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Author : 黃思偉
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 58 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (316 download)
Download or read book Energy-efficient MAC Design for IEEE 802.15.4-based Wireless Sensor Networks written by 黃思偉 and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 58 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Mounib Khanafer
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (871 download)
Download or read book Design of Efficient MAC Protocols for IEEE 802.15.4-based Wireless Sensor Networks written by Mounib Khanafer and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have enticed a strong attention in the research community due to the broad range of applications and services they support. WSNs are composed of intelligent sensor nodes that have the capabilities to monitor different types of environmental phenomena or critical activities. Sensor nodes operate under stringent requirements of scarce power resources, limited storage capacities, limited processing capabilities, and hostile environmental surroundings. However, conserving sensor nodes' power resources is the top priority requirement in the design of a WSN as it has a direct impact on its lifetime. The IEEE 802.15.4 standard defines a set of specifications for both the PHY layer and the MAC sub-layer that abide by the distinguished requirements of WSNs. The standard's MAC protocol employs an intelligent backoff algorithm, called the Binary Exponent Backoff (BEB), that minimizes the drainage of power in these networks. In this thesis we present an in-depth study of the IEEE 802.15.4 MAC protocol to highlight both its strong and weak aspects. We show that we have enticing opportunities to improve the performance of this protocol in the context of WSNs. We propose three new backoff algorithms, namely, the Standby-BEB (SB-BEB), the Adaptive Backoff Algorithm (ABA), and the Priority-Based BEB (PB-BEB), to replace the standard BEB. The main contribution of the thesis is that it develops a new design concept that drives the design of efficient backoff algorithms for the IEEE 802.15.4-based WSNs. The concept dictates that controlling the algorithms parameters probabilistically has a direct impact on enhancing the backoff algorithm's performance. We provide detailed discrete-time Markov-based models (for AB-BEB and ABA) and extensive simulation studies (for the three algorithms) to prove the superiority of our new algorithms over the standard BEB.
Author : Luís Miguel Borges
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1000794733
Total Pages : 432 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (7 download)
Download or read book Energy Efficient Spectrum Resources Usage in WPANs written by Luís Miguel Borges and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2023-01-31 with total page 432 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) and the Internet of Things are facing tremendous advances both in terms of energy-efficiency as well as in the number of available applications. Consequently, there are challenges that need to be tackled for the future generation of WSNs. After giving an overview of the WSN protocols and IEEE 802.15.4 standard, this book proposes IEEE 802.15.4 Medium Access Control (MAC) sub-layer performance enhancements by employing not only RTS/CTS combined with packet concatenation but also scheduled channel poling (MC-SCP). Results have shown that the use of the RTS/CTS mechanism improves channel efficiency by decreasing the deferral time before transmitting a data packet. Furthermore, the Sensor Block Acknowledgment MAC (SBACK-MAC) protocol enables more efficiency as it allows the aggregation of several acknowledgement responses in one special Block Acknowledgment (BACK) Response packet. The throughput and delay performance have been mathematically derived under both ideal conditions (a channel environment with no transmission errors) and non-ideal conditions (with transmission errors). Simulation results successfully validate the proposed analytical models. This research reveals the importance of an appropriate design for the MAC sub-layer protocol for the desired WSN application. Depending on the mission of the WSN application, different protocols are required. Therefore, the overall performance of a WSN application certainly depends on the development and application of suitable e.g., MAC, network layer protocols.
Author : Dr. M. Nanda Kumar
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (137 download)
Download or read book Ex-Mac written by Dr. M. Nanda Kumar and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Energy efficient protocol design is the aim of current researches in the area of sensor networks where limited power resources impose energy conservation considerations. In this paper we concern for Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols the recent technology that is used in the Wireless sensor networks are appealing to researchers to achieve an efficient medium access protocol subject to power constraints. We outline the design of MAC layer protocols that employ adaptive duty cycle as means of further optimizing the energy conservation. In most case each nodes determines the duty cycle as a function of its own traffic load. The IEEE 802.15.4 is a new wireless personal area network designed for wireless monitoring and control applications. Of course the IEEE 802.15.4 MAC protocol performs poorly for one-hop data collection in sense sensor network. Here we developed a new MAC protocol, EX-MAC that amalgamate the E-MAC and the X-MAC. EX-MAC protocol design methodology and results projected at self-learning, traffic adaptive algorithm for varying traffic conditions inherent to the WSNs. The design incorporates reliable and scalable energy-aware sensing network, in spite of node failures, minimizing energy consumption at the same time. Our present and future work is based on adaptive EX-MAC protocol that is designed for wireless sensor networks. Here we first highlighted the main draw back of the E-MAC and X-MAC and then a proposed solution that enables low duty cycle operation, dynamic sleep schedules to reduce the control overhead, traffic adaptive wakeup and low latency. To overcome this control overhead and latency, we suggested the contention based on CSMA/CA mechanism. This protocol is simulated in NS-2 and performs evaluated.
Author : Surjya S. Ray
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 143 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (861 download)
Download or read book Advertisement-based Energy Efficient Medium Access Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks written by Surjya S. Ray and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 143 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "One of the main challenges that prevents the large-scale deployment of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is providing the applications with the required quality of service (QoS) given the sensor nodes' limited energy supplies. WSNs are an important tool in supporting applications ranging from environmental and industrial monitoring, to battlefield surveillance and traffic control, among others. Most of these applications require sensors to function for long periods of time without human intervention and without battery replacement. Therefore, energy conservation is one of the main goals for protocols for WSNs. Energy conservation can be performed in different layers of the protocol stack. In particular, as the medium access control (MAC) layer can access and control the radio directly, large energy savings is possible through intelligent MAC protocol design. To maximize the network lifetime, MAC protocols for WSNs aim to minimize idle listening of the sensor nodes, packet collisions, and overhearing. Several approaches such as duty cycling and low power listening have been proposed at the MAC layer to achieve energy efficiency. In this thesis, I explore the possibility of further energy savings through the advertisement of data packets in the MAC layer. In the first part of my research, I propose Advertisement-MAC or ADV-MAC, a new MAC protocol for WSNs that utilizes the concept of advertising for data contention. This technique lets nodes listen dynamically to any desired transmission and sleep during transmissions not of interest. This minimizes the energy lost in idle listening and overhearing while maintaining an adaptive duty cycle to handle variable loads. Additionally, ADV-MAC enables energy efficient MAC-level multicasting. An analytical model for the packet delivery ratio and the energy consumption of the protocol is also proposed. The analytical model is veried with simulations and is used to choose an optimal value of the advertisement period. Simulations show that the optimized ADV-MAC provides substantial energy gains (50% to 70% less than other MAC protocols for WSNs such as T-MAC and S-MAC for the scenarios investigated) while faring as well as T-MAC in terms of packet delivery ratio and latency. Although ADV-MAC provides substantial energy gains over S-MAC and T-MAC, it is not optimal in terms of energy savings because contention is done twice - once in the Advertisement Period and once in the Data Period. In the next part of my research, the second contention in the Data Period is eliminated and the advantages of contention-based and TDMA-based protocols are combined to form Advertisement based Time-division Multiple Access (ATMA), a distributed TDMA-based MAC protocol for WSNs. ATMA utilizes the bursty nature of the traffic to prevent energy waste through advertisements and reservations for data slots. Extensive simulations and qualitative analysis show that with bursty traffic, ATMA outperforms contention-based protocols (S-MAC, T-MAC and ADV-MAC), a TDMA based protocol (TRAMA) and hybrid protocols (Z-MAC and IEEE 802.15.4). ATMA provides energy reductions of up to 80%, while providing the best packet delivery ratio (close to 100%) and latency among all the investigated protocols. Simulations alone cannot reflect many of the challenges faced by real implementations of MAC protocols, such as clock-drift, synchronization, imperfect physical layers, and irregular interference from other transmissions. Such issues may cripple a protocol that otherwise performs very well in software simulations. Hence, to validate my research, I conclude with a hardware implementation of the ATMA protocol on SORA (Software Radio), developed by Microsoft Research Asia. SORA is a reprogrammable Software Defined Radio (SDR) platform that satisfies the throughput and timing requirements of modern wireless protocols while utilizing the rich general purpose PC development environment. Experimental results obtained from the hardware implementation of ATMA closely mirror the simulation results obtained for a single hop network with 4 nodes"--Page vi-viii.
Author : Rudy Lauwereins
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1402064888
Total Pages : 499 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (2 download)
Download or read book Design, Automation, and Test in Europe written by Rudy Lauwereins and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-01-08 with total page 499 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 2007 The Design, Automation and Test in Europe (DATE) conference celebrated its tenth anniversary. As a tribute to the chip and system-level design and design technology community, this book presents a compilation of the three most influential papers of each year. This provides an excellent historical overview of the evolution of a domain that contributed substantially to the growth and competitiveness of the circuit electronics and systems industry.
Author : Abdul Haffiz Shuaib
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 354 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (757 download)
Download or read book Energy Efficient Protocols for the IEEE 802.15.4 Enabled Wireless Sensor Networks written by Abdul Haffiz Shuaib and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 354 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Instruments that observe entire systems in situ, using a relatively large number of interconnected and inexpensive nodes are expected to be enabled primarily by Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). These instruments place certain service demands on the underlying network e.g. connectivity, coverage, quality of service assurance arid energy efficient utilization. The IEEE 802.15.4 Low Rate Wireless Personal Area Network (LR-WPAN) specification is kitted with components that can deliver (or at least provide support for the delivery of) these services. As this specification is relatively new, with the first version released in 2003. a revision in 2006 and an update in 2007, it was incumbent that its operational mechanisms were well understood, to allow for efficient cross layer interaction between the different processes that make up the specification and existing or new higher layer protocols. To that end. in this thesis, we created a model of the specification that captured all but one of its functional requirements i.e. the security component. We studied and evaluated this model using a combination of a high fidelity simulation and mathematical tools. From these studies, we were able to identify areas in which the specification could be improved upon without extensive modification. Also identified were areas of cross layer interactions. The knowledge gained from the above was used to propose and evaluate three higher layer mechanisms/protocols including; a scalable dynamic topology control algorithm, a routing and transport protocol. All of which leveraged the services offered by the IEEE 802.15.4 specification to deliver on the objectives required of a WSN. These proposed higher layer mechanisms/protocols were thoroughly evaluated in order to demonstrate their flexibility, scalability and energy efficiency capabilities.
Author : Vidushi Sharma
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 149878335X
Total Pages : 297 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (987 download)
Download or read book Energy-Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks written by Vidushi Sharma and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2017-07-28 with total page 297 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The advances in low-power electronic devices integrated with wireless communication capabilities are one of recent areas of research in the field of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). One of the major challenges in WSNs is uniform and least energy dissipation while increasing the lifetime of the network. This is the first book that introduces the energy efficient wireless sensor network techniques and protocols. The text covers the theoretical as well as the practical requirements to conduct and trigger new experiments and project ideas. The advanced techniques will help in industrial problem solving for energy-hungry wireless sensor network applications.
Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 136 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (197 download)
Download or read book Boston Harbor, Hull & Nantucket written by and published by . This book was released on 1897* with total page 136 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Holger Karl
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 0470519231
Total Pages : 531 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (75 download)
Download or read book Protocols and Architectures for Wireless Sensor Networks written by Holger Karl and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2007-10-08 with total page 531 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Learn all you need to know about wireless sensor networks! Protocols and Architectures for Wireless Sensor Networks provides a thorough description of the nuts and bolts of wireless sensor networks. The authors give an overview of the state-of-the-art, putting all the individual solutions into perspective with one and other. Numerous practical examples, case studies and illustrations demonstrate the theory, techniques and results presented. The clear chapter structure, listing learning objectives, outline and summarizing key points, help guide the reader expertly through the material. Protocols and Architectures for Wireless Sensor Networks: Covers architecture and communications protocols in detail with practical implementation examples and case studies. Provides an understanding of mutual relationships and dependencies between different protocols and architectural decisions. Offers an in-depth investigation of relevant protocol mechanisms. Shows which protocols are suitable for which tasks within a wireless sensor network and in which circumstances they perform efficiently. Features an extensive website with the bibliography, PowerPoint slides, additional exercises and worked solutions. This text provides academic researchers, graduate students in computer science, computer engineering, and electrical engineering, as well as practitioners in industry and research engineers with an understanding of the specific design challenges and solutions for wireless sensor networks. Check out www.wiley.com/go/wsn for accompanying course material! "I am deeply impressed by the book of Karl & Willig. It is by far the most complete source for wireless sensor networks...The book covers almost all topics related to sensor networks, gives an amazing number of references, and, thus, is the perfect source for students, teachers, and researchers. Throughout the book the reader will find high quality text, figures, formulas, comparisons etc. - all you need for a sound basis to start sensor network research." Prof. Jochen Schiller, Institute of Computer Science, Freie Universität Berlin
Author : Feng Xia
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 366246361X
Total Pages : 98 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (624 download)
Download or read book MAC Protocols for Cyber-Physical Systems written by Feng Xia and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-06-04 with total page 98 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a literature review of various wireless MAC protocols and techniques for achieving real-time and reliable communications in the context of cyber-physical systems (CPS). The evaluation analysis of IEEE 802.15.4 for CPS therein will give insights into configuration and optimization of critical design parameters of MAC protocols. In addition, this book also presents the design and evaluation of an adaptive MAC protocol for medical CPS, which exemplifies how to facilitate real-time and reliable communications in CPS by exploiting IEEE 802.15.4 based MAC protocols. This book will be of interest to researchers, practitioners, and students to better understand the QoS requirements of CPS, especially for healthcare applications.
Author : Carlene Campbell
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (798 download)
Download or read book An Efficient Multichannel Wireless Sensor Networks MAC Protocol Based on IEEE 802.11 Distributed Co-ordinated Function written by Carlene Campbell and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This research aimed to create new knowledge and pioneer a path in the area relating to future trends in the WSN, by resolving some of the issues at the MAC layer in Wireless Sensor Networks. This work introduced a Multi-channel Distributed Coordinated Function (MC-DCF) which takes advantage of multi-channel assignment. The backoff algorithm of the IEEE 802.11 distributed coordination function (DCF) was modified to invoke channel switching, based on threshold criteria in order to improve the overall throughput for wireless sensor networks. This work commenced by surveying different protocols: contention-based MAC protocols, transport layer protocols, cross-layered design and multichannel multi-radio assignments. A number of existing protocols were analysed, each attempting to resolve one or more problems faced by the current layers. The 802.15.4 performed very poorly at high data rate and at long range. Therefore 802.15.4 is not suitable for sensor multimedia or surveillance system with streaming data for future multichannel multi-radio systems. A survey on 802.11 DCF - which was designed mainly for wireless networks - supports and confirm that it has a power saving mechanism which is used to synchronise nodes. However it uses a random back-off mechanism that cannot provide deterministic upper bounds on channel access delay and as such cannot support real-time traffic. The weaknesses identified by surveying this protocol form the backbone of this thesis The overall aim for this thesis was to introduce multichannel with single radio as a new paradigm for IEEE 802.11 Distributed Coordinated Function (DCF) in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) that is used in a wide range of applications, from military application, environmental monitoring, medical care, smart buildings and other industry and to extend WSNs with multimedia capability which sense for instance sounds or motion, video sensor which capture video events of interest. Traditionally WSNs do not need high data rate and throughput, since events are normally captured periodically. With the paradigm shift in technology, multimedia streaming has become more demanding than data sensing applications as such the need for high data rate protocol for WSN which is an emerging technology in this area. The IEEE 802.11 can support data rates up to 54Mbps and 802.11 DCF was designed specifically for use in wireless networks. This thesis focused on designing an algorithm that applied multichannel to IEEE 802.11 DCF back-off algorithm to reduce the waiting time of a node and increase throughput when attempting to access the medium. Data collection in WSN tends to suffer from heavy congestion especially nodes nearer to the sink node. Therefore, this thesis proposes a contention based MAC protocol to address this problem from the inspiration of the 802.11 DCF backoff algorithm resulting from a comparison of IEEE 802.11 and IEEE 802.15.4 for Future Green Multichannel Multi-radio Wireless Sensor Networks.
Author : Ge Ma
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (11 download)
Download or read book An Efficient MAC Protocol Based on Hybrid Superframe for Wireless Sensor Networks written by Ge Ma and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The usage of wireless channels is based on Media Access Control (MAC) protocols, which allocate wireless resources and control the way that sensors access a shared radio channel to communicate with their neighbors. Designing low energy consumption, high efficiency MAC protocols is one of the most important directions in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN). So far, MAC protocols in WSN are usually divided into two categories: contention-based MAC protocols and schedule-based MAC protocols. However, both protocols have their own advantages and disadvantages that sometimes it is hard to decide which one is better than the other one. A hybrid protocol is concerned a lot now in WSN, which is IEEE 802.15.4. It integrates the advantages of both contention-based and schedule-based mechanisms. However, this protocol has some improving spaces as well, which motivated us to further study it and proposed a new contention reserve MAC protocol, named CRMAC, under the inspiration of IEEE 802.15.4's superframe structure. Through a series of theoretical and simulation analysis, we show that CRMAC performs better in energy consumption, system delay and network throughput than IEEE 802.15.4 and LEACH (Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy). CRMAC is especially suitable for short packet transmission under logy traffic networks, which is the main situation in WSN, so this protocol is practical in WSN.
Author : Kiran Tatapudi
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (853 download)
Download or read book Design of an Energy Efficient MAC Protocol for Sink Based Wireless Sensor Networks written by Kiran Tatapudi and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : V. Çağrı Güngör
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1466500522
Total Pages : 406 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (665 download)
Download or read book Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks written by V. Çağrı Güngör and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2017-12-19 with total page 406 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The collaborative nature of industrial wireless sensor networks (IWSNs) brings several advantages over traditional wired industrial monitoring and control systems, including self-organization, rapid deployment, flexibility, and inherent intelligent processing. In this regard, IWSNs play a vital role in creating more reliable, efficient, and productive industrial systems, thus improving companies’ competitiveness in the marketplace. Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks: Applications, Protocols, and Standards examines the current state of the art in industrial wireless sensor networks and outlines future directions for research. What Are the Main Challenges in Developing IWSN Systems? Featuring contributions by researchers around the world, this book explores the software and hardware platforms, protocols, and standards that are needed to address the unique challenges posed by IWSN systems. It offers an in-depth review of emerging and already deployed IWSN applications and technologies, and outlines technical issues and design objectives. In particular, the book covers radio technologies, energy harvesting techniques, and network and resource management. It also discusses issues critical to industrial applications, such as latency, fault tolerance, synchronization, real-time constraints, network security, and cross-layer design. A chapter on standards highlights the need for specific wireless communication standards for industrial applications. A Starting Point for Further Research Delving into wireless sensor networks from an industrial perspective, this comprehensive work provides readers with a better understanding of the potential advantages and research challenges of IWSN applications. A contemporary reference for anyone working at the cutting edge of industrial automation, communication systems, and networks, it will inspire further exploration in this promising research area.
Author : Jose A. Gutierrez
Publisher : Standards Information Network
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 196 pages
Book Rating : 4.X/5 (3 download)
Download or read book Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks written by Jose A. Gutierrez and published by Standards Information Network. This book was released on 2007 with total page 196 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Second Edition of Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks: Enabling Wireless Sensors with IEEE 802.15.4 is the newest handbook in the IEEE Standards Wireless Networks Series. This updated book now includes detailed information from the revised IEEE Std 802.15.4-2006, which includes the amendment IEEE 802.15.4b. IEEE Std 802.15.4 was developed to address low-cost and low-power design to enable applications in the fields of industrial, agricultural, vehicular, residential, and medical sensors and actuators. This book offers the reader an insider's view of the standard. Features include an overview of the standard, the motivation and vision behind it, background on the technology, technical features and components, application scenarios, and material not covered in the standard related to the network layer functionality for applications. The book also focuses on implementation and system design considerations, including an analysis of system-level, real-world issues that will be important for prospective implementers to consider. Presented in a concise and easy to read format by experts intimately involved in the development and writing of the standard, this guide is an invaluable resource to the standard for those interested in the field of "simple" wireless connectivity. Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks, 2nd Edition, is a must read for anyone who wants to fully understand the inner-workings and possibilities of the IEEE 802.15.4 standard.
Author : Dahham Zahraa
Publisher : LAP Lambert Academic Publishing
ISBN 13 : 9783659761935
Total Pages : 144 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (619 download)
Download or read book Efficient Back-off Mechanism for IEEE802.15.4 Wireless Sensor Networks written by Dahham Zahraa and published by LAP Lambert Academic Publishing. This book was released on 2015-07-23 with total page 144 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: IEEE 802.15.4 is one of the most prominent MAC protocol standard designed to achieve low-power and low-rate wireless personal area networks. The contention access period of IEEE 802.15.4 employs carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) algorithm. A long random backoff time causes longer average delay, while a small one gives a high collision rate. In this book, we propose an efficient backoff algorithm, called EBA-15.4MAC that enhances the performance of slotted CSMA/CA algorithm. EBA-15.4MAC is designed based on two new techniques; firstly, it updates the contention window size based on the probability of collision parameter. Secondly, EBA-15.4MAC resolves the problem of access collision via the deployment of a novel Temporary Backoff (TB) and Next Temporary Backoff (NTB). In this case, the nodes not choose backoff exponent randomly as mentioned in the standard but they select TB and NTB values which can be (10-50)% of the actual backoff delay selected by the node randomly. By using these two new methods, EBA-15.4MAC minimizes the level of collision since the probability of two nodes selecting the same backoff period will be low.
