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Author : Timothy James Halliday
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 344 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (18 download)
Download or read book Essays on the Economics of Health and Migration written by Timothy James Halliday and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 344 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Ricki Marie Sears Dolan
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 368 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (985 download)
Download or read book Essays on the Economics of Health Insurance, Labor Markets, and Migration written by Ricki Marie Sears Dolan and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation contains three chapters, two which focus on health insurance and one focusing on migration. The first chapter examines how a policy expanding public health insurance for young children affected their parents' labor market and health insurance outcomes. I use variation in the initial income thresholds, children's age cutoffs and timing of implementation across states to estimate the effect of a person's youngest child gaining access to public health insurance on self-employment. I find that having a child become Medicaid eligible increases a father's self-employment and increases his business income. I find no significant effect on self-employment for mothers, but I find that the increasing eligibility is associated with a large negative effect on their probability of remaining in a wage job. The second chapter examines how expanding dependent health insurance for young adults affects the health insurance and labor market outcomes of those young adults and their parents. I exploit two sources of variations in the age at which young adults age out of their parents' health insurance: i) state reforms passed between 2000 and 2010 that extended the maximum age of health insurance dependents beyond 18 and ii) the Affordable Care Act that extended coverage for all young adults in the United States until their 26th birthdays. Using regression discontinuity, I find evidence that the policies increased young adult dependent coverage. Dependent coverage for eligible young adults increased by 8 percentage points over ineligible young adults, while health insurance in the young adults' own name decreased by 6.5 percentage points. I also see evidence that parents of eligible young adults responded by changing their own coverage. The final chapter investigates the relationship between children and migration using data from the American Communities Survey. To address the issue that both migration and fertility might be correlated with unobserved variables I use twin births as an instrumental variable for the number of children. I find that that an additional child decreases migration by 0.6 percentage points and decreases the probability that a woman lives in her birth state by 1.4 percentage points. This suggests that more children hinder migration.
Author : Maoyong Fan
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 288 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (35 download)
Download or read book Essays on Health Economics and Agricultural Labor Migration written by Maoyong Fan and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Bich Diep Nguyen
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (139 download)
Download or read book Essays on Household Economics of Migration, Health, and Educational Decision Making written by Bich Diep Nguyen and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Anna Busse
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (115 download)
Download or read book Essays in Empirical Labor Economics: Evidence on Health, Education and Migration written by Anna Busse and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Nir Eilam
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (134 download)
Download or read book Essays on Health and Labor Economics written by Nir Eilam and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The three chapters of this dissertation explore different aspects of labor and health economics. My first chapter explores moral hazard in the context of a popular recent medical innovation called PrEP. PrEP is a drug introduced in 2012 that essentially eliminates the risk of contracting HIV. Since its introduction, it has become popular among gay men, who are responsible for the majority of HIV infections. Given the reduced risk of contracting HIV, users might be more likely to engage in risky sexual behaviors that might lead to increases in other STIs. In this paper, we examine this empirically. In our main specification, we proxy for PrEP use in a given state using the predetermined share of the population that is gay in that state, a measure that is highly predictive of PrEP use. We then exploit this pre-treatment cross-state variation in the concentration of gay men to estimate difference-in-difference and triple-difference event studies. We estimate that one additional male PrEP user increases male chlamydia, gonorrhea and syphilis cases by 0.66, 0.51, and 0.04, respectively. Counterfactual distributions suggest that male STI rates would have been between 17.9% and 25.6% lower in the absence of PrEP. This paper adds to the literature on moral hazard by examining the behavioral response to a medical innovation that is cheap, accessible, and confers substantial reduction in risk that is highly salient to users. In addition, it informs an open question regarding the increases in STIs in recent years. In my second chapter I explore the effect of extreme weather on migration in the United States. Extreme weather has become more frequent and intense over the past few decades. Its effect on migration in developed countries has been understudied. Given that the United States population has been historically highly mobile, direct and indirect effects of extreme weather could catalyze people to migrate. I test this empirically by exploiting spatial and temporal variation in extreme weather (temperature, precipitation and natural disasters) at the county level over 6 decades (1950-2010). A non-parametric estimation yields an inverted U-shape relationship between temperature and net-migration, where decades in which the temperature was further away from the 50-60 temperature bin exhibit lower net-migration; the effect is strongest at the extreme temperature bins. Specifically, one additional day in a year (averaged over a decade) with temperature above 90 decreases net migration by approximately 1.33 migrants per 100 population. Incidences of natural disasters and increased precipitation are also associated with decreased net-migration. I find that the effect is strongest for younger people, and I find no effect for old people. I also find that the magnitude of the relationship is not stronger for agriculture-dependent counties. This result is important as migration could mitigate the detrimental effects of climate change in the developed world. In addition, it suggests that future increase in extreme weather could entail a migration response that will affect different markets, which should be taken into account when considering the general equilibrium effects of climate change. In my third chapter I explore the labor market effects of a generous child allowance policy in Israel. Child allowances are generous in both eligibility and value and are one of the largest social welfare programs in Israel. Although prevalent in developed countries, research on the effect of universal child allowances on labor outcomes has been scarce. I aim to fill this gap by examining the effect on labor outcomes of a policy that drastically reduced child allowances in Israel during the years 2002-2005 in varying degrees of intensity, depending on parity. Employing several difference-in-differences analyses, I find that the policy increased the labor force participation of young women by 6.6% from baseline; I find no effect on working hours. I also find that younger and more educated women were more responsive. This paper informs policy makers in designing cash transfer programs in general and child benefits programs in particular
Author : Sarah Marie Abraham
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 156 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (18 download)
Download or read book Essays on Health and Healthcare Economics written by Sarah Marie Abraham and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 156 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thesis consists of three chapters on the economics of health and healthcare. The first and third chapters explore geographic variation in health outcomes within the United States. The second chapter focuses on empirical methods for obtaining causal estimates of treatment effects with an application to healthcare settings. In the first chapter I study geographic variation in health care utilization under two different insurance systems: traditional Medicare and employer-provided private insurance. For each system, I use patient migration as a source of identification combined with empirical Bayes methods to construct optimal linear forecasts for the causal effects of place on utilization. These place effects measure the causal differences in treatment intensity across areas. I find similar levels of variation in the causal place effects for the publicly and privately insured patients, with a correlation of .39 across the two systems. These findings emphasize that insurance systems are affecting the forces that drive the causal component of geographic variation in utilization. In the second chapter, Liyang Sun and I explore event studies, a model for estimating treatment effects using variation in the timing of treatment. Researchers often run fixed effects regressions for event studies that implicitly assume treatment effects are constant across cohorts first treated at different times. In this paper we show that these regressions produce causally uninterpretable estimands when treatment effects vary across cohorts. We propose alternative estimators that identify convex averages of the cohort-specific treatment effects, hence allowing for causal interpretation even under heterogeneous treatment effects. We illustrate the shortcomings of fixed effects estimators in comparison to our proposed estimators through an empirical application on the economic consequences of hospitalization. In the third chapter, Raj Chetty, Michael Stepner, Shelby Lin, Benjamin Scuderi, Nicholas Turner, Augustin Begeron, David Cutler and I use newly available administrative data to quantify the relationship between income and mortality in the United States. Although it is well known that there are significant differences in health and longevity between income groups, debate remains about the magnitudes and determinants of these differences. We use new data from 1.4 billion anonymous earnings and mortality records to construct more precise estimates of the relationship between income and life expectancy at the national level than was feasible in prior work. We then construct new local area (county and metro area) estimates of life expectancy by income group and identify factors that are associated with higher levels of life expectancy for low-income individuals. Our study yields four sets of results. First, higher income was associated with greater longevity throughout the income distribution. The gap in life expectancy between the richest 1% and poorest 1% of individuals was 14.6 years for men and 10.1 years for women. Second, inequality in life expectancy increased over time. Between 2001 and 2014, life expectancy increased by 2.34 years for men and 2.91 years for women in the top 5% of the income distribution, but increased by only 0.32 years for men and 0.04 years for women in the bottom 5%. Third, life expectancy varied substantially across local areas. For individuals in the bottom income quartile, life expectancy differed by approximately 4.5 years between areas with the highest and lowest longevity. Changes in life expectancy between 2001 and 2014 ranged from gains of more than 4 years to losses of more than 2 years across areas. Fourth, geographic differences in life expectancy for individuals in the lowest income quartile were significantly correlated with health behaviors such as smoking, but were not significantly correlated with access to medical care, physical environmental factors, income inequality, or labor market conditions. Life expectancy for low income individuals was positively correlated with the local area fraction of immigrants, fraction of college graduates, and local government expenditures. Additional information on this project is available at https: //healthinequality. org/.
Author : Stephanie Khoury
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 170 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (117 download)
Download or read book Essays in Health Economics written by Stephanie Khoury and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 170 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation is a collection of three essays in health economics. Chapters 1 and 2 study the effects of public health policy interventions, while chapter 3 studies health outcomes directly. Chapter 1 examines how vaccination behavior and vaccine-preventable disease outbreaks change in response to two mandatory vaccination policy changes in California. Passed as a response to an increase in parental vaccine refusal, the two policies aim to first limit and then fully eliminate personal belief exemptions (PBEs). I find that PBE rates decrease and up-to-date vaccination rates increase after each law is implemented. Furthermore, after fully eliminating PBEs, I find that medical exemptions increase at a faster rate in schools with historically high personal belief exemptions, potentially keeping clusters of children unvaccinated and at risk. Finally, I do not find evidence that either policy decreases outbreaks of vaccine preventable diseases at the county level over the study period. Chapter 2 studies the causal effects of bonus payments provided by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) through federally designated Health Professional Shortage Areas (HPSAs) on physician location decisions. We find suggestive evidence that counties designated as HPSAs experience an increase in the number of early-career primary care physicians, many of whom are likely making initial location decisions, driven entirely by physicians who attended ranked medical schools. However, we find no evidence that HPSA designation induces physicians in later career stages to relocate to shortage areas. Chapter 3 focuses on the recent refugee crisis, which has particularly affected countries in Europe. Specifically, we study how the recent refugee migration into Europe affects the mental health of the host country citizens in Switzerland and Germany, exploiting population-only based asylum seeker allocation rules for placement into cantons and counties, respectively. We utilize both administrative health insurance data and survey data. Despite the concerns and fears that have been sparked by the asylum seeker influx, overall, we find no economically significant effects on mental health in either country.
Author : Hans G. Schwarz
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (137 download)
Download or read book Essays in Labor and Demographic Economics written by Hans G. Schwarz and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation consists of three essays on labor and demographic economics. The first chapter analyzes the interaction effects between the availability of subsidized childcare and an entitlement to a long job-protected parental leave. My identification strategy exploits the staggered roll-out of a federal expansion in the number of childcare centers for children ages 0-3 in Germany. Using the KiBS household survey and a generalized difference-in-differences approach, I find that an additional daycare center in a locality reduces the duration of maternal leave, which indicates that the two family-friendly policies are substitutes. Interior immigration enforcement in the U.S. has increasingly become the jurisdiction of local and state authorities. In the second chapter I analyze the role of deportation risk in the location decision of potential Mexican migrants between 1998-2013. I first construct a novel measure of deportation risk at the U.S. division level using a representative survey of deported Mexican individuals. I then build a static model of migration that incorporates geographic variation in deportation risk, wages, and presence of ethnic enclaves to perform counterfactual deportation policies. I find that the geographic variation in deportation risk does not seem to have a significant effect on the location decision of Mexican migrants during the period of study. Conditional on migrating to the U.S., the location decision of migrants is primarily driven by the historical ethnic enclave of the migrant's source community and by wage considerations. A rich literature shows that early life conditions shape later life outcomes, including health and migration events. However, analyses of geographic disparities in mortality outcomes focus almost exclusively on contemporaneously measured geographic place (e.g., state of residence at death). The third chapter (coauthored with Jason Fletcher, Michal Engelman, Norman Johnson, Jahn Hakes, and Alberto Palloni) uses the Mortality Disparities in American Communities dataset to show that there are important differences in life expectancy measures calculated based on state of residence compared with state of birth. We show that regional inequality in life expectancy is higher based on life expectancies by state of birth. Finally, we explore how state-specific features of in-migration, out-migration, and non-migration together shape measures of mortality disparities by state (of residence), further demonstrating the difficulty of clearly interpreting these widely used measures.
Author : Elior David Cohen
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 264 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (129 download)
Download or read book Essays in Housing and Immigration Economics written by Elior David Cohen and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation contains four essays in housing and immigration economics. The first two chapters are essays on homelessness and homeless housing, and the last two chapters are essays on immigration policy and its impact on the receiving country. In the first chapter I estimate the causal effect of housing assistance for individuals experiencing homelessness on recidivism to homelessness and economic and social outcomes such as crime, employment, and health. Using a random case worker assignment design and a novel dataset constructed by linking administrative records from multiple public agencies in Los Angeles County, I estimate that housing assistance for single adults experiencing homelessness reduces future recidivism to homelessness by 20 percentage points over an 18-month period, compared to a baseline mean of 40 percent. The decline is driven by housing programs that provide long-term housing solutions and by individuals with physical disabilities and/or severe mental illness. Moreover, my findings suggest that housing assistance reduces crime, increases employment, and improves health, while not increasing reliance on social benefits. A simple cost-benefit analysis implies that up to 80 percent of housing costs are offset by these potential benefits in the first 18 months alone. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that well targeted housing assistance for the homeless with a focus on long-term housing solutions can be rehabilitative for a large segment of the homeless population. In the second chapter, I investigate the effect of housing sites that serve the homeless population on community-level outcomes such as street homelessness, crime, and property values. I construct a comprehensive data that geocodes the locations of all designated homeless housing sites in Los Angeles County. Using spatial and time variation in homeless housing sites, I estimate the exposure of a community to designated homeless housing sites over time and use changes in this exposure to recover the causal relationship. I find that communities that had an increase in homeless housing in their boundaries and vicinity experience a sizable decline in homeless encampments, overall crime, and homeless-related crimes, and that housing values in these communities had increased. In the third chapter (written with Ran Abramitzky, Philipp Ager, Leah Platt Boustan, and Casper Worm Hansen), we study the implications of an immigration policy in the 1920s, where the United States substantially reduced immigrant entry by imposing country-specific quotas. We compare local labor markets differentially exposed to the quotas due to variation in the national-origin mix of their immigrant population. US-born workers in more exposed areas did not benefit from the immigrant losses and even experienced occupational downgrading. Instead, local economies substituted toward other sources of labor and capital. In urban areas, immigrants were replaced with internal migrants and immigrants from quota-free countries. By contrast, farmers shifted toward capital-intensive agriculture and the immigrant-intensive mining industry contracted, highlighting the unintended consequences of the border closure. Finally, In the fourth chapter I study the impact of skilled immigration on innovation in the receiving country, measured by patenting rates. The setting of the study is the first-half of the 20th century in the US, a period characterized by mass migration from Europe to the US and rapid technological progress. Exploiting national immigration policy changes together with historical settlement patterns of immigrants' across US counties, I estimate the effect of skilled immigration on local patenting rates. I find that counties that received more skilled immigrants had no impact on total patenting rates, but that this null effect masks a positive effect on the growing electrical and chemical fields and a negative effect on the traditional mechanical and textiles fields. Furthermore, I find that most of the effect is due to skilled immigration from Non-English Speaking Countries and from Countries with long patenting traditions. I offer a mechanism by which skilled immigrants act as ``Transmitters of Knowledge," that is, they impact innovation primarily by introducing new knowledge that did not exist in their destination prior to their arrival.
Author : Shamma Adeeb Alam
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 87 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (898 download)
Download or read book Three Essays in Development and Health Economics written by Shamma Adeeb Alam and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 87 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation is on three essays on issues in development and health economics. In these essays, I try to examine how different health issues affect economic outcomes and vice versa. I examine individual and household responses to different economic and health issues in Bangladesh and Tanzania. In the first two chapters, I examine how different shocks affect family's fertility decisions and decision to make investments on their children in Tanzania. In the third chapter, I examine how information regarding dangers of pesticide affects the likelihood of pesticide exposure for farmers in Bangladesh. In the first chapter, I examine how parental illness affects child labor and schooling outcomes using panel data from Tanzania. Prior literature provides limited empirical evidence on the impact of parental illness on child labor and schooling outcomes. I examine if parental illness causes households to reallocate children's time from school to work. I find that a father's illness hinders child schooling by decreasing attendance and hours spent in school. These effects on schooling are substantially greater for severe illnesses. There is also evidence that a father's illness has long-term impact on child education, as it decreases their likelihood of completing primary school and leads to fewer total years of schooling. However, a father's illness has no effect on child labor. In contrast, a mother's illness does not affect child education, but does cause a small increase in children's work. Surprisingly, parental illness does not have a differential impact by children's gender. Additionally, illness of other household members, such as grandparents, adult siblings, and child siblings, has no effect on children's schooling. Thus, overall, there is no evidence that parental illness or illness of other household members affects children's schooling through increased child labor. Instead, the results suggest that only illness of fathers, who are typically the primary income earners in Tanzanian households, reduces household income and severely decreases the family's ability to afford child education. In the second chapter, which is a joint work with Claus Portner, we examine the relationship between household income shocks and fertility decisions. Using panel data from Tanzania, we estimate the impact of agricultural shocks on contraception use, pregnancy, and the likelihood of childbirth. To account for unobserved household characteristics that potentially affect both shocks and fertility decisions we employ a fixed effects model. Households significantly increase their contraception use in response to income shocks from crop loss. Furthermore, pregnancies and childbirth are significantly delayed for households experiencing a crop shock. We argue that these changes in behavior are the result of deliberate decisions of the households rather than income shocks' effects on other factors that in influence fertility, such as women's health status, the absence or migration of spouse, and dissolution of partnerships. In the third chapter, which is a joint work with Hendrik Wolff, we examine how different information sources influence precautionary behavior when using pesticide and likelihood of pesticide exposure. Modern agriculture heavily depends on the use of pesticides and has successfully increased productivity, but also led to increasing concerns regarding farmers' health. Mishandling of pesticides continues to pose a serious health problem for farmers especially in developing countries. This chapter describes supply side and demand side regulations for pesticide handling, health outcomes and adoption of health technologies using a detailed household level dataset from Bangladesh. The dataset is unique as it spans the chain from: `where do farmers obtain information from', `which precautionary tools (i.e. masks, gloves) are used' and `what are subsequent health outcomes after spraying'. Previous studies hypothesized that pesticide sellers in developing countries misguide farmers regarding pesticide use. On the other hand, government field extension workers reduce pesticide exposure by training farmers in Integrated Pest Management (IPM) techniques. In our dataset we cannot confirm these hypotheses. In contrast, we find that those famers that use information from pesticide sellers increase the adoption of precautionary tools. These same farmers also enjoy subsequently improved health outcomes. Further, our results show that the agricultural extension program does not significantly impact technology adoption or health. We find instead evidence of social learning as peer farmers, especially those trained in handling pesticides, have a substantial influence. We conclude with policy recommendations.
Author : Ling Zhou (économiste).)
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (13 download)
Download or read book Essays in Development Economics written by Ling Zhou (économiste).) and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Human behaviors are usually affected by social environment and policies or rules imposed by the governors. Nowadays we observe an increase in interactions between different communities around the world, partly as a result of transportation development and economic integration. Identity as a product of social environment becomes the link or tool for cooperation and confrontation in these interactions. Migration shaped by policies or rules also attracts increasing attention for the opportunities, problems, and conflicts that it brings to different areas involved. It is thus important to understand how identity affects group interactions and how migration is affected by policies or rules. What researchers often neglect is that the policy or regulation impact can be shaped by multiple interacted channels at the same time. For Chapter 1, titled “Favoring your in-group can harm both them and you: ethnicity and public goods provision in China”, with my coauthors César Mantilla, Charlotte Wang, Donghui Yang, and Suping Shen, and Paul Seabright, we conducted lab-in-the-field experiments in Xishuangbanna, home to 25 out of 55 official Chinese ethnic minorities. We find that participants in trust games send around 15% more to partners they know to be co-ethnics than to those whose ethnicity they do not know. Receivers' behavior is determined by amounts received and not by perceived ethnicity. In line with the previous literature we find that subjects contribute more to public goods in ethnically homogeneous groups than in mixed groups. We find evidence for a new explanation that is not due to different intrinsic preferences for cooperation with ingroup and outgroup members. Instead, subjects' willingness to punish in-group members for free-riding is reduced when out-group members are present. This leads to lower contributions and net earnings in mixed groups. Thus favoritism towards co-ethnics can hurt both those engaging in favoritism and those being favored. In Chapter 2, titled “Marriage, Migration, and Migration Policy: Evidence from Hukou Reform in China”, I focus on two questions. First, how much do marriage prospects affect individual's migration choices? Second, how does marriage shape the effectiveness of migration policies? To study these questions, I develop a dynamic migration and marriage model where migration policies regulate migrant access to local benefits. I show that merit-based migration policies have very limited effects on migrant composition if we take into account the marital gains and spouse adjustments to policies. Empirically, I estimate the model using Chinese data. I first show that intermarriage opportunities drive 10% of migration of singles aged 20-35 in 2000. I then show that if migrants could obtain local hukou right after migration, the migrant inflows of young people to large cities would increase by 2 times in 2000. Neglecting the indirect policy impact through marriage markets, we would underestimate the migration of men by about 30% and of women by 40% in large cities. In Chapter 3, titled “Revealed or Forced: Migration Response to Pollution Disclosure”, co-authored with Zichen Deng, we examine the impact of pollution information disclosure on individual location responses to air pollution. The inference of information value can be misleading if we attribute the behavioral changes after information disclosure only to misperception. This paper studies the impact of an influential national air quality information disclosure program in China in 2013-2015 on individual migration responses to air pollution. Specifically, we exploit the roll-out of this program and the variation in regional initial pollution. The migration measures are obtained from detailed individual migration history in the Population Census 2015. We demonstrate that the resulting migration responses are not only due to changed perception of health risk [...].
Author : Keshar Ghimire
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 109 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (128 download)
Download or read book Essays in Labor Economics written by Keshar Ghimire and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 109 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation, in the standard three-essay format, studies three distinct but closely related aspects of the United States labor markets. Chapter 1 attempts to identify the main drivers of potential migration to the United States by using administrative data from the United States Diversity Visa Lottery. Estimating fixed effects panel data models that control for time-invariant unobserved heterogeneity in source-country level determinants of potential migration, I find that income levels in source countries and educational attainment of the source-country population play important role in determining migration intentions. Specifically, a one percent increase in per capita Gross Domestic Product of a source country decreases the potential migration rate from that country to the US by 1.36%. Similarly, a one percent increase in the educational attainment of source population (measured as the percentage of population with at least secondary education) decreases potential migration rate by 1.16%. The results obtained in this chapter improve our understanding of the composition of US labor markets by identifying the most important socio-economic variables that drive migration to the US. Chapter 2 estimates the causal impact of a change in supply of immigrant entrepreneurs on entrepreneurial propensities of natives. I draw data from the Annual Social and Economic Supplement of the Current Population Survey and use withinstate variation in supply of immigrant entrepreneurs for identification. To address concerns of endogeneity in the supply of immigrant entrepreneurs, I take advantage of a quasi-experiment provided by the State Children's Health Insurance Program. I find that, on average, immigrants self-employed in unincorporated businesses have no discernible impact on self-employment propensities of natives. However, immigrants self-employed in incorporated businesses crowd in natives into incorporated self-employment. Specifically, a 1% increase in incorporated immigrant entrepreneurs increases the supply of incorporated native entrepreneurs by 0.11%. Furthermore, various sub-sample analyses demonstrate substantial heterogeneity in the impact of immigrant entrepreneurs on entrepreneurial propensities of natives. The results obtained in this chapter have important implications for policies related to immigration and entrepreneurship development. Finally, Chapter 3 exploits the State Children's Health Insurance Program to investigate the impact of publicly funded health insurance coverage for children on labor supply of adults. Using data from the Annual Social and Economic Supplement of the Current Population Survey and triple difference identification strategy, the analysis demonstrates that public health insurance for children decreases labor supply of women, both at the extensive and the intensive margin, but increases that of men at the extensive margin. The estimates obtained in this chapter highlight the labor supply distortions associated with welfare benefits.
Author : Kayvan Bozorgmehr
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030338126
Total Pages : 249 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (33 download)
Download or read book Health Policy and Systems Responses to Forced Migration written by Kayvan Bozorgmehr and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-02-25 with total page 249 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Forced migration has yet to be sufficiently addressed from the perspective of health policy and systems research, resulting in limited knowledge on system‐level interventions and policies to improve the health of forced migrants. The contributions within this edited volume seek to rectify this gap in the literature by compiling the existing knowledge on health systems and health policy responses to forced migration with a focus on asylum seekers, refugees, and internally displaced people. It also brings together the work of research communities from the fields of political science, epidemiology, health sciences, economics, psychology, and sociology to push the knowledge frontier of health research in the area of forced migration towards health policy and systems-level interventions, while also framing potential routes for further research in this area. Among the analyses within the chapters: The political economy of health and forced migration in Europe Innovative humanitarian health financing for refugees Understanding the resilience of health systems Health security in the context of forced migration Discrimination as a health systems response to forced migration Health Policy and Systems Responses to Forced Migration offers unique and interdisciplinary theoretical, empirical, and literature-based perspectives that apply a health policy and systems approach to health and healthcare challenges among forced migrants. It will find an engaged audience among policy makers and analysts, international organizations, scholars in academia, think tanks, and students in undergraduate programs or at the graduate level, for policy, practice, and educational purposes.
Author : John Connell
Publisher : Edward Elgar Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1849805180
Total Pages : 273 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (498 download)
Download or read book Migration and the Globalisation of Health Care written by John Connell and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2010-01-01 with total page 273 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The international migration of health workers has been described by Nelson Mandela as the poaching of desperately needed skills from under-privileged regions. This book examines the controversial recent history of skilled migration, and explores the economic and cultural rationale behind this rise of a complex global market in qualified migrants and its multifaceted outcomes. John Connell pays particular attention to the increase in demand for migrants in more developed countries due to the complex ramifications of aging, and new opportunities and expectations. He illustrates how globalization has linked sub-Saharan Africa to Europe and North America, and created new demand in Japan for international migrants from China and isolated island states. The long-established skill-drain, with its impact on household relations and negative consequences for health care, is carefully balanced against new flows of remittances, the return of skills and complex regional changes. Wide-ranging policy interventions, and greater social justice, have been challenged by the rise of the competition state and limitations to economic growth in the global south. This comprehensive and definitive analysis of the global migration of health workers will prove an essential resource for academics and research students in health and social policy, and in the various disciplines that relate to migration, including sociology, economics and geography.
Author : World Bank
Publisher : World Bank Publications
ISBN 13 : 1464812829
Total Pages : 407 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (648 download)
Download or read book Moving for Prosperity written by World Bank and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2018-06-14 with total page 407 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Migration presents a stark policy dilemma. Research repeatedly confirms that migrants, their families back home, and the countries that welcome them experience large economic and social gains. Easing immigration restrictions is one of the most effective tools for ending poverty and sharing prosperity across the globe. Yet, we see widespread opposition in destination countries, where migrants are depicted as the primary cause of many of their economic problems, from high unemployment to declining social services. Moving for Prosperity: Global Migration and Labor Markets addresses this dilemma. In addition to providing comprehensive data and empirical analysis of migration patterns and their impact, the report argues for a series of policies that work with, rather than against, labor market forces. Policy makers should aim to ease short-run dislocations and adjustment costs so that the substantial long-term benefits are shared more evenly. Only then can we avoid draconian migration restrictions that will hurt everybody. Moving for Prosperity aims to inform and stimulate policy debate, facilitate further research, and identify prominent knowledge gaps. It demonstrates why existing income gaps, demographic differences, and rapidly declining transportation costs mean that global mobility will continue to be a key feature of our lives for generations to come. Its audience includes anyone interested in one of the most controversial policy debates of our time.
Author : Sandro Galea
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
ISBN 13 : 0226822494
Total Pages : 559 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (268 download)
Download or read book Migration and Health written by Sandro Galea and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2022-11-25 with total page 559 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A new introduction to a timeless dynamic: how the movement of humans affects health everywhere. International migrants compose more than three percent of the world’s population, and internal migrants—those migrating within countries—are more than triple that number. Population migration has long been, and remains today, one of the central demographic shifts shaping the world around us. The world’s history—and its health—is shaped and colored by stories of migration patterns, the policies and political events that drive these movements, and narratives of individual migrants. Migration and Health offers the most expansive framework to date for understanding and reckoning with human migration’s implications for public health and its determinants. It interrogates this complex relationship by considering not only the welfare of migrants, but also that of the source, destination, and ensuing-generation populations. The result is an elevated, interdisciplinary resource for understanding what is known—and the considerable territory of what is not known—at an intersection that promises to grow in importance and influence as the century unfolds.
