Essays on Private Consumption Smoothing Mechanisms

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 234 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (898 download)

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Book Synopsis Essays on Private Consumption Smoothing Mechanisms by : Kyle Frederic Herkenhoff

Download or read book Essays on Private Consumption Smoothing Mechanisms written by Kyle Frederic Herkenhoff and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 234 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation studies the interaction between private consumption smoothing mechanisms and labor markets. Chapter 1 studies the growth in credit card access among the unemployed over the last 40 years and how this credit growth has impacted labor markets. I begin by developing a general equilibrium business cycle model with search in both the labor market and in the credit market. Calibrating to the observed path of credit between 1974 and 2012, I find that growth in credit card access can lead to deeper and longer recessions as well as moderately slower recoveries. Chapter 2, which is co-authored with Lee E. Ohanian, looks at the impact of foreclosure protection on unemployment during the 2007-2009 financial crisis. Through a purely positive lens, we study and document the growing trend of mortgagors who skip mortgage payments as an extra source of ``informal'' unemployment insurance during the 2007 recession and the subsequent recovery. In a dynamic model, we capture this behavior by treating both delinquency and foreclosure not as one period events, but rather as protracted and potentially reversible episodes that influence job search behavior and wage acceptance decisions. After calibrating, we find that the observed foreclosure delays increase the unemployment rate by an additional 1/3%-3/4%. And finally, Chapter 3, which is co-authored with Lee E. Ohanian, Kris Gerardi, and Paul Willen, looks at the empirical determinants of default and provides a new suggestive measure of strategic default. In sharp contrast to prior studies that proxy for individual unemployment status using regional unemployment rates, we find that individual unemployment is the strongest predictor of default. We also find that only 13.9% of defaulters have both negative equity and enough liquid or illiquid assets to make 1 month's mortgage payment. This suggests that ``ruthless, '' or ``strategic'' default during the 2007-2009 recession is relatively rare, and suggests that policies designed to promote employment, such as payroll tax cuts, are most likely to stem defaults in the long run rather than policies that temporarily modify mortgages.

Two Essays on Consumption Smoothing and Saving

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781124198156
Total Pages : 96 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (981 download)

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Book Synopsis Two Essays on Consumption Smoothing and Saving by : Francisco Torralba

Download or read book Two Essays on Consumption Smoothing and Saving written by Francisco Torralba and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 96 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation is comprised of two essays on the importance of two consumption smoothing mechanisms.

Essays in Household Consumption

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (137 download)

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Book Synopsis Essays in Household Consumption by : Satyajit Dutt

Download or read book Essays in Household Consumption written by Satyajit Dutt and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Essays on the Transmission of Economic Shocks

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 404 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (948 download)

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Book Synopsis Essays on the Transmission of Economic Shocks by : Claire H. Hollweg

Download or read book Essays on the Transmission of Economic Shocks written by Claire H. Hollweg and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 404 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thesis explores the transmission of economic shocks. Although the thesis is structured as four stand-alone chapters, the common theme throughout is identifying the impact of economic shocks: either idiosyncratic shocks at the household-level, macroeconomic shocks emanating from foreign countries and transmitted through global markets, or countries' own macroeconomic policy changes (for example, structural reforms or trade reforms). Each chapter applies a different empirical methodology, including structural estimation, reduced form instrumental variables estimation, and growth accounting. Finally, each chapter utilizes a different dataset and country sample selection. While one chapter uses a micro dataset from household-level surveys, others use cross-country datasets at the aggregate country level. Both developed and developing countries are considered in the analyses. The thesis begins by exploring the relationship between idiosyncratic income changes and consumption changes of Australian households over the period 2001-2009. A major contribution to the literature is the use of the Household Income and Labor Dynamics of Australia dataset that includes panels on both consumption and income data. For the entire sample of Australian households, nearly full consumption smoothing exists against transitory shocks. Although less consumption smoothing exists against permanent shocks, Australian households still achieve a high degree of consumption smoothing against highly persistent shocks, particularly when compared to households in the United States. Durable purchases, female labor supply, and taxes and transfers are all found to act as consumption-smoothing mechanisms. The thesis then explores the impact of structural reforms on a comprehensive list of macro-level labor-market outcomes, including the unemployment rate, employment levels, average wage index, and labor force participation rates. After documenting the average trends across countries in the labor-market outcomes up to ten years on either side of each country's reform year, fixed-effects ordinary least squares as well as instrumental variables regressions are performed to account for likely endogeneity of structural reforms to labor-market outcomes. Overall the results suggest that structural reforms lead to positive outcomes for labor, particularly for informal workers. Redistributive effects in favor of workers, along the lines of the Stolper-Samuelson effect, may be at work. The thesis then explores the impact of trade liberalization on macroeconomic estimates of productivity using Brazil as a case study. Trade and economic reforms can affect the price of capital goods relative to other tradable and especially non-tradable goods. If the price of capital investments rises more than the price of all goods and services in the economy, mismeasurement of the price of capital caused by the divergence in these relative prices would result in an overestimated capital stock and underestimated TFP. This chapter overcomes this bias by constructing a capital price index using international trade data on capital goods' unit values then adjusts the index to reflect domestic Brazilian prices. A significant recovery between 1992 and 2006 is observed, highlighting the important role of the price deflator in growth accounting. The final chapter of this thesis proposes a methodology to measure the vulnerability of a country through exports to fluctuations in the economic activity of foreign markets. Export vulnerability depends first on the overall level of export exposure, measured as the share of exports to a foreign market in gross domestic product, and second on the sensitivity of exports to fluctuations in foreign gross domestic product. This sensitivity is captured by estimating origin-destination specific elasticities of exports with respect to changes in foreign gross domestic product using a gravity model of trade. Although the results suggest differences in elasticity estimates across regions as well as product categories, the principal source of international heterogeneity in export vulnerability results from differences in export exposure to global markets.

Essays on Consumption Smoothing

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 74 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (755 download)

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Book Synopsis Essays on Consumption Smoothing by : Ka Fai Li

Download or read book Essays on Consumption Smoothing written by Ka Fai Li and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 74 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Smoothing Consumption Across Households and Time

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 163 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (46 download)

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Book Synopsis Smoothing Consumption Across Households and Time by : Cynthia Georgia Kinnan

Download or read book Smoothing Consumption Across Households and Time written by Cynthia Georgia Kinnan and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 163 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thesis studies two strategies that households may use to keep their consumption smooth in the face of fluctuations in income and expenses: credit (borrowing and savings) and insurance (state contingent transfers between households). The first chapter asks why insurance among households in rural Thai villages is incomplete. The second chapter analyzes the impacts of micro-credit. The third chapter examines the interaction between interpersonal insurance and access to savings. The first chapter is motivated by the observation that interpersonal insurance within villages is an important source of insurance, yet consumption, while much smoother than income, is not completely smooth. That is, insurance is incomplete. This chapter attempts to identify the cause of this incompleteness. Existing research has suggested three possibilities: limited commitment-the inability of households to commit to remain within an insurance agreement; moral hazard-the need to give households incentives to work hard; and hidden income-the inability of households to verify one another's incomes. I show that the way in which "history" matters can be used to distinguish insurance constrained by hidden income from insurance constrained by limited commitment or moral hazard. This history dependence can be tested with a simple empirical procedure: predicting current marginal utility of consumption with the first lag of marginal utility and the first lag of income, and testing the significance of the lagged income term. This test is implemented using panel data from households in rural Thailand. The results are consistent with insurance constrained by hidden income, rather than limited commitment or moral hazard. I test the robustness of this result to measurement error using instrumental variables and by testing over-identifying restrictions on the reduced form equation for consumption. I test robustness to the specification of the utility function by nonparametric ally estimating marginal utility. The results suggest that constraints arising from private information about household income should be taken into account when designing safety net and other policies. My second chapter (co-authored with Abhijit Banerjee, Esther Duflo and Rachel Glennerster) uses a randomized trial to analyze the impacts of micro credit in urban South India. We find that more new businesses are created in areas where a micro credit branch opens. Existing business owners increase their spending on durable goods but not non-durable consumption. Among households that did not have a business before the program began, those with high estimated propensity to start a business reduce non-durable consumption and increase spending on durables in treated areas. Those with low estimated propensity to start a business increase non-durable consumption and spend no more on durables. This suggests that some households use micro credit to pay part of the fixed cost of starting a business, some expand an existing business, and others pay off more expensive debt or borrow against future income. We find no effects on health, education, or women's empowerment. My third dissertation chapter (co-authored with Arun Chandrasekhar and Horacio Larreguy) is motivated by the observation that the ability of community members to insure one another may be significantly reduced when community members also have the ability to privately save some of their income. We conducted a laboratory experiment in rural South India to examine the impact of savings access on informal insurance. We find that transfers between players are reduced when savings is available, but that, on average, players smooth their consumption more with savings than without. We use social network data to compute social distance between pairs, and show that limited commitment constraints significantly limit insurance when risk-sharing partners are socially distant, but not when pairs are closely connected. For distant pairs, access to savings helps to smooth income risk that is not insured interpersonally.

Essays in Labor Economics

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (88 download)

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Book Synopsis Essays in Labor Economics by : Eksten Itay Saporta

Download or read book Essays in Labor Economics written by Eksten Itay Saporta and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation studies micro and macro consumption and labor supply behavior. The first two essays study the response of consumption to income shocks and to job loss events, and draw implications to social insurance design. The last two essays turn to the macro picture, studying the behavior of aggregate consumption in the Great Recession, and exploring sources of the high unemployment observed during and in the aftermath of the Great Recession. The first essay is motivated by the documented empirical fact that job loss is associated with both pre- and post-job loss declines in hourly wages and earnings. Using recent data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, I show that consumption dynamics mirror these wage dynamics. To account for the consumption dynamics in the data I introduce a correlation between individual hourly wages and job loss into a life-cycle model with self insurance (through savings), social insurance, and endogenous unemployment durations. I find that this model is able to replicate the joint dynamics of wages, job loss and consumption that we observe in the data. I then show that accounting for the correlation between wages and job loss has important implications for the optimal design of unemployment insurance (UI). The consumption smoothing benefits of unemployment insurance are larger, and the cost of insurance lower, than suggested when this correlation is absent. Thus, while a model that assumes away these correlations yields optimal UI replacement rates close to zero, a model that incorporates the correlations predicts optimal rates of 0.54, slightly higher than the current US level. In the second essay we examine the link between wage inequality and consumption inequality using a life cycle model that incorporates household consumption and family labor supply decisions. We focus on the importance of family labor supply as an insurance mechanism to wage shocks and find strong evidence of smoothing of male's and female's permanent shocks to wages. Once family labor supply, assets and taxes are properly accounted for there is little evidence of additional insurance. In the third essay we review the evidence on changes in consumer spending during the Great Recession. We point out three distinctive features of consumption in the Great Recession. First, the drop in consumption was deep and persistent. Consumption per capita fell monotonically throughout the recession showing an overall decline greater than 4 percent from peak to trough. Spending on nondurables and (especially) services fell significantly compared to previous recessions. Second, consumption fell more than disposable income, partly as a result of an increase in government transfers to households. Third, the varying impact the recession has had across age, race, education and wealth groups resulted in a decline in consumption inequality. The last essay studies the role of geographic mobility in explaining the high levels of unemployment during and after the Great Recession. We find that the effect of mobility is always small: Using pre-recession mobility rates, decreased mobility can account for only an 11 basis points increase in the unemployment rate over the period. Using dynamics of renter geographical mobility in this period to calculate homeowner counterfactual mobility, delivers similar results. Using the highest mobility rate observed in the data, reduced mobility accounts for only a 33 basis points increase in the unemployment rate.

Capital Mobility

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Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780521454384
Total Pages : 400 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (543 download)

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Book Synopsis Capital Mobility by : Leonardo Leiderman

Download or read book Capital Mobility written by Leonardo Leiderman and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 1994-07-14 with total page 400 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This edited volume examines capital mobility in both industrialised and developing countries.

Two Essays on the Economics of the Household of the Developing Countries

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 410 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (129 download)

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Book Synopsis Two Essays on the Economics of the Household of the Developing Countries by : Firman Witoelar

Download or read book Two Essays on the Economics of the Household of the Developing Countries written by Firman Witoelar and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 410 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Essays in Macroeconomics

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (11 download)

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Book Synopsis Essays in Macroeconomics by : Saiah Lee

Download or read book Essays in Macroeconomics written by Saiah Lee and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation consists of three independent essays in macroeconomics. They examine macroeconomic issues and their underlying mechanism. The first essay studies monetary policy from a cross-country perspective. Cross-country estimates of Taylor rules suggest that higher data uncertainty is associated with a more inertial behavior of interest rates. Data uncertainty is measured by the volatility of differences between real-time data and their revisions. Using a simple structural model with Kalman filter learning, I replicate the cross-country pattern of the inertial behavior. More inertial behavior results not because central banks gradually adjust interest rates in the face of data uncertainty, but because the central banks' inference about the true data is correlated with past interest rates. Thus, I endogenize inertial behavior of interest rates as resulting in part from the learning process. The second essay explores the pro-cyclical behavior of household and corporate credit in emerging economies. Standard consumption-investment theory predicts counter-cyclical (pro-cyclical) behavior of household (corporate) credit whereby households' consumption-smoothing and firms' investment motives are aligned. Counter to the theoretical symbiosis consistent with U.S. data, it is demonstrated that the pro-cyclical behavior of both household and corporate credit in emerging economies, rationalized by households' leveraged investing in domestic assets and followed by large responses in asset values, engenders competition between them and hinders the growth of small and medium businesses. The empirical findings suggest another way of understanding the credit cycle puzzle in emerging economies, counter-cyclical behavior of real interest rate and large consumption volatility. The third essay studies the coupling of industrial production indices of the United States and Canada using a non-linear autoregressive model. Estimation of the exponential smooth transition autoregressive (ESTAR) model in the literature is improved with an expanded set of specifications, and I identify the dynamic linkage between the United States and Canada and evaluate the forecast performance of each model. The results show the non-linear autoregressive model with bilateral trade linkage to outperform other models suggested by existing studies.

Cash Welfare as a Consumption Smoothing Mechanism for Single Mothers

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 58 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Cash Welfare as a Consumption Smoothing Mechanism for Single Mothers by : Jonathan Gruber

Download or read book Cash Welfare as a Consumption Smoothing Mechanism for Single Mothers written by Jonathan Gruber and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 58 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: While there has been considerable research on the disincentive effects of cash welfare under the Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) program, there is little evidence on the benefits of the program for single mothers and their children. One potential benefit of this program is that it provides short-run consumption insurance for women at the point that they become single mothers. This is only true, however, to the extent that the program is not crowding out other sources of support, such as own savings, labor supply, or transfers from others. I assess the importance of this insurance mechanism by measuring the extent to which AFDC smooths the consumption of women who transition to single motherhood. I use longitudinal data on family structure and consumption expenditures on food and housing from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), matched to information on the welfare benefits available in each state and year over the 1968-1985 period. I find that raising potential benefits by one dollar raises the food and housing consumption of all women who become single mothers (and their families) by 30 cents. This estimate implies that for each dollar of AFDC received by this population their consumption of these categories of goods rises by up to 95 cents. This consumption smoothing benefit appears to be larger for women who become single mothers through marital dissolution, rather than through out-of-wedlock childbearing; this is due to increased housing expenditures of the former group but not of the latter.

Two Essays on Socio-economic Aspects of Soil Degradation

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Publisher : Food & Agriculture Org.
ISBN 13 : 9789251046296
Total Pages : 108 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (462 download)

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Book Synopsis Two Essays on Socio-economic Aspects of Soil Degradation by : Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

Download or read book Two Essays on Socio-economic Aspects of Soil Degradation written by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and published by Food & Agriculture Org.. This book was released on 2001 with total page 108 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Contents: Dirt poor: poverty, farmers and soil resource investment/ by Leslie Lipper; Methodological issues in analysing the linkages between socio-eocnomic and environmental systems/ by Dan Osgood and Leslie Lipper. Includes 1-page abstracts in French, Spanish and Arabic

The Analysis of Household Surveys

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Publisher : World Bank Publications
ISBN 13 : 9780801852541
Total Pages : 492 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (525 download)

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Book Synopsis The Analysis of Household Surveys by : Angus Deaton

Download or read book The Analysis of Household Surveys written by Angus Deaton and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1997 with total page 492 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Using data from several countries, including Cote d'Ivoire, India, Pakistan, Taiwan, and Thailand, this book analyzes household survey data from developing countries and illustrates how such data can be used to cast light on a range of short-term and long-term policy issues.

Household Consumption Volatility and Poverty Risk: Case Studies from South Africa and Tanzania

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Publisher : International Monetary Fund
ISBN 13 : 1513527010
Total Pages : 41 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (135 download)

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Book Synopsis Household Consumption Volatility and Poverty Risk: Case Studies from South Africa and Tanzania by : Mr.Matthieu Bellon

Download or read book Household Consumption Volatility and Poverty Risk: Case Studies from South Africa and Tanzania written by Mr.Matthieu Bellon and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2020-03-06 with total page 41 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Economic volatility remains a fact of life in Sub Saharan Africa (SSA). Household-level shocks create large consumption fluctuations, raising the incidence of poverty. Drawing on micro-level data from South Africa and Tanzania, we examine the vulnerability to shocks across household types (e.g. by education, ethnic group, and economic activity) and we quantify the impact that reducing consumption volatility would have on aggregate poverty. We then discuss coverage of consumption insurance mechanisms, including financial access and transfers. Country characteristics crucially determine which household-level shocks are most prevalent and which consumption-smoothing mechanisms are available. In Tanzania, agricultural shocks are an important source of consumption risk as two thirds of households are involved in some level of agricultural production. For South Africa, we focus on labor market risk proxied by transitions from formal employment to informal work or unemployment. We find that access to credit, when available, and government transfers can effectively mitigate labor market shocks.

Handbook of US Consumer Economics

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Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0128135255
Total Pages : 456 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (281 download)

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Book Synopsis Handbook of US Consumer Economics by : Andrew Haughwout

Download or read book Handbook of US Consumer Economics written by Andrew Haughwout and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2019-08-12 with total page 456 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Handbook of U.S. Consumer Economics presents a deep understanding on key, current topics and a primer on the landscape of contemporary research on the U.S. consumer. This volume reveals new insights into household decision-making on consumption and saving, borrowing and investing, portfolio allocation, demand of professional advice, and retirement choices. Nearly 70% of U.S. gross domestic product is devoted to consumption, making an understanding of the consumer a first order issue in macroeconomics. After all, understanding how households played an important role in the boom and bust cycle that led to the financial crisis and recent great recession is a key metric. Introduces household finance by examining consumption and borrowing choices Tackles macro-problems by observing new, original micro-data Looks into the future of consumer spending by using data, not questionnaires

Handbook of Behavioral Economics - Foundations and Applications 1

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Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0444633898
Total Pages : 749 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (446 download)

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Book Synopsis Handbook of Behavioral Economics - Foundations and Applications 1 by :

Download or read book Handbook of Behavioral Economics - Foundations and Applications 1 written by and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2018-09-27 with total page 749 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Handbook of Behavioral Economics: Foundations and Applications presents the concepts and tools of behavioral economics. Its authors are all economists who share a belief that the objective of behavioral economics is to enrich, rather than to destroy or replace, standard economics. They provide authoritative perspectives on the value to economic inquiry of insights gained from psychology. Specific chapters in this first volume cover reference-dependent preferences, asset markets, household finance, corporate finance, public economics, industrial organization, and structural behavioural economics. This Handbook provides authoritative summaries by experts in respective subfields regarding where behavioral economics has been; what it has so far accomplished; and its promise for the future. This taking-stock is just what Behavioral Economics needs at this stage of its so-far successful career. Helps academic and non-academic economists understand recent, rapid changes in theoretical and empirical advances within behavioral economics Designed for economists already convinced of the benefits of behavioral economics and mainstream economists who feel threatened by new developments in behavioral economics Written for those who wish to become quickly acquainted with behavioral economics

Handbook of Development Economics

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Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0444823026
Total Pages : 1055 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (448 download)

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Book Synopsis Handbook of Development Economics by : Hollis Burnley Chenery

Download or read book Handbook of Development Economics written by Hollis Burnley Chenery and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 1988 with total page 1055 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Handbooks of development economics/ edit. Chenery.-v.1.