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Author : Matthew J. Lindquist
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9789172653894
Total Pages : 137 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (538 download)
Download or read book Essays on the Dynamics of Wage Inequality written by Matthew J. Lindquist and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 137 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Juraj Briškár
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (126 download)
Download or read book Essays on Collective Bargaining, Wage Inequality and Firm Dynamics written by Juraj Briškár and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Arne L. Kalleberg
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0080474233
Total Pages : 312 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (84 download)
Download or read book Inequality: Structures, Dynamics and Mechanisms written by Arne L. Kalleberg and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2004-12-04 with total page 312 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Aage Sorensen was an influential intellectual presence who was one of the world's leading authorities on social stratification and the sociology of education. His research sought to understand the structures, dynamics and mechanisms that underlie inequalities in industrial societies by focusing on how individuals' attainments are shaped by characteristics of a society's or organization's opportunity structure, on the one hand, and individuals' education, experience and other human capital resources, on the other. He emphasized inequalities associated with education and schooling, class, and stratification outcomes such as income and occupational status. Within these general foci, he tackled the study of phenomena as diverse as rates of learning in elementary school reading groups and promotion patterns in large industrial corporations. The chapters of this volume illustrate some of the major themes that characterized Aage's research; these topics are also likely to constitute important concerns for future efforts to understand structured social inequality in society. These themes include: the development of explicit dynamic models to account for observed patterns of education, career, and labor market outcomes; aspects of educational inequality such as school effects and learning opportunities; issues related to intragenerational mobility and careers; and the role of rents in generating structural inequality.
Author : Jaclyn Butler
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (134 download)
Download or read book Essays on the Economic, Demographic, and Social Dynamics of Income Inequality in the United States written by Jaclyn Butler and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation examines the economic, demographic, and social dynamics of income inequality in the United States. Income inequality is high, and rising, in the United States. Given that income inequality is associated with adverse societal outcomes, it is important to understand the causes and consequences of income inequality. The first chapter examines the effects of manufacturing employment on inequality in U.S. counties, and builds on prior research by disaggregating this sector into the durable and non-durable subsectors. I find that the effects of each subsector vary over time (1990 to 2016) and by county rural-urban status. The protective effects of both durable and nondurable manufacturing have weakened over time in both rural and urban counties, but disproportionately so in urban counties. By the end of the study period, the protective effect of both subsectors was only detected in rural counties. The second chapter examines the effects of population aging on income inequality in U.S. commuting zones and examines whether these effects vary between the mechanisms of aging: aging-in-place and retirement migration. Income inequality is measured as change in the overall level of income inequality and as the shifting shape of the income distribution from 2000 to 2010. I find evidence that population aging's effect on income inequality varies by the aging mechanism. Population aging in the context of aging-in-place decreases income shares in the middle of the distribution. Population aging in the context of retirement migration increases the overall level of income inequality, decreases income shares at the bottom of the distribution, and increases income shares at the top of the distribution. The third chapter examines whether and how people living and working in a high-inequality context perceive the economic and social dynamics of income inequality. Using a case study approach, this chapter uses interview data from 12 study participants to understand the perceptions, causes, and consequences of income inequality in Hancock County, Maine. The findings indicate that participants accurately perceive that income inequality is high, and increasing, in Hancock County. Participants discussed the community's status as a New England summer colony and major tourist destination, which concentrates employment growth in the lower-wage and seasonal service industry. Participants also expressed concern that the housing affordability crisis and the AirBnB economy have hollowed out the sense of community among working- and family-aged residents with lower to moderate incomes. These three papers provide unique insight into the economic, demographic, and social dynamics of income inequality. Their distinctive contributions include analysis of the underlying components of two major economic and demographic processes in the United States (deindustrialization and population aging), as well as qualitative insight into the social dynamics of income inequality in a high-inequality context.
Author : Julian Weisbrod
Publisher : Peter Lang Pub Incorporated
ISBN 13 : 9783631572559
Total Pages : 142 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (725 download)
Download or read book Growth, Poverty and Inequality Dynamics written by Julian Weisbrod and published by Peter Lang Pub Incorporated. This book was released on 2008 with total page 142 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since the Second World War the world has seen an economic growth spurt unprecedented in history. Economic growth is a necessary but not sufficient condition for improving human development, or in other words, economic growth is an important pre-requisite for the ultimate goal of human well-being. The four empirical essays of this book add to the general debate concerning dynamics of growth, poverty and inequality over the past 40 years from four different dimensions. The first chapter analyses the dynamics of the cross-country per capita income distribution and the existence of convergence clubs. The second chapter focuses on the dynamic development of the global income distribution and resulting implications for global income convergence, poverty reduction, pro-poor growth and the evolution of global inequality within and between countries. The third chapter investigates the deterministic relationship between ethnic fractionalisation and growth in a macro cross-country regression framework. Finally, the fourth chapter adds to the understanding of micro determinants of growth and poverty in the context of Indonesia.
Author : Alain de Janvry
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 0387297480
Total Pages : 390 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (872 download)
Download or read book Poverty, Inequality and Development written by Alain de Janvry and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2006-06-09 with total page 390 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This collection of essays honors a remarkable man and his work. Erik Thorbecke has made significant contributions to the microeconomic and the macroeconomic analysis of poverty, inequality and development, ranging from theory to empirics and policy. The essays in this volume display the same range. As a collection they make the fundamental point that deep understanding of these phenomena requires both the micro and the macro perspectives together, utilizing the strengths of each but also the special insights that come when the two are linked together. After an overview section which contains the introductory chapter and a chapter examining the historical roots of Erik Thorbecke's motivations, the essays in this volume are grouped into four parts, each part identifying a major strand of Erik's work—Measurement of Poverty and Inequality, Micro Behavior and Market Failure, SAMs and CGEs, and Institutions and Development. The range of topics covered in the essays, written by leading authorities in their own areas, highlight the extraordinary depth and breadth of Erik Thorbecke's influence in research and policy on poverty, inequality and development. Acknowledgements These papers were presented at a conference in honor of Erik Thorbecke held at Cornell University on October 10-11, 2003. The conference was supported by the funds of the H. E. Babcock Chair in Food, Nutrition and Public Policy, and the T. H. Lee Chair in World Affairs at Cornell University.
Author : Ludmila Rovba
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 350 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (163 download)
Download or read book Three Essays on the Employment and Economic Well-being of Vulverable Populations written by Ludmila Rovba and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 350 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Gulgun Bayaz Ozturk
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 238 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (76 download)
Download or read book Three Essays on Income Inequality written by Gulgun Bayaz Ozturk and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 238 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Claudia Biancotti
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (14 download)
Download or read book Income Inequality and Poverty written by Claudia Biancotti and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Faisal Sohail
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 117 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (14 download)
Download or read book Essays in Economic Development, Firm Dynamics and Inequality written by Faisal Sohail and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 117 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation studied detailed micro-level evidence to understand macroeconomic outcomes over time and across economies. The three chapters that comprise this dissertation study the following: 1) the role of employer size in the entry, size and growth of firms, 2) the interaction of income inequality and entrepreneurial entry, and 3) the effects of financial market liberalization on income inequality. Identifying the determinants of firm entry, size and growth is important for understanding aggregate outcomes within and across economies. The first chapter, "Employer Size and Spinout Dynamics" contributes to this understanding by studying the role of employer size on the formation and success of spinouts i.e. firms founded by former employees of existing firms. Using individual and firm level data from Mexico, I document a negative (positive) relationship between spinout entry (growth) and employer size. In other words, smaller firms are more likely to generate spinouts than larger firms and these spinouts grow slower than those from larger firms. Although a qualitatively similar relationship is observed in data from the U.S., there are large quantitative differences in the levels of spinout formation. To understand the impact of these differences on aggregate outcomes, I build an empirically consistent model of occupational choice and firm dynamics in which workers can learn from and adopt the productivity of their employers to form spinouts. In this framework, differences in the rate of spinout formation between U.S. and Mexico are driven by differences in the efficiency with which employees learn from their employers. I interpret this efficiency as capturing a form of managerial quality. Calibrating the model to match spinout entry across the two countries accounts for a significant share of the observed differences in output per worker, entrepreneurship and firm growth. These findings highlight the relevance of spinouts for aggregate outcomes, as well as the potential for management practices to not only impact incumbent firms but also future entrants. In the second chapter of this dissertation, "Skill Biased Entrepreneurial Decline", my co-author and I study the forces behind the decline of firm startups in the U.S. since the late 70's. We document that this decline in entry into entrepreneurship is more pronounced for skilled individuals and posit that it is due, in part, to the changing income structures of workers and entrepreneurs. We show this to be the case by introducing a rising worker skill premium in a model of occupational choice. Our findings emphasize the importance of rising income inequality in understanding the skill biased decline in entrepreneurship and the broader decline in business dynamism in the U.S. In the third chapter, "Financial Market Liberalization and Inequality", my co-authors and I investigate the role of bank branching deregulation on inequality at the top and bottom end of the income distribution in the U.S. By exploiting differences in the timing of deregulation across states , we establish a causal link between financial market liberalization and the increase (decrease) of top (bottom) income inequality. We argue that deregulation impacts inequality through direct effects on earnings in the financial sector, as well as indirect spill overs from this sector to the rest of the economy. Empirical evidence supporting these direct and indirect channels is provided. These findings contribute to understanding current trends and predicting future trends in inequality.
Author : Jin-tae Hwang
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 79 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (951 download)
Download or read book Essays on Wage Inequality and Economic Growth written by Jin-tae Hwang and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 79 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Andreas Gulyas
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 103 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (17 download)
Download or read book Essays on Labor Markets written by Andreas Gulyas and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 103 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: My dissertation contributes towards our understanding of the determinants of wage inequality and to the causes of the emergence of jobless recoveries. It consists of two chapters. The first, "Identifying Labor Market Sorting with Firm Dynamics" studies the determinants of wage inequality, which requires understanding how workers and firms match. I propose a novel strategy to identify the complementarities in production between unobserved worker and firm attributes, based on the idea that positive (negative) sorting implies that firms upgrade (downgrade) their workforce quality when they grow in size. I use German matched employer-employee data to estimate a search and matching model with worker-firm complementarities, job-to-job transitions, and firm dynamics. The relationship between changes in workforce quality and firm growth rates in the data informs the strength of complementarities in the model. Thus, this strategy bypasses the lack of identification inherent to environments with constant firm types. I find evidence of negative sorting and a significant dampening effect of worker-firm complementarities on wage inequality. Worker and firm heterogeneity, differential bargaining positions, and sorting contribute 71\%, 20\%, 32\% and -23\% to wage dispersion, respectively. Reallocating workers across firms to the first-best allocation without mismatch yields an output gain of less than one percent.\\ My second chapter, "Does the Cyclicality of Employment Depend on Trends in the Participation Rate?" studies the fact that the past three recessions were characterized by sluggish recovery of the employment to population ratio. The reasons behind these "jobless recoveries" are not well understood. Contrary to other post-WWII recessions, these "jobless recoveries" occurred during times with downward trending labor force participation rate(LFPR). I extend the directed search setup of Menzio et al. (2012) with a labor force participation decision to study whether trends in LFPR cause jobless recessions. I then show that that recoveries during times of declining LFPR look very different to recoveries during positive LFPR trend. The basic intuition is as follows: During downward trending LFPR, many low productivity workers cling on to their jobs, but once separated, it does not pay off for them to pay the search cost to re-enter the market. If the recession happens during increasing trend LFPR, then the employment recovery is helped by persons entering the labor market. Thus, I highlight that contrary to the usual approach in the literature, it is important to explicitly account for the trend of the LFPR.
Author : Panayiotis M. Pourpourides
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (263 download)
Download or read book Essays on Wages and Wage Inequality Over the Business Cycle written by Panayiotis M. Pourpourides and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Eksten Itay Saporta
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (88 download)
Download or read book Essays in Labor Economics written by Eksten Itay Saporta and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation studies micro and macro consumption and labor supply behavior. The first two essays study the response of consumption to income shocks and to job loss events, and draw implications to social insurance design. The last two essays turn to the macro picture, studying the behavior of aggregate consumption in the Great Recession, and exploring sources of the high unemployment observed during and in the aftermath of the Great Recession. The first essay is motivated by the documented empirical fact that job loss is associated with both pre- and post-job loss declines in hourly wages and earnings. Using recent data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, I show that consumption dynamics mirror these wage dynamics. To account for the consumption dynamics in the data I introduce a correlation between individual hourly wages and job loss into a life-cycle model with self insurance (through savings), social insurance, and endogenous unemployment durations. I find that this model is able to replicate the joint dynamics of wages, job loss and consumption that we observe in the data. I then show that accounting for the correlation between wages and job loss has important implications for the optimal design of unemployment insurance (UI). The consumption smoothing benefits of unemployment insurance are larger, and the cost of insurance lower, than suggested when this correlation is absent. Thus, while a model that assumes away these correlations yields optimal UI replacement rates close to zero, a model that incorporates the correlations predicts optimal rates of 0.54, slightly higher than the current US level. In the second essay we examine the link between wage inequality and consumption inequality using a life cycle model that incorporates household consumption and family labor supply decisions. We focus on the importance of family labor supply as an insurance mechanism to wage shocks and find strong evidence of smoothing of male's and female's permanent shocks to wages. Once family labor supply, assets and taxes are properly accounted for there is little evidence of additional insurance. In the third essay we review the evidence on changes in consumer spending during the Great Recession. We point out three distinctive features of consumption in the Great Recession. First, the drop in consumption was deep and persistent. Consumption per capita fell monotonically throughout the recession showing an overall decline greater than 4 percent from peak to trough. Spending on nondurables and (especially) services fell significantly compared to previous recessions. Second, consumption fell more than disposable income, partly as a result of an increase in government transfers to households. Third, the varying impact the recession has had across age, race, education and wealth groups resulted in a decline in consumption inequality. The last essay studies the role of geographic mobility in explaining the high levels of unemployment during and after the Great Recession. We find that the effect of mobility is always small: Using pre-recession mobility rates, decreased mobility can account for only an 11 basis points increase in the unemployment rate over the period. Using dynamics of renter geographical mobility in this period to calculate homeowner counterfactual mobility, delivers similar results. Using the highest mobility rate observed in the data, reduced mobility accounts for only a 33 basis points increase in the unemployment rate.
Author : Pyeong Tak Nahm
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 226 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (326 download)
Download or read book Essays on Wage Inequality and International Trade written by Pyeong Tak Nahm and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 226 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Ian Tomb
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (882 download)
Download or read book Essays on the Economics of Wage Inequality written by Ian Tomb and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this dissertation I examine changes in wage inequality in two chapters. In the first chapter, I examine the slowdown in the relative demand for college-educated labor in the U.S. since the early 1980s. A large literature suggests that this puzzling slowdown is primarily the result of non-monotone changes in the demand for skill, particularly since the mid-1990s, induced by the introduction of computers to the labor market. In these two essays, I develop a complementary result: I show that roughly 10-60% of the gap in the annual growth rates of the relative demand for college-educated workers between the 1963-1982 and 1982-2008 periods can be closed by adjusting for shifts in supply and demand within schooling groups; however, a slowdown in relative demand growth beginning in 1993, well-documented in the literature and potentially-related to recent technological changes, remains pronounced across all specifications.
Author : Susanne Forstner
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 93 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (835 download)
Download or read book Essays on Wage Inequality from a Macroeconomic Perspective written by Susanne Forstner and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 93 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thesis contains two chapters on the sources of residual wage inequality. The first chapter contributes to attempts to explain the increase in wage inequality in the U.S. labor market over the past few decades. I address the question of how much of this increase can be attributed to factors associated with job-to-job mobility. For this purpose, I develop a search model with on-the-job search, anticipation of job destruction, and costs to workers when switching jobs. The quantitative analysis involves calibrating the model to match characteristics of the U.S. labor market in the mid-1980s and the mid-2000s. I find that changes in job-to-job mobility have a significant quantitative impact on residual wage inequality. In particular, up to one-half of the observed inequality increase is accounted for by the composite effect of three mobility determinants. Among them, the arrival probability of offers on the job plays the leading role, whereas the impact of job switching costs is negligible. In addition, changes in the conditions of job loss amplify the effect of offer arrivals. In the second chapter, joint work with Arpad Abraham and Fernando Alvarez-Parra, we study the impact of moral hazard in labor contracts on residual wage inequality. The tool of our analysis is a search model with job-to-job mobility and firm competition for workers, where firms offer long-term contracts to risk-averse workers in the presence of repeated moral hazard. For a quantitative analysis, we calibrate the model to match characteristics of the U.S. labor market derived from micro data from the mid-2000s. We find that, on balance, moral hazard increases residual wage inequality by around six percent. The direct effect of providing incentives through wage variation accounts for a moderate contribution to inequality increase. In addition, moral hazard affects the wage distribution through several indirect effects, as firms adjust the levels of effort implemented and the wage offers made to workers in response to increased effort costs. Through their particularly strong impact on the lower parts of the wage distribution, such effects contribute substantially to the overall rise in inequality. The main reason is that, under moral hazard, low wage workers spend significantly less effort.
