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Enhancing The Reliability Of Evaluating Chloride Ingress In Concrete Using The Astm C 1202 Rapid Chloride Penetrability Test
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Book Synopsis Enhancing the Reliability of Evaluating Chloride Ingress in Concrete Using the ASTM C 1202 Rapid Chloride Penetrability Test by : MT. Bassuoni
Download or read book Enhancing the Reliability of Evaluating Chloride Ingress in Concrete Using the ASTM C 1202 Rapid Chloride Penetrability Test written by MT. Bassuoni and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 13 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The rapid chloride penetrability test (RCPT-ASTM C 1202) is commonly used to evaluate the resistance of concrete to chloride ions ingress owing to its simplicity and rapidity. However, it has been criticized for various shortcomings such as giving favorable results to supplementary cementitious materials (e.g., silica fume), and bias against calcium nitrite corrosion inhibitors (CNI). Based on the ASTM C 1202 induced voltage concept, this study aims at enhancing the reliability of rapidly evaluating concrete resistance to chloride ions ingress. It is proposed that upon test termination, not only the passing charges are recorded, but the depth of chloride front migrating into concrete is also measured. Concrete mixtures herein were prepared incorporating selected materials (silica fume and CNI) that have been known to cause misleading results for the RCPT test. The effects of silica fume and CNI dosages on RCPT results were investigated and correlated to porosity trends evaluated by mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP). The study reveals that measuring the migrating chloride front in concrete subsequent to the ASTM C 1202 test can eliminate the bias induced by electrolysis conductivity resulting from silica fume and/or CNI. This improves the reliability of assessing concrete resistance to chloride ions penetration using the RCPT procedure.
Book Synopsis Performance of Cement-Based Materials in Aggressive Aqueous Environments by : Mark Alexander
Download or read book Performance of Cement-Based Materials in Aggressive Aqueous Environments written by Mark Alexander and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-18 with total page 471 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Concrete and cement-based materials must operate in increasingly aggressive aqueous environments, which may be either natural or industrial. These materials may suffer degradation in which ion addition and/or ion exchange reactions occur, leading to a breakdown of the matrix microstructure and consequent weakening. Sometimes this degradation can be extremely rapid and serious such as in acidic environments, while in other cases degradation occurs over long periods. Consequences of material failure are usually severe – adversely affecting the health and well-being of human communities and disturbing ecological balances. There are also large direct costs of maintaining and replacing deteriorated infrastructure and indirect costs from loss of production during maintenance work, which place a great burden on society. The focus of this book is on addressing issues concerning performance of cement-based materials in aggressive aqueous environments , by way of this State-of-the-Art Report. The book represents the work of many well-known and respected authors who contributed chapters or parts of chapters. Four main themes were addressed: I. Nature and kinetics of degradation and deterioration mechanisms of cement-based materials in aggressive aqueous environments, II. Modelling of deterioration in such environments, III. Test methods to assess performance of cement-based materials in such environments, and which can be used to characterise and rate relative performance and inform long term predictions, IV. Engineering implications and consequences of deterioration in aggressive aqueous environments, and engineering approaches to the problem.
Book Synopsis Comparison of Two Methods for the Assessment of Chloride Ion Penetration in Concrete by : Eric William Ryan
Download or read book Comparison of Two Methods for the Assessment of Chloride Ion Penetration in Concrete written by Eric William Ryan and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 60 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The currently accepted method for assessing the resistance of concrete to penetration of chloride ions is ASTM C1202, commonly known as the "Rapid Chloride Permeability (RCP) Test." The test is time-consuming, laborious, has rather high variability, and, is to a degree, user sensitive, making it problematic for inclusion in a performance-based specification. A potential alternative to the RCP test is the "Surface Resistivity (SR) Test", a method which is dramatically easier, faster, and has less variability than the RCP test. The research reported herein was directed toward determining a correlation between RCP and SR test measurements for Tennessee bridge deck concrete, based on cylinders collected from concrete bridge decks being constructed across the state, and evaluating the appropriateness of the SR test as an alternative to the RCP test for inclusion in a performance-based specification. Results of the testing showed a clear correlation between the two methods and identified potential limits for possible inclusion in a performance-based specification.
Book Synopsis The Permeability of Cement Systems to Chloride Ingress and Related Test Methods by : Z. Liu
Download or read book The Permeability of Cement Systems to Chloride Ingress and Related Test Methods written by Z. Liu and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 8 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The rapid chloride permeability test (AASHTO T277/ASTM C 1202) and other chloride permeability testing methods are critically reviewed. The basic concepts of concrete permeability and conductivity are also discussed. An attempt at clarification and resolution of some issues is made. A faster and simpler alternative testing method to the AASHTO T277/ASTM C 1202 based on the a-c impedance techniques is proposed. It provides at least an equivalent indication of the concrete permeability with respect to AASHTO T277/ASTM C 1202 and is without several shortcomings characteristic of the current methods.
Book Synopsis Surface Resistivity Test Evaluation as an Indicator of the Chloride Permeability of Concrete by :
Download or read book Surface Resistivity Test Evaluation as an Indicator of the Chloride Permeability of Concrete written by and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 6 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Resistance of Concrete to Chloride Ingress by : Luping Tang
Download or read book Resistance of Concrete to Chloride Ingress written by Luping Tang and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2011-10-06 with total page 264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Chloride ingress in reinforced concrete induces corrosion and consequent spilling and structural weakness, and it occurs world-wide and imposes an enormous cost. Yet it can be resisted by using test methods and relevant models for service life prediction.Resistance of Concrete to Chloride Ingress sets out current understanding of chloride transport
Book Synopsis PRO 38: 3rd International RILEM Workshop on Testing and Modelling the Chloride Ingress into Concrete by : Carmen Andrade
Download or read book PRO 38: 3rd International RILEM Workshop on Testing and Modelling the Chloride Ingress into Concrete written by Carmen Andrade and published by RILEM Publications. This book was released on 2004 with total page 466 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis International Review of Chloride Ingress Into Structural Concrete by : P. B. Bamforth
Download or read book International Review of Chloride Ingress Into Structural Concrete written by P. B. Bamforth and published by Thomas Telford. This book was released on 1997-04-10 with total page 168 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The deterioration of reinforced and prestressed concrete structures resulting from the corrosion of the steel reinforcement is a worldwide problem. As long as salt is used for de-icing or structures are built near the coast, chloride will continue to be a primary factor in compromising the durability of a structure. This report deals specifically with the ingress of salt from the environment, which can lead to severe corrosion of reinforcement. It reviews the international state-of-the-art with regard to chloride ingress into concrete and, in particular, considers: - The influence of concreting materials, mix design, curing and environment - methods for the detection of chloride ingress in structures - techniques used for studying chloride ingress
Book Synopsis Development of Test Methods for Evaluating the Impact of Curing Methods on Chloride Penetration Resistance of the Concrete by : Iva Dadic
Download or read book Development of Test Methods for Evaluating the Impact of Curing Methods on Chloride Penetration Resistance of the Concrete written by Iva Dadic and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Two potential test methods for evaluating the impact of different curing regimes on the durability of the cover layer over reinforcement in precast concrete elements were investigated. Current CSA and ASTM test methods are not adequate for this purpose. The first method is a modified ASTM C1585 test using salt water and comparing the rate of absorption and chloride ingress of formed surfaces to those of cut surfaces at 10 mm and 20 mm depths. The second is a modified NORDTEST NT 492 rapid chloride migration test, where slices are cut from a companion concrete slab and exposed to sodium chloride solution. Testing was conducted on two types of precast concretes meeting CSA exposure classes C-1 and C-XL. Both of these concretes were exposed to different curing regimes. The results indicate that accelerated curing provides similar durability to 7 days moist curing at ambient temperature.
Book Synopsis Reexamination of ASTM C 1202?Standard Test Method for Electrical Indication of Concrete's Ability to Resist Chloride Ion Penetration by : RC. Joshi
Download or read book Reexamination of ASTM C 1202?Standard Test Method for Electrical Indication of Concrete's Ability to Resist Chloride Ion Penetration written by RC. Joshi and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 3 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The electrolytic processes in the ASTM C 1202 chloride penetration test method have been reexamined both theoretically and experimentally. The analyses show that hydroxyl (OH-) ion generated at the cathode during testing carries a substantial part of the current and that chloride (Cl-) ion is not the sole current carrier. Attention has also been drawn to the implication of the experimental results on the determination of the Cl- ion diffusivity by the ASTM C 1202 experimental setup.
Book Synopsis Rapid Chloride Permeability Testing of Silica-Fume Concrete by : C. Ozyildirim
Download or read book Rapid Chloride Permeability Testing of Silica-Fume Concrete written by C. Ozyildirim and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 4 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For long-lasting, reinforced-concrete structures exposed to the environment, low permeability concretes are required. ASTM C 1202 (Electrical Indication of Concrete's Ability to Resist Chloride Ion Penetration) is a rapid test that indirectly measures the permeability of concrete. The results of the rapid test have been related to direct measurements of permeability (e.g., ponding test) and have been found to be useful and valid provided that possible interferences are accounted for. For comparisons between tests, similar concretes should be tested at similar ages.
Book Synopsis Benchmarking Chloride Ingress Models on Real-life Case Studies—Marine Submerged and Road Sprayed Concrete Structures by : Eddie Koenders
Download or read book Benchmarking Chloride Ingress Models on Real-life Case Studies—Marine Submerged and Road Sprayed Concrete Structures written by Eddie Koenders and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-04-10 with total page 103 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents the work of RILEM Technical Committee 270-CIM: Benchmarking Chloride Ingress Models on Real-life Case Studies - Theory and Practice. It provides a comparative benchmark analysis of various types of chloride ingress models with emphasis on short, medium and long-term predictions. The book is subdivided in five chapters. The first chapter is an introduction on the benchmark and selected cases. The second chapter reports theoretical backgrounds of various analytical and numerical models for chloride ingress, followed by a short description of the models employed in the benchmark analysis. Chapter three describes the benchmark results of the Marine Submerged case, and chapter 4 of the Road Sprayed case. The last chapter reports conclusions, guidelines for calibration and recommendations. The book will benefit academics, designers, engineers, consultants, but also asset owners and standardization committees interested in durability and service life assessment of concrete structures.
Book Synopsis Developing and Evaluating Rapid Test Methods for Measuring the Sulphate Penetration Resistance of Concrete in Relation to Chloride Penetration Resistance by : Ester Karkar
Download or read book Developing and Evaluating Rapid Test Methods for Measuring the Sulphate Penetration Resistance of Concrete in Relation to Chloride Penetration Resistance written by Ester Karkar and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 424 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: External sulphate attack on concrete can lead to cracking, expansion and sometimes loss of cohesiveness of hardened cement paste. Therefore, aside from using sulphate resistant cementitious binders, it is important to design concrete which can resist sulphate penetration. In this research, both ASTM C1202 and NT Build 492 electrical migration tests were modified such that sulphate rather than chloride penetration resistances were measured. Modifications included exposing concrete specimens to Na2SO 4 rather than NaCl solutions and measuring the depth of sulphate penetration visually using BaCl2+KMnO4 rather than AgNO3 solution. Nine concrete mixtures of varying w/cm, slag replacement and cement types were tested in both original standard tests and modified tests to evaluate the influence of these material variables on test results and compare chloride to sulphate results. It was found that while migration coefficients and total charge passing were lower for sulphate, the influence of material variables were relatively similar.
Book Synopsis Transport and Interactions of Chlorides in Cement-based Materials by : Caijun Shi
Download or read book Transport and Interactions of Chlorides in Cement-based Materials written by Caijun Shi and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2019-07-26 with total page 250 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Chloride-induced corrosion is the most important durability issue of reinforced concrete structures, and the prediction and prevention of chloride-induced corrosion has attracted considerable interest all over the world. Given that chloride penetrates through the concrete cover, the issues concerning its transport are crucial. These include testing methods, prediction, and the prevention of ingress. During the transport process, physical and chemical interaction occurs between chloride and cement hydrates, which in turn affects the further transport, so the transport of chloride and these interactions are closely related and underpin our understanding of chloride-induced corrosion in RC structures. This book provides in-depth discussion of chloride transport and its interaction in cement-based materials, and reviews and summarizes the state of the art. The mechanisms and testing methods for chloride transport, chemical interactions of chloride with cement hydrates, chloride binding isotherms, measurement of penetration depths, factors affecting chloride transport, and modeling of chloride transport are discussed in detail. This book serves as a reference for researchers or engineer, and a textbook for graduate students.
Book Synopsis PRO 19: 2nd International RILEM Workshop on Testing and Modelling the Chloride Ingress into Concrete by : Carmen Andrade
Download or read book PRO 19: 2nd International RILEM Workshop on Testing and Modelling the Chloride Ingress into Concrete written by Carmen Andrade and published by RILEM Publications. This book was released on 2001 with total page 510 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Surface Resistivity as an Alternative for Rapid Chloride Permeability Test of Hardened Concrete by : Andrew Jenkins
Download or read book Surface Resistivity as an Alternative for Rapid Chloride Permeability Test of Hardened Concrete written by Andrew Jenkins and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 28 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Kansas experiences harsh winters that require frequent use of de-icing salts, making it critical to the long-term durability of concrete structures that the permeability is kept under control. Under current KDOT specification, the Rapid Chloride Permeability (RCP) test, as described in ASTM Standard C1202 (2012), or the Volume of Permeable Voids method, described in ASTM Standard C642 (2013), more commonly known as the boil test, must be performed to evaluate concrete permeability. Surface resistivity testing was investigated as an alternative to these tests. Testing for surface resistivity was set up to evaluate the correlation of surface resistivity with RCP and boil tests, the effect of loss of saturation on the sample, and the repeatability of surface resistivity testing. Results indicate a strong relationship (R-squared value of 0.84) between 28-day surface resistivity and 56-day C1202 RCP testing. Results also correlate well to a mathematical relationship derived through Ohm's Law. Surface resistivity did not have a strong relationship (R-squared value of 0.37) with C642 boil testing. Cylinders were cast to evaluate the effect of saturation levels and differential sample drying. Cylinders were allowed to dry for varying lengths of time at different ages. Results indicated that allowing the samples to dry, regardless of the length of drying time and the age at which the samples were drying, increased the surface resistivity results by an average of 15%. Through the course of this study, including all samples tested, the standard deviation and coefficient of variation on any given set of cylinders is 1.4 and 4.9%, respectively. If only samples used for the correlation of 28-day surface resistivity to 56-day RCP are used, the coefficient of variation is 4.2%. A cost-benefit analysis was performed to evaluate the monetary savings resulting from this research. A triennial analysis indicates a total cost savings by KDOT and contractors of approximately $980,000 and a cost-benefit ratio of 9.2. As a result of this research, recommended specification limits have been developed for surface resistivity testing. As of January 2014, surface resistivity testing has been added to KDOT Standard Specifications as an alternate test method for concrete permeability.
Book Synopsis Correlation of Chloride Diffusivity and Electrical Resistance for Cracked Concrete by : Stanley W. Merantus
Download or read book Correlation of Chloride Diffusivity and Electrical Resistance for Cracked Concrete written by Stanley W. Merantus and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 102 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The durability of Reinforced Concrete (RC) structures in the Marine environment is causing serious concern in the structural infrastructure. Reinforced concrete structures, exposed to aggressive environments, are expected to last with little or no maintenance for long periods of time. However, one of the most serious environmental exposures that causes degradation is Chloride Diffusion, due to shrinkage, atmospheric corrosion, and tide-induced wet and dry conditions at the air-water interfaces of coastal structures. Therefore, chloride diffusivity, which correlates with the electrical resistivity, has a significant impact on the durability of concrete. Concrete chloride diffusivity has been experimented by multiple agencies and researchers on sound concrete, but there is a considerable need for investigation of the durability of cracked concrete in the marine environment. vii The two test methods carried out are presented: Standardized American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) C1202 for Rapid Chloride Permeability (RCP) and ASTM D257 for Surface Resistivity (SR), and Nordtest (NT) Build 492 for Rapid Chloride Migration (RCM) and Bulk Resistivity (BR) for both sound (uncracked) and cracked (micro and macro) concrete. The limitations of the ASTM method, due to measurements before the steady-state migration is reached, does not account for leakage in cracked concrete, and the heating of the specimen due to higher current that increase the conductivity are indicated. The Rapid Chloride Migration test provides for the non-steady state of diffusion. Again, Bulk Resistivity, in contradistinction to Surface Resistivity is more accurate for cracked concrete. The correlation betweeen RCM-BR are plotted. Chloride Permeability/Migration is an important parameter that governs the Durability of Concrete. The principal contribution is the highlighting of the inadequacy of the current widely used standard ASTM C1202 for diffusivity testing, and the need for revision with further investigation.
