Essays On Environment And The Spatial Distribution Of Economic Activities

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Essays on Environment and the Spatial Distribution of Economic Activities

Author : Chunhua Wang
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 234 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (31 download)

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Book Synopsis Essays on Environment and the Spatial Distribution of Economic Activities by : Chunhua Wang

Download or read book Essays on Environment and the Spatial Distribution of Economic Activities written by Chunhua Wang and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 234 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Environmental quality and the spatial distribution of economic activities affect each other in many ways. The primary purpose of this dissertation is to contribute to understanding the complex interrelationship and its policy implications. This dissertation consists of three essays. The first essay examines the roles that locational amenities and increasing returns to scale play in the formation of urban development patterns and regional economic growth. The spatial distribution of amenities is shown to be a major determinant; and the effects of amenities are reinforced by external scale economies and localized information spillovers, both of which promote agglomeration and human capital accumulation. Workers in amenity locations are more productive because of increasing returns, which encourage investment on human capital development. The decentralized equilibrium is not optimal because of the externalities associated with human capital investments. The efficiency can be improved by public policies encouraging human capital investments. Such policies also increase the number and size of cities and the pace of urbanization and economic growth. The second essay examines the effects of natural disasters on population growth across U.S. counties during the period of 1960-2000. Results suggest that except earthquakes and most serious hurricanes, the risks of natural disasters have no statistically significant effects on population growth. We also estimate the effects of natural disasters on county socioeconomic and demographic characteristics, including human capital, age and ethnic composition of population, industrial composition, and income inequality, which correlate with county population growth. The insignificance of those effects indicates that natural disasters have no indirect effects on population growth, either. The third essay considers the roles of mandatory building codes for regulating land development in a natural disaster-prone area as self-insurance and self-protection. To find the optimal building codes, a simple urban economics model is constructed for the analysis. A number of comparative statics results are presented to describe how optimal building codes are affected by the endowed probability of the disaster, the expected loss, productivity levels of self-insurance and self-protection, and socioeconomic characteristics of the area such as wage, population, and the share of land area in the risky region.

Essays on the Spatial Distribution of Economic Activities

Author : Yi Jie Gwee
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (125 download)

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Book Synopsis Essays on the Spatial Distribution of Economic Activities by : Yi Jie Gwee

Download or read book Essays on the Spatial Distribution of Economic Activities written by Yi Jie Gwee and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation consists of three chapters that examine the spatial distribution of economic activities. The first chapter examines how disasters as well as individuals' expectations of what others will do affect the development of cities. The development of cities often involves the rejuvenation or replacement of existing structures. However, history, in the form of the sunk cost of existing durable structures, often serves as an impediment to urban development. In theory, by reducing the opportunity cost of waiting to rebuild to zero, disasters can eliminate these frictions and bring about higher quality structures. In addition, the simultaneous rebuilding after a disaster would allow property owners to experience stronger cross-building spillovers which would encourage further upgrades of nearby buildings. Nevertheless, these are not sufficient to guarantee higher quality buildings. This is because individuals' investment decisions also depend on their expectations of what others will do.

Essays in Environmental Economics and International Trade

Author : Wenxin Xie
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 159 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (111 download)

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Book Synopsis Essays in Environmental Economics and International Trade by : Wenxin Xie

Download or read book Essays in Environmental Economics and International Trade written by Wenxin Xie and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 159 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first two chapters of this dissertation seek to understand how climate change affects labor market outcomes and manufacturing firms in developing country contexts. Chapter One provides worker-level evidence in Brazil on different labor market adjustment margins with respect to extreme heat shocks and the underlying transmission mechanism. Exploiting rich employer-employee matched data, I find that quarterly heat shocks lead to significant increases in the propensity of manufacturing-worker layoff through the direct labor productivity channel. A significant proportion of manufacturing workers who experienced heat-related layoffs fail to find any formal employment within 36 months. These results show that heat shocks lead to persistent negative employment effect in the formal manufacturing labor market due to failure in job transitions over the medium run. In Chapter Two, I turn the focus to manufacturing firms in Indonesia. In a heterogeneous firm model with capital-biased productivity, I incorporate temperature shocks through the direct labor productivity channel and illustrate how less productive firms decide on production and re-optimize factor intensity as temperature increases. Empirically, I match gridded daily weather data with the Indonesian firm-level industrial surveys. I find that under heat shocks, the initially less productive firms are more likely to exit, highlighting the presence of survival bias intrinsic to firm-level intensive margin analysis. Second, on the aggregate, resources reallocate from less to more productive firms within industries. Among surviving firms, we observe factor substitution from unskilled to skilled workers, and firms switching from using domestic to foreign intermediate inputs. Chapter Three investigates how global commodity price booms affect land use and forest management, and the factors that influence sustainable environmental practices of mining firms. We employ a spatial and temporal lens, by collecting proprietary data on more than 30,000 mines located around the world and matching the location of these mines to high-resolution satellite imagery. This allows a granular study of the relationship between commodity prices and loss of forest cover worldwide, as well as the spatial distribution of global mines in relation to changes in land-use patterns and local economic activities as measured by nighttime luminosity. We find a positive elasticity of forest cover loss. Mine owners from rich countries display larger disparity in the elasticity of forest cover loss when operating in low versus high income countries. Our estimates suggest that the early 2000s "commodity super-cycle" contributes to roughly 8%-20% of the observed total deforestation around mining sites and that mining-induced deforestation is not limited to the immediate surroundings of mining pits.

Infrastructure and the Space-Economy

Author : Karin Peschel
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3642755712
Total Pages : 462 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (427 download)

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Book Synopsis Infrastructure and the Space-Economy by : Karin Peschel

Download or read book Infrastructure and the Space-Economy written by Karin Peschel and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 462 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Festschrift is dedicated to ROLF FUNCK on occasion of his 60th birthday on February 7, 1990. It was a wholehearted desire of the authors who all are obliged to ROLF FUNCK in their research work to please and to honour him and to express their deep gratitude. I gladly took the initiative of preparing this Festschrift since I have been closely associated with ROLF FUNCK for many years of his academic life. We first met in 1958 when he was Assistant Professor (Wissenschaftlicher Assistent) and I was student at the University of Munster. A few years later, when ROLF FUNCK, still very young, moved to the University of Karlsruhe as Professor of Economics and Director of the Institute of Economic Policy and Research, he offered me the opportunity of working with him and this started a long period of successful scientific collaboration. Nowadays we meet only occasionally at conferences, in committees etc. , but I always recall with pleasure the warm-hearted and stimulating atmosphere he created at his In stitute in Karlsruhe. I express my thanks to the authors and to the publisher, the Springer Verlag, for their cooperation as well as to the sponsors who provided the necessary funds for the publication of this Festschrift. For her enthusiasm in compiling and processing the articles on the PC and producing the final draft I am indebted to Mrs. Ilona Lohr.

Essays on the Interactions Between Land Use, Natural Amenity and Wildfire Risk

Author : Wenchao Xu
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 344 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (686 download)

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Download or read book Essays on the Interactions Between Land Use, Natural Amenity and Wildfire Risk written by Wenchao Xu and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 344 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It is essential to study the relationship between environmental features and human land-use activities that can provide a better understanding of human-environment interactions. In a response, this dissertation addresses the human-environment issues from different perspectives in three essays. The first essay conducts an integrated analysis to investigate the impacts of human activities and environmental features on wildfire occurrence at the Wildland-Urban Interface in a changing climate. We focus on the impacts of land use changes as measured by their density, connectivity, and mix. The conceptual model builds on a theoretical framework developed by Woodward (1987) and Neilson (1995) that characterizes the functioning mechanism of ecosystems. The empirical models identify the key factors that influence wildfires. Hypotheses are tested to demonstrate the spatial heterogeneity of human land-use impacts on wildfires. Results can inform the design of policies that aim to identify community vulnerabilities, reduce wildfire uncertainties, strengthen firewise community development, and inform future land-use decision making in response to wildfire threats. The second essay analyzes the impacts of wildfire risk on urban development. It builds on and expands the monocentric-city framework developed by Wu (2006) and Wu (2010) by introducing wildfire risk into this model. We calibrate the model and examine the urban spatial profiles changes under different assumptions of wildfire risks and natural amenities. We find that wildfire risk can take on various aspects of urban spatial profiles at a much broad scale that go beyond the fire-prone areas and affects both households and public decision sectors. Even without inconsistency in fire-zone designation policy, over-development can occur in fire-hazardous area. The third essay models the role of amenity in interregional migration and spatial distribution of economic activities. Extending the new economic geography model of Helpman (1998) by including locational amenities, we present a multi-market equilibrium framework that includes consumption, production, and trade. Results suggest that the effects of amenities are significantly affected by household preferences, trade barriers, and other regional economic characteristics. This study contributes to the amenity-driven migration literatures and informs the debate about the effect of amenities on interregional migrations and regional economic development.

Essays on Economic Activity and the Environment

Author : Aikaterini Balatsouka
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (17 download)

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Book Synopsis Essays on Economic Activity and the Environment by : Aikaterini Balatsouka

Download or read book Essays on Economic Activity and the Environment written by Aikaterini Balatsouka and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Three Essays On Environmental Regulation and Economic Activities

Author : Yue Gao
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 228 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (125 download)

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Book Synopsis Three Essays On Environmental Regulation and Economic Activities by : Yue Gao

Download or read book Three Essays On Environmental Regulation and Economic Activities written by Yue Gao and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 228 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Essays on the Spatial Distribution of Population and Employment

Author : Nathaniel Baum-Snow
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 266 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (255 download)

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Book Synopsis Essays on the Spatial Distribution of Population and Employment by : Nathaniel Baum-Snow

Download or read book Essays on the Spatial Distribution of Population and Employment written by Nathaniel Baum-Snow and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 266 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Essays in Spatial Economics

Author : Motoaki Takahashi
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (14 download)

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Book Synopsis Essays in Spatial Economics by : Motoaki Takahashi

Download or read book Essays in Spatial Economics written by Motoaki Takahashi and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation consists of two chapters, both of which address the geographic distribution of economic activity. In the United States, four million African Americans migrated from the South to the North between 1940 and 1970. Chapter 1 studies the effects of this great Black migration on aggregate US output and the welfare of African Americans and others. For this purpose, I develop and quantify a dynamic general equilibrium model of the spatial economy in which cohorts of African Americans and others migrate across locations. I compare the baseline equilibrium matched with US data from 1940 to 2010 with counterfactual equilibria in which African Americans or others cannot relocate across the North and the South between 1940 and 1970. The mobility of African Americans and others increased aggregate output by 0.7 and 0.3 percent, respectively. Although African Americans accounted for about 10 percent of the US population, their relocation impacted the aggregate economy more than the relocation of the other 90 percent did. The mobility of African Americans induced a large increase in the welfare of African Americans in the South, a small decrease in the welfare of African Americans in the North, and little change in the welfare of others. Chapter 2 studies the effect of a productivity change in a foreign country on unemployment across US states. I develop a model of involuntary unemployment in multiple geographic locations. The model merges a quantitative general equilibrium model of international trade and spatial economy and the efficiency-wage model (Shapiro and Stiglitz, 1984). I quantify it for 27 countries and 50 US states and compute the counterfactual of the 5% increase in China's productivity. The model predicts that real wages increase in all the US states, but unemployment increases in 44 states, and the overall US welfare increases. The counterfactual result highlights heterogeneous effects of foreign shocks on unemployment and real wages across the US states.

The Selected Essays of John H. Dunning

Author : John H. Dunning
Publisher : Edward Elgar Publishing
ISBN 13 : 9781843767053
Total Pages : 546 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (67 download)

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Download or read book The Selected Essays of John H. Dunning written by John H. Dunning and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2002-01-01 with total page 546 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: These volumes should be required reading for anyone with an interest in international business and globalisation. They add immeasurably to our understanding. Mira Wilkins, Business History Dunning is one of the most prominent researchers and thinkers in the IB field. In these books, he has set out his most celebrated writings and has provided us relatively easy access to widely scattered references in the literature. Rajat Kathuria, Global Business Review The modern academic study of the multinational enterprise started with John Dunning s pioneering study of American Investment in British Manufacturing Industry in 1958. In the early 1970s he began to publish an influential and authoritative stream of papers integrating theoretical and empirical analysis of the multinational enterprise. This fascinating volume charts the evolution of John Dunning s thinking, highlighting his attempts to develop a richer, more dynamic and historical framework for the analysis of the multinational enterprise. It makes compelling reading, and offers unique insights into the intellectual development of his well-known eclectic paradigm of international production. Mark Casson, University of Reading, UK This volume contains a selection of John Dunning s best known and highly acclaimed writings on the theory of international business activity. Spanning more than three decades, the 16 contributions trace the evolution of his thoughts and ideas as an economist, from his first article on the determinants of international production, published in 1973, to his most recent essay on relational assets, networks and global business activity, completed in 2002. Theories and Paradigms of International Business Activity gives particular prominence to the author s much renowned eclectic paradigm, which he first promulgated at a Nobel Symposium on the international allocation of economic activity in 1976. Since then, the author has written over 60 articles, pamphlets and chapters in books which have extended, refined and updated his theorizing on the interface between trade, FDI and MNE activity, in the light of the changing characteristics of the world economy and advances in international business scholarship. This, the first of two volumes of John Dunning s work, is essential reading for all students, scholars and researchers with a special interest in the reasons behind the explosive growth in post-war FDI and the globalization of business activity.

Evaluating the Human Environment

Author : John A. Dawson
Publisher : Hodder Education
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 304 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Evaluating the Human Environment by : John A. Dawson

Download or read book Evaluating the Human Environment written by John A. Dawson and published by Hodder Education. This book was released on 1973 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Dissertation Abstracts International

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 668 pages
Book Rating : 4.F/5 ( download)

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Download or read book Dissertation Abstracts International written by and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 668 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Leisure and the Environment

Author : G. A. Giannopoulos
Publisher : *Belhaven Press
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 392 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Download or read book Leisure and the Environment written by G. A. Giannopoulos and published by *Belhaven Press. This book was released on 1993 with total page 392 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The impact of new technology, particularly micro-electronics and computers, is profoundly changing the structure of transport and communication networks within Europe and how they function. This authoritative survey presents a broad yet detailed picture of the main trends and patterns arising from this transformation, particularly the convergence of the previously separate realms of telecommunications and transport. A principal theme of the book is the spatial organization of mobility in relation to technological change which is a matter of critical concern to European development and integration. The editor and contributors, by bringing together the insights of economic analysis, policy studies and technological transformation within the spatial perspective of geography, have attempted to produce an informed and relevant treatment of this topic that will be valued by academic researchers and policy-makers alike.

Is the Environment a Luxury?

Author : Silvia Tiezzi
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 9780367669546
Total Pages : 246 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (695 download)

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Download or read book Is the Environment a Luxury? written by Silvia Tiezzi and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2020-09-30 with total page 246 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The purpose of this collection of essays is to shed some light on the complex relationship between environmental quality and the distribution of income. Are the preferences of the poor towards a cleaner environment really different from those of the rich? Environmental economists have traditionally focused on efficiency issues. In their analyses the quality of the environment is usually related to aggregate or average variables, like per capita income; policy recommendations are usually formulated considering efficiency with no regard for equity and also the predicted effects of policies are evaluated in aggregate terms. The essays collected in this volume go into the problem of the relationship between environmental quality and income distribution. The book's opening essay shows how different theories of economic growth and environmental quality seem to suggest that the higher the level of income the higher is the value of environmental protection. The essays that follow, a mix of already published papers and of papers solicited for this book, analyse the relationship between environmental quality and income distribution from different perspectives (both micro and macro) and on the basis of more than one methodology. This book highlights that the preferences of the poor towards a cleaner environment may differ from those of the rich, but income is also very likely to represent only one factor affecting them. The essays consider other relevant factors affecting preferences for environmental quality. What clearly emerges is that the distribution of costs and benefits of environmental policies is the key for their successful implementation, and that further research is needed to both address the distributional effects themselves and the strategies to mitigate them.

The Role of Environmental Amenities in the Urban Economy

Author : Deyu Rao
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (137 download)

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Download or read book The Role of Environmental Amenities in the Urban Economy written by Deyu Rao and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Environmental amenities play an important role in residential location decisions, which in turn affect the concentration of consumption and production activities. In this paper, I develop and estimate a spatial general equilibrium model to examine how environmental amenities affect the spatial distribution of urban economic activities and their welfare consequences. The model characterizes household location and consumption decisions, production decisions, as well as urban agglomeration and dispersion forces. The empirical analysis leverages a natural experiment of pollution monitoring and information disclosure program and recovers key underlying parameters using fine-scale travel data on commuting and consumption trips and environmental amenities. The analysis shows that job access, residential amenities, and consumption access account for 49%, 30% and 21% of overall attractiveness of a residential location, respectively. A one-standard-deviation change in air quality leads to a 0.24-standard-deviation change in individuals' perceived amenity level. Counterfactual simulations suggest an 8.4% welfare gain if individuals were to fully incorporate environmental amenities into their decisions, compared to the scenario of not incorporating their impacts. The welfare difference is driven by changes in residential and workplace locations, as well as consumption and production decisions.

Essays on Environment and Resources

Author : Ashit Kumar Sengupta
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 262 pages
Book Rating : 4.X/5 (2 download)

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Download or read book Essays on Environment and Resources written by Ashit Kumar Sengupta and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 262 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Three Epirical Essays on Concentration of Resources and Economic Growth

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 159 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (914 download)

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Download or read book Three Epirical Essays on Concentration of Resources and Economic Growth written by and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 159 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thesis focuses on the study of two global trends characteristic of modern economic development, namely increased agglomeration and inequalities within countries. The thesis contributes to the understanding of the evolution of both trends and their impact on economic growth in the long term, using multiple techniques for data analysis, and in the light of the theory and corresponding political debate. The starting point of the thesis is the idea that agglomeration and inequality represent two dimensions (spatial and personal) of concentration of resources within countries, which is associated with the process of economic development. The thesis consists of an introductory chapter, three main empirical chapters, a general conclusion, and three methodological appendices. The thesis is mainly a work of applied economics. For the analysis data has been collected for multiple variables and for a large sample of countries worldwide, with the aim of making international comparative analysis. The central dependent variable is the long-run national economic growth rate. Therefore, the analysis conducted is based mostly on the estimation of econometric models of economic growth. Both cross-sectional and panel data are used, covering the 1960-2010 period. Different estimation techniques are studied and applied (from Ordinary Least Squares, Estimates of Fixed Effects, Methodologies Control Functions: "Control Function Approach" Estimates of Fixed Effects with Instrumental Variables and estimates by G05). As for the main contributions, beginning with chapter 2, the thesis shows that the benefits of spatial concentration of economic activity appear to depend on a relatively equal distribution of income. Thus, in high-income countries with unequal distribution of resources, geographic concentration appears to be associated with lower economic growth in the long term. Chapter 3 shows two opposing effects of income inequality on a single model of economic growth. On the one hand a negative effect, associated with inequality of opportunity. On the other hand, a positive effect, associated with unequal outcomes. Likewise, the analysis identifies the transmission channels between inequality and growth to which these two effects relate. Chapter 4 contributes to the debate on the relationship between economic growth and urban concentration, providing empirical evidence on the relevance of the urban environment. In particular, the quality of urban infrastructure is shown as critical to balance the benefits and costs of concentration in large cities. Finally, Chapter 5 discusses key findings and policy implications. In particular, the results contextualize the discussion on agglomeration not only in terms of the level of development, but also in terms of distributional problems, and physical aspects of the urban environment. Regarding the level of development, in the case of low-income countries there appears to be a trade-off between efficiency and equity, at least in the short term, due to the fact that increased urban concentration seems desirable for growth but may involve greater inequalities. For high-income countries, by contrast, a more balanced urban system, in which small and medium-sized cities play a key role, appears as a better strategy than intense urban concentration. In terms of distribution, for both high- and low-income, the fact that the benefits derived from agglomeration depend on income inequality highlights the importance of socio-economic and institutional factors in the debate on urban concentration. Finally, as regards the urban environment, the analysis confirms the concern about informal urban settlements (slums), representing a poverty trap for most of its residents, rather than a transient state in the process of structural change.