the way to the American Dream. The unseen effects of discrimination. The United Airlines scandal of 2017 garnered over a million views on YouTube. A result of an overbooking overlook, security officials forcibly removed Dr. Dao after refusing to give up his seat. He awoke in the hospital to a concussion, a broken nose, several broken teeth, and worldwide attention. Things aren’t always fair for an immigrant, but according to Dr. Dao, you can prevail if you firmly advocate for yourself. A response to a lifetime of oppressive acts. Why was Dr. Dao so adamant on his right to a seat? His entire life had led to that moment. A Vietnamese refugee, he fled his home country during the fall of Saigon. He was stranded in the Indian Ocean, immigrated to the United States, enrolled in medical school for a second time, built a practice, and started a family-all the while battling the effects of discrimination and what he had to embrace as a result. This is his story. If you are moved by immigrant stories, or books like America for Americans, Minor Feelings, How to Be an Antiracist, or The Making of Asian America, then you’ll want to read Dr. David Dao's story, Dragged Off.

Air Transport and Pandemic Law

Download Air Transport and Pandemic Law PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9783030808860
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (88 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Air Transport and Pandemic Law by : Ruwantissa Abeyratne

Download or read book Air Transport and Pandemic Law written by Ruwantissa Abeyratne and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book discusses legal, ethical, economic and trade aspects of the Pandemic as it affects air transport. It commences with the chronology of the virus spread and examines the various facets of human existential perspectives affected by the pandemic. Following this background is an evaluation of the effect on trade and economics, as well as the legal and regulatory structure concerning communicable diseases applicable to air transport. There is also a detailed discussion on legal liabilities and responsibilities of the State, airlines, airports and public both collectively and individually in coping with the pandemic against the backdrop of public health and the law. The Conclusion contains various recommendations on proactive measures that could be taken to ensure the establishment of a credible and effective legal and regulatory system to combat future pandemics.

Tourism Information Technology, 3rd Edition

Download Tourism Information Technology, 3rd Edition PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CABI
ISBN 13 : 1786393433
Total Pages : 403 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (863 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Tourism Information Technology, 3rd Edition by : Pierre J Benckendorff

Download or read book Tourism Information Technology, 3rd Edition written by Pierre J Benckendorff and published by CABI. This book was released on 2019-02-21 with total page 403 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fully updated, this new edition covers IT applications and social media across the industry, including airlines, travel intermediaries, accommodation, food service, destinations, events and entertainment. Organized around the visitor journey, it considers how tourists use technologies for decision making before, during and after their travels.

Advanced Methodologies and Technologies in Government and Society

Download Advanced Methodologies and Technologies in Government and Society PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781522576815
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (768 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Advanced Methodologies and Technologies in Government and Society by : Mehdi Khosrow-Pour

Download or read book Advanced Methodologies and Technologies in Government and Society written by Mehdi Khosrow-Pour and published by . This book was released on 2018-11-02 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Governments must continuously update policies, laws, and legislation as the world continues to rapidly evolve due to technologies and changing cultural perspectives. To streamline policy creation and implementation, governments seek new and efficient methods to ensure their citizens' and communities' safety while also encouraging citizen participation. Advanced Methodologies and Technologies in Government and Society provides research on emerging methodologies in effective governing including sections on public sector management and socioeconomic development. While highlighting the challenges facing government officials and law enforcement such as crisis response and natural disaster management, this book shows how technology use can make those areas of government more efficient and improve preventative measures. This book is an ideal resource for law enforcement, government officials and agencies, policymakers, public servants, citizen activists, researchers, and political leaders seeking cutting-edge information to strengthen their government's relationship with society and their constituents while also strengthening their policy measures through new technology and methods.

Flying Blind

Download Flying Blind PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Anchor
ISBN 13 : 0593082516
Total Pages : 337 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (93 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Flying Blind by : Peter Robison

Download or read book Flying Blind written by Peter Robison and published by Anchor. This book was released on 2022-10-11 with total page 337 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: NEW YORK TIMES BUSINESS BEST SELLER • A suspenseful behind-the-scenes look at the dysfunction that contributed to one of the worst tragedies in modern aviation: the 2018 and 2019 crashes of the Boeing 737 MAX. An "authoritative, gripping and finely detailed narrative that charts the decline of one of the great American companies" (New York Times Book Review), from the award-winning reporter for Bloomberg. Boeing is a century-old titan of industry. It played a major role in the early days of commercial flight, World War II bombing missions, and moon landings. The planemaker remains a cornerstone of the U.S. economy, as well as a linchpin in the awesome routine of modern air travel. But in 2018 and 2019, two crashes of the Boeing 737 MAX 8 killed 346 people. The crashes exposed a shocking pattern of malfeasance, leading to the biggest crisis in the company’s history—and one of the costliest corporate scandals ever. How did things go so horribly wrong at Boeing? Flying Blind is the definitive exposé of the disasters that transfixed the world. Drawing from exclusive interviews with current and former employees of Boeing and the FAA; industry executives and analysts; and family members of the victims, it reveals how a broken corporate culture paved the way for catastrophe. It shows how in the race to beat the competition and reward top executives, Boeing skimped on testing, pressured employees to meet unrealistic deadlines, and convinced regulators to put planes into service without properly equipping them or their pilots for flight. It examines how the company, once a treasured American innovator, became obsessed with the bottom line, putting shareholders over customers, employees, and communities. By Bloomberg investigative journalist Peter Robison, who covered Boeing as a beat reporter during the company’s fateful merger with McDonnell Douglas in the late ‘90s, this is the story of a business gone wildly off course. At once riveting and disturbing, it shows how an iconic company fell prey to a win-at-all-costs mentality, threatening an industry and endangering countless lives.

Commercial Aviation Safety, Sixth Edition

Download Commercial Aviation Safety, Sixth Edition PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : McGraw Hill Professional
ISBN 13 : 125964183X
Total Pages : 464 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (596 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Commercial Aviation Safety, Sixth Edition by : Stephen K. Cusick

Download or read book Commercial Aviation Safety, Sixth Edition written by Stephen K. Cusick and published by McGraw Hill Professional. This book was released on 2017-05-12 with total page 464 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Up-To-Date Coverage of Every Aspect of Commercial Aviation Safety Completely revised edition to fully align with current U.S. and international regulations, this hands-on resource clearly explains the principles and practices of commercial aviation safety—from accident investigations to Safety Management Systems. Commercial Aviation Safety, Sixth Edition, delivers authoritative information on today's risk management on the ground and in the air. The book offers the latest procedures, flight technologies, and accident statistics. You will learn about new and evolving challenges, such as lasers, drones (unmanned aerial vehicles), cyberattacks, aircraft icing, and software bugs. Chapter outlines, review questions, and real-world incident examples are featured throughout. Coverage includes: • ICAO, FAA, EPA, TSA, and OSHA regulations • NTSB and ICAO accident investigation processes • Recording and reporting of safety data • U.S. and international aviation accident statistics • Accident causation models • The Human Factors Analysis and Classification System (HFACS) • Crew Resource Management (CRM) and Threat and Error Management (TEM) • Aviation Safety Reporting System (ASRS) and Flight Data Monitoring (FDM) • Aircraft and air traffic control technologies and safety systems • Airport safety, including runway incursions • Aviation security, including the threats of intentional harm and terrorism • International and U.S. Aviation Safety Management Systems