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Energy Assistance To North Korea
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Book Synopsis Foreign Assistance to North Korea by :
Download or read book Foreign Assistance to North Korea written by and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 25 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since 1995, the United States has provided North Korea with over $1.2 billion in assistance, about 60% of which has paid for food aid and about 40% for energy assistance. As of early September 2009, the United States is not providing any aid to North Korea, except for a small medical assistance program. The Obama Administration has said that it would be willing to provide large-scale aid if North Korea takes steps to irreversibly dismantle its nuclear program. U.S. aid fell significantly in the mid-2000s, bottoming out at zero in 2006. The Bush Administration resumed energy aid in the fall of 2007, after progress was made in the Six-Party Talks over North Korea's nuclear program. The Six-Party Talks involve North Korea, the United States, China, South Korea, Japan, and Russia. The United States and other countries began providing heavy fuel oil (HFO) in return for Pyongyang freezing and disabling its plutoniumbased nuclear facilities in Yongbyon. The United States and Russia have provided all of the HFO they promised under this "Phase Two" of the Six-Party Talks process. Before the Six-Party process broke down, China and South Korea appeared to be calibrating their energy assistance to progress in disabling Yongbyon. North Korea's failed satellite launch on April 5, 2009, which used ballistic missile-related technology, led to U.N. Security Council condemnation. In response, North Korea said it would abandon the Six-Party Talks, restarted its nuclear facilities and asked international and U.S. inspectors to leave the country.
Book Synopsis Energy Assistance to North Korea by : Yoon-Young Angela Choe
Download or read book Energy Assistance to North Korea written by Yoon-Young Angela Choe and published by ibidem-Verlag / ibidem Press. This book was released on 2012-02-27 with total page 110 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: On February 13th, 2007, North Korea agreed to dismantle its nuclear program in exchange for security guarantees and energy assistance. As a part of the strict give-and-take denuclearization process, the Feburary 13th agreement stipulates energy assistance up to the “equivalent of one million tons of heavy fuel oil”. Noting the critical phrase, “equivalent of”, this study analyzes the various energy assistance options available through domestic and international politics analysis and economic cost-benefit analysis; it includes health and environmental externalities in the economics, thus incorporating the latent social costs. The research finds that a comprehensive energy assistance package that consists of renewable energy assistance, including wind, small-hydro, and tidal power, combined with the rehabilitation of hydro power plants and the grid system in place of heavy fuel oil, would benefit the North Korean energy sector and its economy in a sustainable manner. In the medium-term, light water nuclear reactors emerge as an unfortunate imperative in putting a definite end to the dismantlement process. In the longer South-North Korea economic cooperation, however, as the benefits of renewable energies increase over time, a diverse portfolio of renewable energies would contribute to reviving the economy while allowing for the health of the people and of the environment. To shed light on an example of a country aligning itself toward a sustainable trajectory, the Cuban example of overcoming a food and energy crisis is introduced to grant lessons for policymakers.
Book Synopsis Assistance to North Korea by : Mark E. Manyin
Download or read book Assistance to North Korea written by Mark E. Manyin and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on 2009 with total page 21 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report summarizes U.S. assistance to the Democratic People's Republic of North Korea (DPRK, also known as North Korea). It will be updated periodically to track changes in U.S. provision of aid to North Korea.
Download or read book U.S. Assistance to North Korea written by and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since 1995, the U.S. has provided over $1 billion in foreign assistance to the Democratic People's Republic of North Korea (DPRK, also known as North Korea), about 60% of which has taken the form of food aid, and about 40% in the form of energy assistance channeled through the Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization (KEDO). Additionally, the Bush Administration has proposed offering North Korea broad economic development assistance in exchange for Pyongyang verifiably dismantling its nuclear porgram and cooperating on other security-related issues. U.S. aid to North Korea has been controversial since its inception, and the controversy has been intimately linked to the larger debate over the most effective strategy for dealing with the DPRK.
Book Synopsis Crs Report for Congress by : Mark E. Manyin
Download or read book Crs Report for Congress written by Mark E. Manyin and published by BiblioGov. This book was released on 2013-11 with total page 30 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Should the United States resume food, energy, and/or denuclearization assistance to North Korea? This is the major issue facing Congress in considering the provision of aid to Pyongyang. Between 1995 and 2008, the United States provided North Korea with over $1.3 billion in assistance: just over 50% for food aid and about 40% for energy assistance. Since early 2009, the United States has provided virtually no aid to North Korea. In late February 2012, after bilateral talks with the United States, North Korea announced a moratorium on long-range missile launches, nuclear tests, and nuclear activities (including uranium enrichment) at its Yongbyon nuclear facilities. It also said it would allow international nuclear inspectors to return to North Korea. The United States announced it would provide North Korea with 240,000 metric tons (MT) of food aid. However, two and a half week later, the agreement appeared in jeopardy after North Korea announced that in April it would launch a satellite, a move that would defy a number United Nations resolutions targeting North Korea. U.S. officials said that a satellite launch would "abrogate" the February agreement.
Book Synopsis U.S. Assistance to North Korea: Fact Sheet by :
Download or read book U.S. Assistance to North Korea: Fact Sheet written by and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 7 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since 1995, the U.S. has provided over $1 billion in foreign assistance to the Democratic People's Republic of North Korea (DPRK, also known as North Korea), about 60% of which has taken the form of food aid, and about 40% in the form of energy assistance channeled through the Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization (KEDO). Additionally, the Bush Administration has proposed offering North Korea broad economic development assistance in exchange for Pyongyang verifiably dismantling its nuclear porgram and cooperating on other security-related issues. U.S. aid to North Korea has been controversial since its inception, and the controversy has been intimately linked to the larger debate over the most effective strategy for dealing with the DPRK.
Book Synopsis U.S. Assistance to North Korea by : Mark E. Manyin
Download or read book U.S. Assistance to North Korea written by Mark E. Manyin and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 7 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report summarizes U.S. assistance to the Democratic People's Republic of North Korea (DPRK, also known as North Korea). It will be updated periodically to track changes in U.S. provision of aid to North Korea. A more extended description and analysis of aid to North Korea, including assistance provided by other countries, is provided in CRS Report RL31785, Foreign Assistance to North Korea. Since 1995, the United States has provided North Korea with over $1.1 billion in assistance, about 60% of which has paid for food aid. About 40% was energy assistance channeled through the Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization (KEDO), the multilateral organization established in 1994 to provide energy aid in exchange for North Korea's pledge to halt its existing nuclear program. U.S. assistance to North Korea has fallen significantly over the past three years, and was zero in FY2006. The KEDO program was shut down in January 2006. Food aid has been scrutinized because the DPRK government restricts the ability of donor agencies to operate in the country. Compounding the problem is that South Korea and China, by far North Korea's two most important providers of food aid, have little to no monitoring systems in place. Since North Korea tested several missiles in July 2006, South Korea has suspended most official humanitarian assistance. In the summer of 2005, the North Korean government announced it would no longer need humanitarian assistance from the United Nations, including from the World Food Program (WFP), the primary channel for U.S. food aid. Part of Pyongyang's motivation appears to have been a desire to negotiate a less intrusive monitoring presence. In response, the WFP negotiated a drastically scaled-down development assistance program with the North Korean government. Since then, the United States has not provided any food aid.
Book Synopsis Korea North Country Study Guide Volume 1 Strategic Information and Developments by : IBP, Inc.
Download or read book Korea North Country Study Guide Volume 1 Strategic Information and Developments written by IBP, Inc. and published by Lulu.com. This book was released on 2015-04-13 with total page 300 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Korea North Country Study Guide - Strategic Information and Developments
Book Synopsis Foreign Assistance to North Korea by :
Download or read book Foreign Assistance to North Korea written by and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since 1995, the United States has provided North Korea with over $1.2 billion in assistance, of which about 60% has paid for food aid and about 40% for energy assistance. As of early March 2010, the United States is not providing any aid to North Korea, except for a small medical assistance program. The Obama Administration, along with the South Korean government, have said that they would be willing to provide large-scale aid if North Korea takes steps to irreversibly dismantle its nuclear program. The main vehicle for persuading Pyongyang to denuclearize is the Six-Party Talks, involving North Korea, the United States, China, South Korea, Japan, and Russia. The Talks have not met since late 2008. U.S. energy and food aid to North Korea fell significantly in the mid-2000s, bottoming out at zero in 2006. The Bush Administration resumed energy aid in the fall of 2007 after progress was made in the Six-Party Talks â€" involving North Korea, the United States, China, Japan, and Russia â€" over North Koreaâ€TMs nuclear program. The United States and other countries began providing heavy fuel oil (HFO) in return for Pyongyang freezing and disabling its plutonium-based nuclear facilities. However, no additional energy assistance has been provided through the Six-Party process since North Korea withdrew from the talks in 2009, following condemnation and sanctions by the U.N. Security Council for North Koreaâ€TMs April 2009 launch of a suspected longrange missile and May 2009 test of a nuclear device. In 2007 and 2008, the United States also provided technical assistance to North Korea to help in the nuclear disablement process. In 2008, Congress took legislative steps to legally enable the President to give expanded assistance for this purpose. However, following North Koreaâ€TMs actions in the spring of 2009, Congress explicitly rejected the Obama Administrationâ€TMs requests for funds to supplement existing resources in the event of a breakthrough with North Korea. However, Congress did approve monies for the State Departmentâ€TMs general emergency non-proliferation fund that the Administration could use in North Korea. Since the mid-1990s, North Korea has suffered from chronic, massive food shortages. Food aidâ€" largely from China, the United States, and South Koreaâ€"has been essential in filling the gap. In 2008 and 2009, the U.S. shipped about a third of a planned 500,000 metric ton food aid pledge before disagreements with the North Korean government led to the programâ€TMs cessation. The drying up of food aid donations from the United States and South Korea has led the World Food Programme to drastically curtail its operation in North Korea, despite ongoing food shortages. Pyongyang has resisted economic reforms that would allow the equitable distribution of food and help pay for food imports. Additionally, the North Korean government restricts the ability of donors to operate in the country. Multiple sources have asserted that some of the food assistance going to North Korea is routinely diverted for resale in private markets or other uses. Compounding the problem, China, North Koreaâ€TMs largest source of food aid, has no known monitoring systems in place. In 2009 and 2010, in response to continued food shortages, Pyongyang asked South Korea â€" and the United States, according to some reports â€" to renew food assistance. The Obama Administration must make a number of decisions, including: whether to resume food aid; if so, whether to condition all or part of its assistance on expansive levels of access and monitoring; whether to condition food aid on progress in other areas (such as in the Six-Party Talks); and whether to pressure China to impose similar conditions on its food aid. This report will be updated periodically to track changes in U.S. provision of aid to North Korea.
Book Synopsis The North Korean Nuclear Program by : James Clay Moltz
Download or read book The North Korean Nuclear Program written by James Clay Moltz and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 2000 with total page 290 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Drawing on previously unpublished Russian archival materials, this book is the first detailed history and current analysis of the North Korean nuclear program.
Book Synopsis Paved with Good Intentions by : L. Gordon Flake
Download or read book Paved with Good Intentions written by L. Gordon Flake and published by Praeger. This book was released on 2003-08-30 with total page 186 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Includes statistics.
Book Synopsis Non-Traditional Security Issues in North Korea by : Kyung-Ae Park
Download or read book Non-Traditional Security Issues in North Korea written by Kyung-Ae Park and published by University of Hawaii Press. This book was released on 2013-07-31 with total page 282 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The concept of security has undergone significant change in the past few decades. Traditionally thought of in terms of the state-centric, militarily focused, realist discourse, the concept of security has been broadened to include a greater number of potential threats and an increased number of relevant actors. Yet, despite the great changes in security scholarship, the vast majority of studies on North Korea continue to focus primarily on the country’s nuclear weapons program, its military, and other traditional security issues surrounding Pyongyang. While North Korea captures headlines with its aggressive behavior and growing nuclear arsenal, the ground-level threats to average, everyday North Koreans go largely unnoticed. This groundbreaking volume seeks to refocus research on North Korean security from the traditional to largely unexplored non-traditional security (NTS) issues. In the wake of political succession to Kim Jung Un, the issue of non-traditional security is increasingly important. From the lasting effects of the famine of the 1990s to continued food shortages and the growing marketization of North Korean society, the Pyongyang regime is facing diverse and unprecedented challenges. This book offers cutting-edge analyses of emerging North Korean NTS issues by the world’s leading specialists in the field. It looks at these issues and their effects at the local, regional, and international level, as well as examining the international community’s efforts to promote an NTS approach to North Korea. More specifically, the volume addresses the traditional and non-traditional security paradigms, energy security, gender security, transnational organized crime, the internal and external dimensions of North Korea’s food security, the “Responsibility to Protect,” refugee issues and international law, and the role of NGOs in promoting NTS in North Korea. As the global community begins to move toward a more people-centered approach to security and foreign policy, work such as that presented in this thought-provoking volume will be increasingly vital to scholars, policymakers, and interested citizens. Contributors: Tsuneo Akaha, Peter Hayes, Brendan Howe, W. Randall Ireson, David C. Kang, Shin-wha Lee, Mark Manyin, Kyung-Ae Park, Scott Snyder, Jae-Jung Suh, David von Hippel.
Book Synopsis Energy Aid for North Korea by : Selig S. Harrison
Download or read book Energy Aid for North Korea written by Selig S. Harrison and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 76 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis North Korea and Nuclear Weapons by : Sung Chull Kim
Download or read book North Korea and Nuclear Weapons written by Sung Chull Kim and published by Georgetown University Press. This book was released on 2017-05-01 with total page 236 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: North Korea is perilously close to developing strategic nuclear weapons capable of hitting the United States and its East Asian allies. Since their first nuclear test in 2006, North Korea has struggled to perfect the required delivery systems. Kim Jong-un’s regime now appears to be close, however. Sung Chull Kim, Michael D. Cohen, and the volume contributors contend that the time to prevent North Korea from achieving this capability is virtually over; scholars and policymakers must turn their attention to how to deter a nuclear North Korea. The United States, South Korea, and Japan must also come to terms with the fact that North Korea will be able to deter them with its nuclear arsenal. How will the erratic Kim Jong-un behave when North Korea develops the capability to hit medium- and long-range targets with nuclear weapons? How will and should the United States, South Korea, Japan, and China respond, and what will this mean for regional stability in the short term and long term? The international group of authors in this volume address these questions and offer a timely analysis of the consequences of an operational North Korean nuclear capability for international security.
Book Synopsis How Pyongyang's Stance on the Provision of Light Water Reactors Has Evolved Over the Two North Korean Nuclear Crises by : Jeongmi Heo
Download or read book How Pyongyang's Stance on the Provision of Light Water Reactors Has Evolved Over the Two North Korean Nuclear Crises written by Jeongmi Heo and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 45 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: North Korea's interest in securing light water reactors in exchange for dismantling its nuclear programs in Yongbyon has long been at the heart of the international negotiations on the DPRK's denuclearization. Over the two nuclear crises on the Korean peninsula, North Korea raised the issue of a light water reactor project to engage Washington in order to address its diplomatic isolation in the post-Cold War era, the hostility it perceived from the Bush administration and the worsening energy crisis. However, lack of mutual confidence between the two countries as well as its growing dependence on the conventional energy assistance from outside have kept Pyongyang from moving first and forward in its denuclearization process. This study concludes with policy implications of this finding.
Author :Institute for Unification Education, Ministry of Unification (South Korea) Publisher :길잡이미디어 ISBN 13 : Total Pages :422 pages Book Rating :4./5 ( download)
Book Synopsis Understanding North Korea by : Institute for Unification Education, Ministry of Unification (South Korea)
Download or read book Understanding North Korea written by Institute for Unification Education, Ministry of Unification (South Korea) and published by 길잡이미디어. This book was released on 2015-01-30 with total page 422 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Institute for Unification Education, which constitutes the Ministry of Unification of the Republic of Korea, has published annual editions of Understanding North Korea since 1972, as an endeavor to promote greater understanding of North Korea for South Korean readers. Understanding North Korea depicts the reality faced by the Northern regime in areas of politics, diplomacy, military, economy, society, culture, and many more. The May 2012 publication has been translated into English, with the aim to help the international community better understand the northern half of the Korean peninsula. English translations of the referred editions will be published on an biennial basis. We hope that this book enables readers around the world to better grasp the reality of North Korea. The regime in North Korea exhibits three characteristics: it is a totalitarian dictatorship governed by the sole leadership of the suryǒng , who stands above the Workers’Party of Korea (WPK) and the state; the regime, as one of the world’s most highly centralized and planned economies, has advocated self-reliance and the monopoly of all means of production by the state and cooperative organizations; and the state uses the concept of Grand Socialist Family which requires absolute obedience of people to the suryǒng , who is considered the father of a family. These traits engendered a peculiar form of social structure unprecedented in any other socialist country. As it had to do under Kim Jong-il, North Korea under Kim Jong-un must engage in some degree of reform and opening to improve its economy and ensure the regime’s survival. Such a path, however, also brings with it the risk of regime collapse. The regime thus faces the difficult task of maintaining stability while at the same time reforming and opening up. CONTENTS I. How should we view North Korea? Section 1. Nature of the Northern Regime 11 Section 2. North Korea’s Dilemma 18 Ⅱ. Political System and Governing Principles Section 1. History of the North Korean Regime and Establishment of its Political System 25 1. Soviet Occupation and Establishment of the North Korean Regime 25 2. Establishment of North Korea’s Political System and its Characteristics 28 Section 2. Formation of Governing Ideology and its Changing Nature 36 1. Juche Ideology 37 2. Songun Ideology 42 3. Kimilsungism-Kimjongilism 46 Section 3. Power Structure and Form of Government 49 1. Power structure 49 2. Workers’Party of Korea 55 3. Central Institutions 71 Section 4. Hereditary Succession of Power and the Kim Jong-un Regime 80 1. History of Hereditary Power Succession 80 2. Establishment and Stabilization of the Kim Jong-un Regime 86 Ⅲ. External Policies and Relations Section 1. Goals and Directions of Foreign Policies 97 1. Basic Ideas and Goals of Foreign Policy 97 2. Policy Directions 99 3. North Korea’s Foreign Policy-making Structure 102 Section 2. Changes in Foreign Policy 105 1. Foreign Policy during the Cold War Era 105 2. Foreign Policy after the Cold War Era 111 Section 3. Foreign Relations 117 1. US-North Korea Relations 117 2. China-North Korea Relations 127 3. Japan-North Korea Relations 132 4. Russia-North Korea Relations 137 5. Relations with the EU and Other Nations 141 Ⅳ. Military Strategy and Capacity Section 1. Characteristics and Functions 153 1. Establishment of the KPA 153 2. Nature and Status 155 3. Functions and Characteristics 156 Section 2. Military Policy and Strategy 160 1. Basic Objective 160 2. Military Strategy 163 Section 3. Structure and Institutions 168 1. Military Structure 168 2. Military Institutions 173 Section 4. Military Capacity 179 1. Standing Forces and Equipment 179 2. Reserve Forces 185 3. Development of Nuclear and Other Strategic Weapons 187 Section 5. Military Relations and Provocations against the South 194 1. External Military Relationship 194 2. North Korea’s Provocations against the South 199 Ⅴ. Economic Structure and Policy Section 1. Characteristics of Economic System and Basic Economic Policy 217 1. Basic Characteristics of Economic System 217 2. Basic Economic Policy 225 3. Establishment and Implementation of Economic Plans 234 Section 2. Economic Status by Sector 238 1. Macroeconomic Status and Tasks 238 2. Economic Status and Tasks by Sector 244 Section 3. Changes in Economic Policy and Outlook for Reform and Opening 259 1. Utilization and Control of Markets 259 2. Limited Opening 268 3. Prospects and Tasks for Reform and Opening 274 Ⅵ. Education and Culture Section 1. Education System and School Life 281 1. Education Policy and School System 281 2. Educational Curriculum and Methods 299 3. School Life 308 Section 2. Literary Art Policy and Current Status 314 1. Literary Art Policy 314 2. Current Status of Literature and Art 321 Section 3. The Media and its Functions 334 1. Newspapers 335 2. Broadcasting 340 VII Society and Life Section 1. Class Structure 349 1. Social Classes 349 2. Social Mobility and Class Structure 353 Section 2. Value System and Everyday Life 356 1. North Korean Citizens’Values 356 2. Daily Life and Life Cycle 362 3. Organizational Life 366 4. Clothing, Food, and Housing 373 5. Leisure and Holidays 380 Section 3. Religion in North Korea 386 1. View on Religion 386 2. Actual Conditions of Religious Beliefs 388 Section 4. Deviations and Social Control 391 1. Social Deviation and Crime committed by North Koreans 391 2. Social Control 398 Section 5. Human Rights in North Korea 404 1. Violation of Civic and Political Rights 405 2. Violation of Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights 410 3. Response to Criticism on Human Rights 413
Book Synopsis TERRORISM: COMMENTARY ON SECURITY DOCUMENTS VOLUME 145 by : Douglas C. Lovelace, Jr.
Download or read book TERRORISM: COMMENTARY ON SECURITY DOCUMENTS VOLUME 145 written by Douglas C. Lovelace, Jr. and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2017-06-07 with total page 400 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Terrorism: Commentary on Security Documents is a series that provides primary source documents and expert commentary on various topics relating to the worldwide effort to combat terrorism, as well as efforts by the United States and other nations to protect their national security interests. Volume 145, The North Korean Threat, examines the strategies adopted by the United States, China, and the international community in response to the nuclear threat posed by North Korea. The volume includes a selection of documents chosen to illustrate developments in this area from 2010 through 2016, with commentary from series editor Douglas C. Lovelace, Jr. The documents in this volume include 2016 UN Security Council resolutions on North Korea, Congressional Research Service reports covering various aspects of the U.S. response to North Korea's nuclear program, a U.S. Department of Defense report prepared for Congress on military and security developments related to North Korea, and a detailed description of the U.S. sanctions program against North Korea from the U.S. Treasury Department's Office of Foreign Assets Control.
