Environmental Issues In The Mediterranean

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Environmental Issues in the Mediterranean

Author : John B. Thornes
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1134729855
Total Pages : 512 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (347 download)

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Book Synopsis Environmental Issues in the Mediterranean by : John B. Thornes

Download or read book Environmental Issues in the Mediterranean written by John B. Thornes and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2004-03-01 with total page 512 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Mediterranean has been subject to changing human settlement and land use patterns for millennia, and has a history of human exploitation in an inherently unstable landscape. Environmental Issues in the Mediterranean reviews both physical and social aspects of this region, in relation to its environment. Ideal for students who are studying a range of environmental issues, but want to see them linked within one regional context. The book begins with an introduction to the Mediterranean region, its history, physical and human geography and its environmental problems. It then goes on to examine: * The Dynamic Environment - climate variables and fluctuations, vegetation, the hydrological cycle of the basin and its watershed, processes of erosion, fire and the Mediterranean Sea *The Human Impact on the Environment - prehistoric and historic land use, traditional agriculture, rural and urban settlement and use of mineral resources * The Mediterranean Environment Under Increasing Pressure - the present human landscape, changes in agriculture in the 20th century, the impact of depopulation, pollution, water resources, desertification and potential climatic change. It then concludes with a discussion of the region's on-going environmental issues of water resources, land degradation, agricultural intensification and tourism, and considers how these can be approached using management techniques and national and regional policies.

The Mediterranean region under climate change

Author : Collectif
Publisher : IRD Éditions
ISBN 13 : 2709922207
Total Pages : 736 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (99 download)

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Book Synopsis The Mediterranean region under climate change by : Collectif

Download or read book The Mediterranean region under climate change written by Collectif and published by IRD Éditions. This book was released on 2018-11-19 with total page 736 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book has been published by Allenvi (French National Alliance for Environmental Research) to coincide with the 22nd Conference of Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP22) in Marrakesh. It is the outcome of work by academic researchers on both sides of the Mediterranean and provides a remarkable scientific review of the mechanisms of climate change and its impacts on the environment, the economy, health and Mediterranean societies. It will also be valuable in developing responses that draw on “scientific evidence” to address the issues of adaptation, resource conservation, solutions and risk prevention. Reflecting the full complexity of the Mediterranean environment, the book is a major scientific contribution to the climate issue, where various scientific considerations converge to break down the boundaries between disciplines.

Saving the Mediterranean

Author : Peter M. Haas
Publisher : Columbia University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780231070126
Total Pages : 342 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (71 download)

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Book Synopsis Saving the Mediterranean by : Peter M. Haas

Download or read book Saving the Mediterranean written by Peter M. Haas and published by Columbia University Press. This book was released on 1990 with total page 342 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Examines the Mediterranean Action Plan from 1972 to 1987 as a successful international effort to coordinate the marine pollution control practices of the Mediterranean littoral countries through regional treaties, coordinated research and monitoring, integrated policies, and administrative and budge

Climate Change in the Mediterranean and Middle Eastern Region

Author : Walter Leal Filho
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030785661
Total Pages : 520 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (37 download)

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Book Synopsis Climate Change in the Mediterranean and Middle Eastern Region by : Walter Leal Filho

Download or read book Climate Change in the Mediterranean and Middle Eastern Region written by Walter Leal Filho and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-01-01 with total page 520 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book serves the purpose of showcasing some of the works in respect of applied research, field projects, and best practice to foster climate change adaptation across the region. Climate change is having a much greater impact in the Mediterranean than the global average. In the Paris Climate Agreement, the UN member states pledged to stop global warming at well below two degrees, if possible at 1.5 degrees. This mark, which is expected elsewhere only for 2030 to 2050, has already been reached in the region. The situation could worsen in the coming years if the global community does not limit its emissions. The above state of affairs illustrates the need for a better and more holistic understanding of how climate change affects countries in the Mediterranean region on the one hand, but also on the many problems it faces on the other, which prevent adaptation efforts. There is also a perceived need to showcase successful examples of how to duly address and manage the many social, economic, and political problems posed by climate change in the region, in order to replicate and even upscale the successful approaches used. It is against this background that the book "Climate Change in the Mediterranean and Middle Eastern Region" has been produced. It contains papers prepared by scholars, practitioners, and members of governmental agencies, undertaking research and/or executing climate change projects, and working across the region.

Environmental Problems of the Greeks and Romans

Author : J. Donald Hughes
Publisher : JHU Press
ISBN 13 : 1421412101
Total Pages : 321 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (214 download)

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Book Synopsis Environmental Problems of the Greeks and Romans by : J. Donald Hughes

Download or read book Environmental Problems of the Greeks and Romans written by J. Donald Hughes and published by JHU Press. This book was released on 2014-02-15 with total page 321 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How did ancient societies change the environment and how do their actions continue to affect us today? In this dramatically revised and expanded second edition of the work entitled Pan’s Travail, J. Donald Hughes examines the environmental history of the classical period and argues that the decline of ancient civilizations resulted in part from their exploitation of the natural world. Focusing on Greece and Rome, as well as areas subject to their influences, Hughes offers a detailed look at the impact of humans and their technologies on the ecology of the Mediterranean basin. Evidence of deforestation in ancient Greece, the remains of Roman aqueducts and mines, and paintings on centuries-old pottery that depict agricultural activities document ancient actions that resulted in detrimental consequences to the environment. Hughes compares the ancient world's environmental problems to other persistent social problems and discusses attitudes toward nature expressed in Greek and Latin literature. In addition to extensive revisions based on the latest research, this new edition includes photographs from Hughes's worldwide excursions, a new chapter on warfare and the environment, and an updated bibliography.

Connections, Mobilities, Urban Prospects and Environmental Threats

Author : Louis F. Cassar
Publisher : Cambridge Scholars Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1443882224
Total Pages : 375 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (438 download)

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Book Synopsis Connections, Mobilities, Urban Prospects and Environmental Threats by : Louis F. Cassar

Download or read book Connections, Mobilities, Urban Prospects and Environmental Threats written by Louis F. Cassar and published by Cambridge Scholars Publishing. This book was released on 2015-09-10 with total page 375 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume provides specialized insights into selected Mediterranean geographies, such as info-communication technologies, tourism, urbanization and climate change threats, with a focus on emerging and often overlooked issues, in light of the impact of current trends of globalization and the financial ‘crisis’, in the broader context of contemporary world processes of environmental change and accelerated human mobility. Specifically, the book contains sections on emergent and increasingly significant or highly innovative issues specific to the Mediterranean, often providing alternative perspectives on various pressing issues, such as the northward shift of climatic types; littoralisation processes and urbanization trends; tourism growth problems; human exposure to environmental stresses; and the boom in info-communication technologies. As such this book provides new insights into a region that has absorbed the sustained impact of human growth in precarious environments, often at the interface of many worlds, co-existing at various states of development and inter-scalar or cross-border interrelationships. This volume does not cover every aspect of the human and physical geographies of the Mediterranean region, but rather addresses contemporary issues of increasing significance to the Mediterranean, with an emphasis on emergent and pressing issues, as well as new perspectives or methods of approach, of special relevance to the Mediterranean. The core of contributions to this volume originated from an initiative undertaken by the International Geographical Union (IGU) Mediterranean Renaissance Program, now the Commission on the Mediterranean Basin (COMB). Most papers are authored by members of the latter Commission and additional papers are included, in order to cover more aspects of contemporary Mediterranean geographies.

Environmental Challenges in the Mediterranean 2000–2050

Author : Antonio Marquina
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9400709730
Total Pages : 381 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (7 download)

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Book Synopsis Environmental Challenges in the Mediterranean 2000–2050 by : Antonio Marquina

Download or read book Environmental Challenges in the Mediterranean 2000–2050 written by Antonio Marquina and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 381 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book addresses six key factors that will affect environmental policies in the Mediterranean region during the next fifty years: population growth, climate change, soil erosion and desertification, water scarcity, food production, and urbanization and pollution. The authors assess these as potential sources of violent conflict. The interdisciplinary approach makes this a relevant and useful reference for a broad range of professionals, specialists and researchers.

Environmental Condition of the Mediterranean Sea

Author : F.B. de Walle
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9780792324683
Total Pages : 542 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (246 download)

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Book Synopsis Environmental Condition of the Mediterranean Sea by : F.B. de Walle

Download or read book Environmental Condition of the Mediterranean Sea written by F.B. de Walle and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 1993-08-31 with total page 542 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Environmental Program for the Mediterranean (EPM) assesses the nature and the extent of the environmental problems in the Mediterranean Basin. It leads to recommendations for short- to medium-term actions. Policies, institutional measures, technical assistance and investment project proposals are necessary to ameliorate such problems. The EPM emphasizes the economic and financial implications of environmental protection. It suggests ways in which the countries of the region can achieve the high-priority environmental investments that are recommended. The case is made for greater efforts from the international aid community to assist the Mediterranean countries in this endeavor. The EPM is a common initiative launched in 1988 by the European Investment Bank and by the World Bank. The World Bank has economic development as its main objective. The Bank has lent for development projects since 1946, primarily in the developing countries of the Third World. The EIB's main task, under Article 130 of the Treaty of Rome, is to contribute to the balanced development of the European Community, another of its priorities is the protection of the environment. The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO) derives its legal status from an Act of Parliament of 1930 on applied scientific research in the Netherlands. It is a fully independent R & D organization and currently has a staff of about 5,100 and a turnover of more than 370 million U.S. dollars a year. Studies by TNO are carried out in a number of institutes and laboratories located throughout the Netherlands. TNO's primary task is to support technological innovation in trade and industry, government agencies and community groups. TNO also assists clients and sponsors in solving problems. It conducts consultancy and transfers knowledge and know-how to individual companies and sector groups. Know-how is obtained from TNO's own research or is generated through collaboration with universities and third parties. The present study is sponsored by the European Investment Bank in the framework of the EPM. The TNO report gives an overview of the environmental condition of the Mediterranean, especially that of EC Mediterranean countries. It also estimates the environmental investment requirements for sewage treatment plants, river basin management, port reception facilities other environmental protection measures.

The Climate of the Mediterranean Region

Author : P. Lionello
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0123914779
Total Pages : 592 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (239 download)

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Book Synopsis The Climate of the Mediterranean Region by : P. Lionello

Download or read book The Climate of the Mediterranean Region written by P. Lionello and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2012-04-19 with total page 592 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Mediterranean region contains a diverse and interesting climate ranging from areas with permanent glaciers to areas of subtropical, semiarid regions. The region is potentially sensitive to climate change and its progress has environmental, social, and economic implications within and beyond the region. Produced by the Mediterranean Climate Variability and Predictability Research Networking Project, this book reviews the evolution of the Mediterranean climate over the past two millennia with projections further into the twenty-first century as well as examining in detail various aspects of the Mediterranean region’s climate including evolution, atmospheric variables, and oceanic and land elements. Integrated with this, the book also considers the social and economic problems or vulnerabilities associated with the region. Written and reviewed by multiple researchers to ensure a high level of information presented clearly, Mediterranean Climate Variables will be an invaluable source of information for geologists, oceanographers, and anyone interested in learning more about the Mediterranean climate. Written by leading experts in the field Presents clear, compelling, and concise evidence Includes the latest thinking in Mediterranean climate research

Mediterranean Climate Variability

Author : P. Lionello
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 9780080460796
Total Pages : 438 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (67 download)

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Book Synopsis Mediterranean Climate Variability by : P. Lionello

Download or read book Mediterranean Climate Variability written by P. Lionello and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2006-08-22 with total page 438 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This multi-authored book provides an updated description of climate variability in the Mediterranean basin, focusing on decadal and centennial time scales and on the results available on the impact of future emission scenarios at regional scale. The authors describs both local physical processes responsible for these variability - such as changes in the surface properties and land use- and globalprocesses - such as changes in the large scale atmospheric circulation associated to global warming, NAO, tropical monsoon and ENSO. Regional climate change issues are also addressed. Mediterranean Climate Variability aims to review the research on this region and to provide at the same time both an introduction and a reference for researchers. It covers topics typical of Climatology, Climate history, Meteorology, Oceanography, Environmental Science but the information here provided would also be useful for research in agriculture, social and economic studies. It is addressed to scientists and students interested in the Mediterranean climate and environment. Some topics have interesting connections to nearby regions: Northern Atlantic, West Africa, central and Eastern Europe. Each chapter will contain a summary meant to provide information to policy makers, researchers from other fields, and in general to a wide audience without a technical expertise on climate. * Provides an updated analysis of the Mediterranean climate features and guidelines for future research * Considers both oceanographic and atmospheric aspects * Analyzes the Mediterranean climate in a global perspective

The Environmental Program for the Mediterranean

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 110 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (5 download)

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Book Synopsis The Environmental Program for the Mediterranean by :

Download or read book The Environmental Program for the Mediterranean written by and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 110 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The environmental degradation of the Mediterranean basin is already severe and is worsening by the day in many areas. To bring this degradation to a halt, the Mediterranean countries must find remedies for the underlying causes : harmful economic policies, weak regulatory and administrative systems, and insufficient popular awareness and political resolve. The base for common action is solid. The Mediterranean Action Plan, (begun in 1975), has advanced understanding of the threats to the environment and has provided a forum for common approaches and agreements. Much, however, remains to be done to influence the formulation of economic policies and investment projects. This report, a joint effort by the two Banks, identifies priority areas and defines the broad instruments of intervention for mounting a responsive program of assistance - the Environmental Program for the Mediterranean (EPM). This report concludes the first of the program's three phases. The second phase will identify and prepare investment projects and institution strengthening activities and will define specific policy measures. The third phase will implement these measures, projects and activities.

A Sustainable Future for the Mediterranean

Author : Guillaume Benoit
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1136572821
Total Pages : 462 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (365 download)

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Book Synopsis A Sustainable Future for the Mediterranean by : Guillaume Benoit

Download or read book A Sustainable Future for the Mediterranean written by Guillaume Benoit and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2012-08-21 with total page 462 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 'Here's a work arriving just at the right moment and contributingnew insights at precisely the time when public opinion remains sceptical of the not very promising future we are preparing for our children, when governments balk at explaining to their electorates the vital but unpopular decisions that have to be taken and when civil society, with few ways and means, is finally becoming involved. This remarkable work will help all actors to understand the inter-linkages between economic activities and the environment in the Mediterranean Basin and take concerted, effective action to build a positive, sustainable future' Mohamed Ennabli, former Minister of the Environment and Land Use Panning, Tunisia 'The Blue Plan has carried out a remarkable assessment of the serious environmental probems and insufficiently targeted cooperation in the Mediterranean, and also of new financing systems to be implemented, which would increase the capacities of local authorities and economic and social partners' Georges Corm, former Minister of Finance, Lebanon The Mediterranean Basin and its surrounding countries is a microcosm of the environmental and sustainability challenges facing people across the world. Depending on the development path it takes in the future, the region can either become a positive model for the regional regulation of globalization, or, more onerously, it might reinforce global instability. This unique volume is the definitive, authoritative assessment of the environment and development of the Mediterranean Basin and its 22 countries and territories, spanning five decades from 30 years in the past to 20 years into the future. Produced by the Blue Plan within the framework of UNEP/Mediterranean Action Plan and backed by the EU and national governments, it brings together the work of more than 100 researchers from dozens of national, regional and local governments and research groups into the only comprehensive insight into sustainable development issues in the region. Core coverage includes water, energy, transport, cities, rural and coastal areas, as well as related issues such as climate change, population growth, geopolitical changes, unemployment and poverty, pollution, economic and environmental policies, regional cooperation and the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership. Information is clearly presented through hundreds of full-colour maps, graphs, tables and a wealth of case studies. This is a must-have reference for all levels of government, NGOs and libraries, as well as practitioners, academics and businesses involved in economics, natural resource management, land and maritime transport, water, energy, infrastructure, urban and rural development, agriculture, fishing and aquaculture, tourism and coastal management. Countries and territories covered: Spain, France, Italy, Monaco, Malta, Cyprus, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Serbia and Montenegro, Albania, Greece, Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Palestinian Territories, Israel, Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco. Preface by Lucien Chabason, Chairman of the Blue Plan.

Policy Integration for Complex Environmental Problems

Author : Helen Briassoulis
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1351910523
Total Pages : 388 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (519 download)

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Book Synopsis Policy Integration for Complex Environmental Problems by : Helen Briassoulis

Download or read book Policy Integration for Complex Environmental Problems written by Helen Briassoulis and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2017-07-05 with total page 388 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The quest for policy integration crystallized in the 1990s as awareness was growing that the current supply of narrow, sectoral, and little coordinated, or even overlapping and conflicting, policies could not cope efficiently and effectively with contemporary complex, cross-cutting and interdependent socio-environmental problems. Combining and coordinating policies properly promises to address this institutional misfit, "add value" to policies, support planning at national and sub-national levels, and facilitate the transition to sustainable development more generally. This book proposes a comprehensive conceptualization of policy integration and negotiates pertinent theoretical, methodological and applied issues from the perspective of selected EU policies - rural development, regional development, transport, social, economic, environmental, water resources, and biodiversity policy. Mediterranean desertification, an exceptionally complex socio-environmental problem, is used as an illustrative example as the idea for this book transpired while researching the topic of policy making to combat desertification in the context of MEDACTION, an EU-funded research project.

Security and Environment in the Mediterranean

Author : Hans Günter Brauch
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3642558542
Total Pages : 1134 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (425 download)

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Book Synopsis Security and Environment in the Mediterranean by : Hans Günter Brauch

Download or read book Security and Environment in the Mediterranean written by Hans Günter Brauch and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 1134 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this volume security specialists, peace researchers, environmental scholars, demographers as well as climate, desertification, water, food and urbanisation specialists from the Middle East and North Africa, Europe and North America review security and conflict prevention in the Mediterranean. They also analyse NATO’s Mediterranean security dialogue and offer conceptualisations on security and perceptions of security challenges as seen in North and South. The latter half of the book analyses environmental security and conflicts in the Mediterranean and environmental consequences of World War II, the Gulf War, the Balkan wars and the Middle East conflict. It also examines factors of global environmental change: population growth, climate change, desertification, water scarcity, food and urbanisation issues as well as natural disasters. Furthermore, it draws conceptual conclusions for a fourth phase of research on human and environmental security and peace as well as policy conclusions for cooperation and partnership in the Mediterranean in the 21st century.

Environment and Ecology in the Mediterranean Region

Author : Recep Efe
Publisher : Cambridge Scholars Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1443838039
Total Pages : 455 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (438 download)

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Book Synopsis Environment and Ecology in the Mediterranean Region by : Recep Efe

Download or read book Environment and Ecology in the Mediterranean Region written by Recep Efe and published by Cambridge Scholars Publishing. This book was released on 2012-03-15 with total page 455 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Mediterranean Basin with its mountainous shores, high biodiversity and spectacular scenery is located at the intersection of Africa and Eurasia. Through the 8000 years of human development in this area, there have been tremendous changes in its history and biogeography. Approximately 300 million people live here today. Although the evergreen maquis, vineyards, olive plantations and natural woodlands cover the lands all over the basin, it is facing severe destruction of habitats due to deforestation, intensive grazing, fires, and in particular, a severe coastal degradation due to infrastructure development, which is changing the landscape. Both the historical heritage and geography of the land is facing a great threat due to urbanisation and fragmentation. Time has come for its inhabitants to weigh their impact on its ecogeography in order to save the biodiversity as well as the history of the basin. This book synthesises the knowledge from different disciplines so as to increase awareness among the humans in the basin.

The Impact of Desert Dust Across the Mediterranean

Author : Stefano Guerzoni
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 0792342941
Total Pages : 415 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (923 download)

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Book Synopsis The Impact of Desert Dust Across the Mediterranean by : Stefano Guerzoni

Download or read book The Impact of Desert Dust Across the Mediterranean written by Stefano Guerzoni and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 1996-11-30 with total page 415 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The atmosphere is an important pathway for the transport of continentally-derived material to the oceans. In this respect the Mediterranean Sea is of special importance because its atmosphere receives inputs of anthropogenic aerosols from the north and desert- derived Saharan dusts from the south. The dusts, much of which is transported in the form of seasonal `pulses', have important effects on climate, marine chemistry and sedimentation in the Mediterranean Sea. This volume brings together reviews and specific-topic papers on the following aspects of Saharan dust transport to the Mediterranean Sea: (i) the modelling of Saharan dust transport, (ii) the chemistry and mineralogy of the dusts and their effect on precipitation, (iii) the contribution of the dusts to marine sedimentation, (iv) the aerobiology of the dusts, and (v) climatic implications of Saharan dust transport. The volume is aimed at students and researchers with an interest in the climate, biogeochemistry and geology of the Mediterranean Sea.

Mediterranean Identities

Author : Borna Fuerst-Bjeliš
Publisher : BoD – Books on Demand
ISBN 13 : 9535135856
Total Pages : 429 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (351 download)

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Book Synopsis Mediterranean Identities by : Borna Fuerst-Bjeliš

Download or read book Mediterranean Identities written by Borna Fuerst-Bjeliš and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2017-11-08 with total page 429 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: What is the Mediterranean? The perception of the Mediterranean leans equally on the nature, culture, history, lifestyle, and landscape. To approach the question of identity, it seems that we have to give importance to all of these. There is no Mediterranean identity, but Mediterranean identities. Mediterranean is not about the homogeneity and uniformity, but about the unity that comes from diversities, contacts, and interconnections. The book tends to embrace the environment, society, and culture of the Mediterranean in their multiple and unique interconnections over the millennia, contributing to the better understanding of the essential human-environmental interrelations. The choice of 17 chapters of the book, written by a number of prominent scholars, clearly shows the necessity of the interdisciplinary approach to the Mediterranean identity issues. The book stresses the most serious concerns of the Mediterranean today - threats to biodiversity, risks, and hazards - mostly the increasing wildfires and finally depletion of traditional Mediterranean practices and landscapes, as constituent parts of the Mediterranean heritage.