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Enhancing The Sensitivity Of Future Laser Interferometric Gravitational Wave Detectors
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Book Synopsis Enhancing the Sensitivity of Future Laser-interferometric Gravitational Wave Detectors by : Sean Stephan Leavey
Download or read book Enhancing the Sensitivity of Future Laser-interferometric Gravitational Wave Detectors written by Sean Stephan Leavey and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Sensitivity Enhancement in Future Interferometric Gravitational Wave Detectors by : Stacy M. Wise
Download or read book Sensitivity Enhancement in Future Interferometric Gravitational Wave Detectors written by Stacy M. Wise and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: ABSTRACT: Mankind is poised to directly detect gravitational waves for the first time. To improve event rates of sources these detectors will be able to measure, we will need to increase the signal-to-noise ratio of the current first generation instruments in upgraded versions. Three techniques for improving interferometer sensitivity to gravitational-wave strains are explored in this work. The first is a parallel phase modulation technique for adding two radio-frequency sidebands to the laser input of an interferometric detector like LIGO without sideband cross-products. This allows for a diagonal control matrix in the interferometer topology planned for Advanced LIGO. The stability requirements for a Mach-Zehnder interferometer with an electro-optic phase modulator in each arm is derived. We construct a prototype parallel phase modulator to test the viability of these requirements, with positive result. The second method is cryogenic cooling of optics within an interferometer by evanescent field coupling. We quantify the enhanced heat-transfer with fluctuational electrodynamics theory for a variety of dielectric materials and evaluate the effect of stratified media on thermal coupling. Noise force couplings and the implications for an advanced interferometer are discussed. In the last chapter we investigate whether a diffractive element placed in a Fabry-Perot cavity can increase the cavity bandwidth without loss of peak signal build-up. We study the interaction of such an optical resonator with a gravitational wave. A diffraction grating technique is tested and ultimately proven unable to enhance the bandwidth of gravitational wave detectors.
Book Synopsis Quantum Enhancement of a 4 km Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Detector by : Sheon S. Y. Chua
Download or read book Quantum Enhancement of a 4 km Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Detector written by Sheon S. Y. Chua and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-05-09 with total page 229 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The work in this thesis was a part of the experiment of squeezed light injection into the LIGO interferometer. The work first discusses the detailed design of the squeezed light source which would be used for the experiment. The specific design is the doubly-resonant, traveling-wave bow-tie cavity squeezed light source with a new modified coherent sideband locking technique. The thesis describes the properties affecting the squeezing magnitudes and offers solutions which improve the gain. The first part also includes the detailed modeling of the back-scattering noise of a traveling Optical Parametric Oscillator (OPO). In the second part, the thesis discusses the LIGO Squeezed Light Injection Experiment, undertaken to test squeezed light injection into a 4km interferometric gravitational wave detector. The results show the first ever measurement of squeezing enhancement in a full-scale suspended gravitational wave interferometer with Fabry-Perot arms. Further, it showed that the presence of a squeezed-light source added no additional noise in the low frequency band. The result was the best sensitivity achieved by any gravitational wave detector. The thesis is very well organized with the adequate theoretical background including basics of Quantum Optics, Quantum noise pertaining to gravitational wave detectors in various configurations, along with extensive referencing necessary for the experimental set-up. For any non-experimental scientist, this introduction is a very useful and enjoyable reading. The author is the winner of the 2013 GWIC Theses Prize.
Book Synopsis Quantum Enhancement of a 4km Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Detector by : Sheon Shang Yaw Chua
Download or read book Quantum Enhancement of a 4km Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Detector written by Sheon Shang Yaw Chua and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 406 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The ability to directly detect gravitational waves will open a completely new branch of astronomy to view the Universe, one that is inaccessible to electromagnetic-based astronomy. First generation ground-based interferometric gravitational-wave detectors have achieved strain sensitivities of order one part in ten to the twenty-one, at 100 Hz detection frequency. A new generation of detectors are under construction, designed to improve on the sensitivity of the first-generation detectors by a factor of 10. The quantum nature of light will broadly limit the sensitivity of these new instruments. This quantum noise will originate from the quantum vacuum fluctuations that enter the unused port of the interferometer. One of the most promising options for reducing the quantum noise impact and further increasing the sensitivity is applying quantum squeezed vacuum states. These squeezed states have lower noise in one quadrature than the vacuum state. By replacing the quantum vacuum fluctuations entering the interferometer with squeezed vacuum states, the quantum noise impact is reduced. This thesis firstly details the development of a squeezed light source that produces squeezed states applicable for enhancing interferometric gravitational-wave detectors. A doubly-resonant, travelling-wave bow-tie cavity squeezed light source is presented. For the first time, greater than 10 dB of quantum noise suppression across the gravitational-wave detection band is directly observed, and 11.6 dB of quantum noise suppression is observed above 200 Hz. This squeezing cavity design also has benefits with intrinsic isolation to backscattered light. Experiments that quantify this isolation are reported. The properties affecting squeezing magnitude and low-frequency squeezing measurement are discussed. In addition, a modified squeezing-ellipse-phase control technique for squeezed vacuum states is presented. This thesis secondly presents results from the LIGO Squeezed Light Injection Experiment, undertaken to test squeezed light injection into a 4 km interferometric gravitational-wave detector. The results of the experiment show the first measurement of squeezing-enhancement in a 4 km gravitational-wave detector, with 2.15 dB measured above 250 Hz. This represents the best sensitivity to gravitational waves yet achieved at these frequencies by any single gravitational-wave detector to date. An unknown area was whether the addition of a squeezer would introduce noise couplings that degrade the crucial low frequency sensitivity. The results demonstrate that injected squeezed states are compatible with low frequency gravitational-wave measurement. The characterisation of squeezing-injection optical losses and fluctuations of the squeezing angle are also reported. The knowledge and processes gained, from both the squeezed light source development work and the LIGO Squeezed Light Injection Experiment, will inform the design, planning and implementation of squeezed states in future gravitational-wave detectors.
Book Synopsis Advanced Interferometric Gravitational-wave Detectors (In 2 Volumes) by : Grote Hartmut
Download or read book Advanced Interferometric Gravitational-wave Detectors (In 2 Volumes) written by Grote Hartmut and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2019-03-25 with total page 808 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The detection of gravitational waves in 2015 has been hailed a scientific breakthrough and one of the most significant scientific discoveries of the 21st century. Gravitational-wave physics and astronomy are emerging as a new frontier in understanding the universe.Advanced Interferometric Gravitational-Wave Detectors brings together many of the world's top experts to deliver an authoritative and in-depth treatment on current and future detectors. Volume I is devoted to the essentials of gravitational-wave detectors, presenting the physical principles behind large-scale precision interferometry, the physics of the underlying noise sources that limit interferometer sensitivity, and an explanation of the key enabling technologies that are used in the detectors. Volume II provides an in-depth look at the Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo interferometers, as well as examining future interferometric detector concepts. This two-volume set will provide students and researchers the comprehensive background needed to understand gravitational-wave detectors.
Book Synopsis Fundamentals Of Interferometric Gravitational Wave Detectors (Second Edition) by : Peter R Saulson
Download or read book Fundamentals Of Interferometric Gravitational Wave Detectors (Second Edition) written by Peter R Saulson and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2017-02-16 with total page 336 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 'The content of the Saulson’s book remains valid and offers a versatile introduction to gravitational wave astronomy. The book is appropriate for undergraduate students and can be read by graduate students and researchers who want to be involved in either the theoretical or the experimental traits of the study of gravitational waves.'Contemporary PhysicsLIGO's recent discovery of gravitational waves was headline news around the world. Many people will want to understand more about what a gravitational wave is, how LIGO works, and how LIGO functions as a detector of gravitational waves.This book aims to communicate the basic logic of interferometric gravitational wave detectors to students who are new to the field. It assumes that the reader has a basic knowledge of physics, but no special familiarity with gravitational waves, with general relativity, or with the special techniques of experimental physics. All of the necessary ideas are developed in the book.The first edition was published in 1994. Since the book is aimed at explaining the physical ideas behind the design of LIGO, it stands the test of time. For the second edition, an Epilogue has been added; it brings the treatment of technical details up to date, and provides references that would allow a student to become proficient with today's designs.
Book Synopsis Aspects of Improvement in the Sensitivity of Long-baseline Laser Interferometric Gravitational Wave Detectors by : Kenneth David Skeldon
Download or read book Aspects of Improvement in the Sensitivity of Long-baseline Laser Interferometric Gravitational Wave Detectors written by Kenneth David Skeldon and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Advanced Interferometers and the Search for Gravitational Waves by : Massimo Bassan
Download or read book Advanced Interferometers and the Search for Gravitational Waves written by Massimo Bassan and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-07-08 with total page 392 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The search for gravitational radiation with optical interferometers is gaining momentum worldwide. Beside the VIRGO and GEO gravitational wave observatories in Europe and the two LIGOs in the United States, which have operated successfully during the past decade, further observatories are being completed (KAGRA in Japan) or planned (ILIGO in India). The sensitivity of the current observatories, although spectacular, has not allowed direct discovery of gravitational waves. The advanced detectors (Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo) at present in the development phase will improve sensitivity by a factor of 10, probing the universe up to 200 Mpc for signal from inspiraling binary compact stars. This book covers all experimental aspects of the search for gravitational radiation with optical interferometers. Every facet of the technological development underlying the evolution of advanced interferometers is thoroughly described, from configuration to optics and coatings and from thermal compensation to suspensions and controls. All key ingredients of an advanced detector are covered, including the solutions implemented in first-generation detectors, their limitations, and how to overcome them. Each issue is addressed with special reference to the solution adopted for Advanced VIRGO but constant attention is also paid to other strategies, in particular those chosen for Advanced LIGO.
Book Synopsis Development of Techniques for Quantum-enhanced Laser-interferometric Gravitational-wave Detectors by : Keisuke Goda
Download or read book Development of Techniques for Quantum-enhanced Laser-interferometric Gravitational-wave Detectors written by Keisuke Goda and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 225 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A detailed theoretical and experimental study of techniques necessary for quantum-enhanced laser- interferometric gravitational wave (GW) detectors was carried out. The basic theory of GWs and laser-interferometric GW detectors, quantum noise in GW detectors, the theory of squeezed states including generation, degradation, detection, and control of squeezed states using sub-threshold optical parametric oscillators (OPOs) and homodyne detectors, experimental characterization of these techniques (using periodically poled KTiOPO4 in an OPO at 1064 nm for the first time), key requirements for quantum-enhanced GW detectors, and the propagation of a squeezed state in a complex interferometer and its interaction with the interferometer field were studied. Finally, the experimental demonstration of quantum-enhancement in a prototype GW detector was performed. By injecting a squeezed vacuum field of 9.3 dB (inferred) or 7.4 ± 0.1 dB (measured) at frequencies above 3 kHz and a cutoff frequency for squeezing at 700 Hz into the antisymmetric port of the prototype GW detector in a signal-recycled Michelson interferometer configuration, the shot noise floor of the detector was reduced broadband from 7.0 x 10-7 m/viH- to 5.0 x 10-17 m/V/H while the strength of a simulated GW signal was retained, resulting in a 40% increase in signal-to-noise ratio or detector sensitivity, which is equivalent to a factor of 1.43 = 2.7 increase in GW detection rate for isotropically distributed GW sources that are confined to the frequency band in which squeezing was effective. This is the first implementation of quantum-enhancement in a prototype GW detector with suspended optics and readout and control schemes similar to those used in LIGO and Advanced LIGO. It is, therefore, a critical step toward implementation of quantum-enhancement in long baseline GW detectors.
Book Synopsis Aspects, Techniques and Design of Advanced Interferometric Gravitational Wave Detectors by : Pablo Jose Barriga Campino
Download or read book Aspects, Techniques and Design of Advanced Interferometric Gravitational Wave Detectors written by Pablo Jose Barriga Campino and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 324 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The research described in this thesis investigates some of the key technologies required to improve the sensitivity of the next generation of interferometric gravitational wave detectors. A complete optical design of a high optical power, suspended mode-cleaner was undertaken in order to reduce any spatial or frequency instability of the input laser beam. This includes a study of thermal effects due to high circulating power, and a separate study of a vibration isolation system. In the last few years the Australian Consortium for Interferometric Gravitational Astronomy (ACIGA) has developed an advanced vibration isolation system, which is planned for use in the Australian International Gravitational Observatory (AIGO). A local control system originally developed for the mode-cleaner vibration isolator has evolved for application to the main vibration isolation system. Two vibration isolator systems have been assembled and installed at the Gingin Test Facility ( 80km north of Perth in Western Australia) for performance testing, requiring installation of a Nd:YAG laser to measure the cavity longitudinal residual motion. Results demonstrate residual motion at nanometre level at 1 Hz. Increasing the circulating power in the main arm cavities of the interferometer can amplify the photon-phonon interaction between the test mass and the circulating beam, enhancing the three-mode parametric interaction and creating an optical spring effect. As part of a broader study of parametric instabilities, in collaboration with the California Institute of Technology, a simulation of the circulating beam in the main arms of Advanced LIGO was completed to determine the characteristics of the higher order optical modes. The simulation encompassed di raction losses, optical gain, optical mode Q-factor and mode frequency separation. The results are presented for varying mode orders as a function of mirror diameter. The effect of test mass tilt on diffraction losses, and different coatings conffgurations are also presented. These simulations led to a study of the effect of power recycling cavities in higher order mode suppression. Current interferometric gravitational wave detectors in operation have marginally stable recycling cavities, where higher order modes are enhanced by the power recycling cavity, effectively increasing the parametric gain. A study of stable recycling cavities was undertaken in collaboration with the University of Florida, which has evolved into a proposed design for a 5 kilometre AIGO interferometer. This thesis concludes with an analysis of the work here presented and an outline of future work that will help to improve the design of advanced interferometric gravitational wave detectors.
Book Synopsis Techniques for Improving the Readout Sensitivity of Gravitational Wave Antennae by : Nicolás de Mateo Smith-Lefebvre
Download or read book Techniques for Improving the Readout Sensitivity of Gravitational Wave Antennae written by Nicolás de Mateo Smith-Lefebvre and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 143 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The detection of gravitational waves (GWs) from astrophysical sources shows promise as a new method to probe extremely energetic phenomena and test the strong field limit of the general theory of relativity. The era of the first generation of broadband interferometric GW antennae is now drawing to a close, and the construction of the second generation has begun. The Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory (LIGO) in the United States is one component of a worldwide array of sites designed to collectively record and analyze these GW signals. In preparation for the next major phase of operation, named Advanced LIGO, an incremental upgrade and prototyping project known as Enhanced LIGO introduced several upgrades to the initial LIGO detectors. The addition of the output mode cleaner (OMC), a critically coupled optical cavity designed to filter undesired light from the output of the interferometer before the GW signal is sensed on a photodetector, was one of these upgrades. This work describes several lessons learned as a result of the installation and commissioning of the OMC in Enhanced LIGO. The techniques described in this thesis include the development of a novel OMC alignment system designed to maximally transmit the GW signal in the presence of contamination that would confound a typical automatic alignment system, a design for a remotely controllable automatic mode matching system for the OMC, and prescriptions for reducing the presence of beam jitter noise associated with the OMC. The designs of each of the future GW detectors include the use of an OMC, thus the techniques described in this thesis will be directly applicable to achieving the maximum sensitivity of these detectors.
Book Synopsis Sensitivity and Noise Analysis of 4 Km Laser Interferometric Gravitational Wave Antennae by : Rana Adhikari
Download or read book Sensitivity and Noise Analysis of 4 Km Laser Interferometric Gravitational Wave Antennae written by Rana Adhikari and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 430 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Around the world, efforts are underway to commission several kilometer-scale laser interferometers to detect gravitational radiation. In the United States, there are two collocated interferometers in Hanford, Washington and one interferometer in Livingston, Louisiana. Together, these three interferometers form the Laser Interferometric Gravitational-wave Observatory (LIGO). The core of the work described in this thesis is the modeling and reduction of the noise in the interferometers which limits their ultimate sensitivity. A vital component of the noise reduction is the modeling, design, and implementation of [approximately]100 feedback control systems. The most critical of these systems are described and motivated. Although improvements are continuously being made to the stability and noise character of these detectors, several months of data have been collected. Various efforts are underway to search through these data for gravitational wave signals. Included here, is a description of a search made through the data for signals from the ringdown of the quasi-normal modes of Kerr black holes. In addition, several possible future improvements to the detectors are outlined.
Book Synopsis Studies of Materials for Use in Future Interferometric Gravitational Wave Detectors by : Iain William Martin
Download or read book Studies of Materials for Use in Future Interferometric Gravitational Wave Detectors written by Iain William Martin and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Gravitational waves, predicted by the theory of General Relativity, are fluctuations in the curvature of space-time which arise from the asymmetric acceleration of mass. While gravitational waves have yet to be detected directly, measurements of the inspiral rate of a binary pulsar system have provided strong evidence for their existence and a world-wide effort to develop more sensitive detectors is ongoing. In addition to testing predictions of General Relativity, observation and analysis of gravitational waves from astrophysical sources will provide new insights into a wide range of phenomena including black holes, neutron stars and supernovae. Gravitational waves are quadruple in nature, and therefore produce fluctuating tidal strains on space. Long baseline gravitational wave detectors aim to measure this effect using laser interferometry to measure fluctuations in the relative separation of free masses, coated to form highly reflective mirrors and suspended as pendulums at the ends of perpindicular arms up to 4 km in length. There are currently several long baseline gravitational wave detectors in operation around the world, including the three LIGO detectors in the US, the UK/German GEO600 detector near Hannover and the French/Italian Virgo detector near Pisa. The strain expected from gravitational waves is very small, of order [~10-[superscript 22. The magnitude of the resultant displacement is such that the thermal motion of the mirrors and their suspensions forms an important limit to detector sensitivity. The level of thermal noise is related to the mechanical dissipation of the materials used in the test mass and the mirror coatings.
Book Synopsis Active Wavefront Correction in Laser Interferometric Gravitational Wave Detectors by : Ryan Christopher Lawrence
Download or read book Active Wavefront Correction in Laser Interferometric Gravitational Wave Detectors written by Ryan Christopher Lawrence and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 243 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As the first generation of laser interferometric gravitational wave detectors near operation, research and development has begun on increasing the instrument's sensitivity while utilizing existing infrastructure. In the Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory (LIGO), significant improvements are being planned for installation in 2007 to increase the sensitivity to test mass displacement, hence sensitivity to gravitational wave strain, by improved suspensions and test mass substrates, active seismic isolation, and higher input laser power. Even with the highest quality optics available today, however, finite absorption of laser power within transmissive optics, coupled with the tremendous amount of optical power circulating in various parts of the interferometer, result in critical wavefront deformations which will cripple the performance of the instrument. Discussed is a method of active wavefront correction via direct thermal actuation on optical elements of the interferometer; or, "thermally adaptive optics". A simple nichrome heating element suspended off the face of an affected optic will, through radiative heating, remove the gross axisymmetric part of the original thermal distortion. A scanning heating laser- will then be used to remove any remaining non-axisymmetric wavefront distortion, generated by inhomogeneities in the substrate's absorption, thermal conductivity, etc. This work includes a quantitative analysis of both techniques of thermal compensation, as well as the results of a proof-of-principle experiment which verified the technical feasibility of each technique.
Book Synopsis Advanced Gravitational Wave Detectors by : D. G. Blair
Download or read book Advanced Gravitational Wave Detectors written by D. G. Blair and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2012-02-16 with total page 345 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Introduces the technology and reviews the experimental issues; a valuable reference for graduate students and researchers in physics and astrophysics.
Book Synopsis The Detection of Gravitational Waves by : David G. Blair
Download or read book The Detection of Gravitational Waves written by David G. Blair and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2005-10-13 with total page 508 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book introduces the concepts of gravitational waves within the context of general relativity. The sources of gravitational radiation for which there is direct observational evidence and those of a more speculative nature are described. He then gives a general introduction to the methods of detection. In the subsequent chapters he has drawn together the leading scientists in the field to give a comprehensive practical and theoretical account of the physics and technology of gravitational wave detection.
Book Synopsis Advanced Interferometric Gravitational-wave Detectors: Essentials of gravitational wave detectors by : David H. Reitze
Download or read book Advanced Interferometric Gravitational-wave Detectors: Essentials of gravitational wave detectors written by David H. Reitze and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
