Endocrine and Neuroendocrine Surgery

Download Endocrine and Neuroendocrine Surgery PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3662540673
Total Pages : 342 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (625 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Endocrine and Neuroendocrine Surgery by : James R. Howe

Download or read book Endocrine and Neuroendocrine Surgery written by James R. Howe and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-06-07 with total page 342 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book brings together recognized experts in the field to describe their current techniques for the surgical treatment of diseased thyroid, parathyroid, and adrenal glands, as well as neuroendocrine tumors of small bowel, pancreas, liver, and skin. For each procedure, indications, operative steps, potential pitfalls and complications, and postoperative management are presented. The clear descriptions coupled with informative and beautiful illustrations will give the reader new perspectives and insights into the anatomy and conduct of these procedures. Endocrine surgery has been an area of special interest to surgeons for well over a century, while the increasing incidence of neuroendocrine tumors has more recently led to greater attention to these neoplasms. Significant advances have been made in a variety of areas, the most recent being the introduction of minimally invasive methods of removing diseased glands, and the improved understanding of the natural history of neuroendocrine tumors.

Endocrine Surgery

Download Endocrine Surgery PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1482259605
Total Pages : 752 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (822 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Endocrine Surgery by : Demetrius Pertsemlidis

Download or read book Endocrine Surgery written by Demetrius Pertsemlidis and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2017-06-01 with total page 752 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The second edition of Endocrine Surgery is a comprehensive update of the previous edition published in 2003. Edited by three leading authorities in the field of surgical endocrinology, the book encompasses the clinical, imaging, nuclear, molecular, technological and evidence-based principles that are applied in the diagnosis and treatment of all categories of endocrine tumors. Authored by experts from across the globe, this textbook reflects the best international clinical practice and also provides an outstanding educational resource. With full color illustrations throughout, the new edition emphasizes contemporary approaches in successive stages including: pituitary endocrine tumors; pathology and pathophysiology of pulmonary neuroendocrine cells; surgery of endocrine tumors of the lungs and thymus; robotic endocrine surgery; molecular testing of thyroid nodules; pediatric surgery for neuroblastoma and ganglioneuroma; multiple endocrine neoplasia; retroperitoneoscopic adrenalectomy; radionuclide imaging of carcinoid tumors, pancreas and adrenals; serotonin-induced cardiac valvular disease and surgical treatment; multimodal management of primary and metastatic neuroendocrine tumors; pathophysiology and surgery of Type II diabetes; post-bariatric surgery hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia; and surgical management of metabolic syndrome. Endocrine Surgery 2e provides the clinician with a definitive resource to reach curative outcomes in the treatment of patients with endocrine pituitary, thyroid, and parathyroid entities. Further coverage of broncho-pulmonary, adrenal, pancreatic, and intestinal neoplasia is also included, making this the definitive textbook on the subject. Demetrius Pertsemlidis, MD FACS The Bradley H. Jack Professor of Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA William B. Inabnet III, MD FACS Professor of Surgery and Chief, Division of Metabolic, Endocrine and Minimally Invasive Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA Michel Gagner, M.D. FRCSC, FACS, FASMBS Clinical Professor of surgery, Herbert Wertheim School of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL and Senior consultant, Hôpital du Sacre Coeur, Montreal, Quebec, Canada Print Versions of this book also include access to the ebook version.

Surgical Pathology of Endocrine and Neuroendocrine Tumors

Download Surgical Pathology of Endocrine and Neuroendocrine Tumors PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1603273964
Total Pages : 248 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (32 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Surgical Pathology of Endocrine and Neuroendocrine Tumors by : Ashraf Khan

Download or read book Surgical Pathology of Endocrine and Neuroendocrine Tumors written by Ashraf Khan and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-03-10 with total page 248 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Surgical pathology is the cornerstone in the management of neoplastic disorders. Written for the practicing surgical pathologist in mind, Surgical Pathology of Endocrine and Neuroendocrine Tumors provides an up-to-date text on surgical pathology of endocrine and neuroendocrine tumors. The text begins with radiological imaging of tumors, followed by a section on fine needle aspiration biopsy. The main section focuses on surgical pathology of endocrine and neuroendocrine tumors. The volume closes with applications of molecular techniques and their potential for the future. Surgical Pathology of Endocrine and Neuroendocrine Tumors is written by a panel of internationally recognized pathologists who are not only experts in their fields, but who also contribute their own valuable insights making this new book an essential resource for practicing general and specialist surgical pathologists and pathologists in training.

Endocrine Surgery

Download Endocrine Surgery PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1846288819
Total Pages : 605 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (462 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Endocrine Surgery by : Johnathan Hubbard

Download or read book Endocrine Surgery written by Johnathan Hubbard and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2009-10-14 with total page 605 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There has been a recent surge of interest within the world of endocrine surgery in the US and worldwide with resultant significant changes on the way surgery is performed. Where before a 5-7 year period was taken for a general surgeon, after which the medic would take a 1 year residency then a fellowship, now they are looking at 3 years core surgery and then going straight to specialise, opening up the discipline to more people. The book is a valuable tool for those revising for board examinations and Fellowship examinations. The text, compiled by expert authors from the USA, Europe and Asia, provides an international perspective on the basic knowledge and clinical management.

Endocrine Surgery

Download Endocrine Surgery PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 0429578873
Total Pages : 1392 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (295 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Endocrine Surgery by : Anand Kumar Mishra

Download or read book Endocrine Surgery written by Anand Kumar Mishra and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2022-01-06 with total page 1392 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This comprehensive book on Endocrine Surgery covers disorders of thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal glands along with neuroendocrine tumors of pancreas and gastrointestinal tract. It is a comprehensive, up-to-date treatise covering embryology, anatomy, etiology, clinical manifestations, diagnoses, and treatment modalities of surgical endocrine diseases. The authors explore the pertinent surgical endocrinology topics with a South Asian perspective. Color illustrations, flowcharts and tables make the topics lucid for professionals. This book provides the essential information surgeons require for evaluation and management of patients, both with straight forward, and complex endocrine problems. Key Features Focusses on concise yet comprehensive, up-to-date coverage of surgical endocrine diseases Discusses Robot Assisted Endocrine Surgery and explores its impact on healthcare finances Highlights the difference between practices used in western and resource limited countries by incorporating a South Asian perspective for region specific diseases.

Endocrine Tumors, An Issue of Surgical Oncology Clinics of North America

Download Endocrine Tumors, An Issue of Surgical Oncology Clinics of North America PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN 13 : 0323414737
Total Pages : 249 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (234 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Endocrine Tumors, An Issue of Surgical Oncology Clinics of North America by : Douglas L Fraker

Download or read book Endocrine Tumors, An Issue of Surgical Oncology Clinics of North America written by Douglas L Fraker and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2016-01-19 with total page 249 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This issue of Surgical Oncology Clinics of North America, guest edited by Dr. Douglas L. Fraker, is devoted to Endocrine Tumors. Dr. Fraker has assembled expert authors to review the following topics: Management of thyroid nodular disease: Current cytopathology classifications and genetic testing; Surgical management of lymph node compartments in papillary thyroid cancer; Current guidelines for post-operative treatment and follow-up of well differentiated thyroid cancer; Outpatient thyroid surgery – is it safe?; Asymptomatic hyperparathyroidism- diagnostic pitfalls and surgical intervention; Intra-operative PTH monitoring: optimal utilization; Minimally invasive parathyroidectomy vs bilateral neck exploration for primary hyperparathyroidism; Pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma: Diagnosis, genetics, and treatment; Minimally invasive adrenalectomy; Treatment of adrenocortical cancinoma: benefits of aggressive surgery; Biochemical diagnosis and pre-operative imaging of gastro-intestinal neuroendocrine tumors; Minimally invasive techniques for resection of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors; and Treatment of metastatic neuroendocrine tumors to the liver.

Endocrine Surgery

Download Endocrine Surgery PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 9780367573461
Total Pages : 752 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (734 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Endocrine Surgery by : Demetrius Pertsemlidis

Download or read book Endocrine Surgery written by Demetrius Pertsemlidis and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2020-06-30 with total page 752 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The second edition of Endocrine Surgery is a comprehensive update of the previous edition published in 2003. Edited by three leading authorities in the field of surgical endocrinology, the book encompasses the clinical, imaging, nuclear, molecular, technological and evidence-based principles that are applied in the diagnosis and treatment of all categories of endocrine tumors. Authored by experts from across the globe, this textbook reflects the best international clinical practice and also provides an outstanding educational resource. With full color illustrations throughout, the new edition emphasizes contemporary approaches in successive stages including: pituitary endocrine tumors; pathology and pathophysiology of pulmonary neuroendocrine cells; surgery of endocrine tumors of the lungs and thymus; robotic endocrine surgery; molecular testing of thyroid nodules; pediatric surgery for neuroblastoma and ganglioneuroma; multiple endocrine neoplasia; retroperitoneoscopic adrenalectomy; radionuclide imaging of carcinoid tumors, pancreas and adrenals; serotonin-induced cardiac valvular disease and surgical treatment; multimodal management of primary and metastatic neuroendocrine tumors; pathophysiology and surgery of Type II diabetes; post-bariatric surgery hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia; and surgical management of metabolic syndrome. Endocrine Surgery 2e provides the clinician with a definitive resource to reach curative outcomes in the treatment of patients with endocrine pituitary, thyroid, and parathyroid entities. Further coverage of broncho-pulmonary, adrenal, pancreatic, and intestinal neoplasia is also included, making this the definitive textbook on the subject. Demetrius Pertsemlidis, MD FACS The Bradley H. Jack Professor of Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA William B. Inabnet III, MD FACS Professor of Surgery and Chief, Division of Metabolic, Endocrine and Minimally Invasive Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA Michel Gagner, M.D. FRCSC, FACS, FASMBS Clinical Professor of surgery, Herbert Wertheim School of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL and Senior consultant, Hôpital du Sacre Coeur, Montreal, Quebec, Canada Print Versions of this book also include access to the ebook version.

Endocrine Neoplasia

Download Endocrine Neoplasia PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1441908579
Total Pages : 347 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (419 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Endocrine Neoplasia by : Cord Sturgeon

Download or read book Endocrine Neoplasia written by Cord Sturgeon and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2009-12-03 with total page 347 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Endocrine Neoplasia is a comprehensive, updated, and clearly-written text covering the diseases for which endocrine surgical expertise is often needed. We look towards advances in the science and the art of endocrine surgery to continuously improve outcomes for our patients. The goal of this text was to provide a detailed description of both the underlying science of disease as well as the art of clinical management. The book is divided into five sections addressing neoplasms of the thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal gland, neuroendocrine pancreas, and multiple endocrine neoplasia. Experts from the United States, Canada, and Australia have contributed chapters addressing both the biology of endocrine tumors and the clinical management of disease. Recent discoveries regarding the genetic underpinnings of disease are highlighted. Updated consensus guidelines were used for clinical recommendations. The management of complex and often confusing clinical problems is discussed in detail.

Advances in Treatment and Management in Surgical Endocrinology

Download Advances in Treatment and Management in Surgical Endocrinology PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN 13 : 0323661947
Total Pages : 328 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (236 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Advances in Treatment and Management in Surgical Endocrinology by : Alexander L. Shifrin

Download or read book Advances in Treatment and Management in Surgical Endocrinology written by Alexander L. Shifrin and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2019-06-11 with total page 328 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Up-to-date and evidence-based, Updates on Treatment and Management of Endocrinopathies [correct title?] provides an overview of recent developments regarding the most prevalent endocrine disorders. A concise, easy-to-read reference for endocrinologists and endocrine surgeons, this timely reference includes an overview of each disorder as well as diagnosis, management, treatment, prognosis, and a summary by a renowned expert who has contributed to the most current literature. Addresses endocrine diseases of the thyroid, parathyroid, and adrenal glands as well as familial endocrine syndromes: multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 and 2 (MEN). Includes both surgical and nonsurgical treatments. Consolidates today's available information on this timely topic into one convenient resource.

Tips and Tricks in Endocrine Surgery

Download Tips and Tricks in Endocrine Surgery PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1447121465
Total Pages : 306 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (471 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Tips and Tricks in Endocrine Surgery by : John C. Watkinson

Download or read book Tips and Tricks in Endocrine Surgery written by John C. Watkinson and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-10-01 with total page 306 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a concise summary across all aspects of endocrine surgery, covering the major endocrine organs and discussing aspects of surgical care. It comprises five sections covering the major endocrine organs/systems, each with a specialist section editor. Within each section there are a number of brief (2-3 page) chapters, written in a combination of prose and bullet points, a format that is conducive to both detailed reading and quicker, “dipping in”, review. Each chapter contains a “Pearls and Pitfalls” summary box. The text takes into account the latest evidence and current expert opinion from an internationally renowned list of authors.

Endocrine Surgery, An Issue of Surgical Clinics, E-Book

Download Endocrine Surgery, An Issue of Surgical Clinics, E-Book PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN 13 : 0323299512
Total Pages : 257 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (232 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Endocrine Surgery, An Issue of Surgical Clinics, E-Book by : Peter J. Mazzaglia

Download or read book Endocrine Surgery, An Issue of Surgical Clinics, E-Book written by Peter J. Mazzaglia and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2014-06-28 with total page 257 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Editor Peter Mazzaglia and authors review the current management and procedures in endocrine surgery. Articles will cover: central compartment lymph node dissection for papillary thyroid cancer; evaluation of thyroid incidentaloma; the role of genetic markers in the evaluation and management of thyroid nodules; medical therapy for advanced forms of thyroid cancer; follicular lesions of the thyroid; controversy over radio-iodine ablation: who benefits?; minimizing cost while maximizing success in the pre-operative localization strategy for primary hyperparathyroidism; operative treatment for primary hyperparathyroidism; evaluation of adrenal incidentalomas: biochemical and radiographic characterization; hyperaldosteronism: diagnosis, lateralization, and treatment; subclinical Cushing’s syndrome; adrenocortical cancer update; and pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors.

Evidence-Based Endocrine Surgery

Download Evidence-Based Endocrine Surgery PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9811011249
Total Pages : 470 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (11 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Evidence-Based Endocrine Surgery by : Rajeev Parameswaran

Download or read book Evidence-Based Endocrine Surgery written by Rajeev Parameswaran and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-09-24 with total page 470 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this textbook, leading experts from highly acclaimed institutions describe evidence-based best practice in the management of a wide range of benign and malignant thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, and neuroendocrine conditions. Detailed attention is devoted to the current role of surgery, including minimally invasive surgery and robotic surgery, in different endocrine disorders. The reader will also learn how best to respond to the problems that may be encountered during endocrine surgical practice. While much of the focus is on surgical aspects, the approach is multidisciplinary, with inclusion of information on recent advances in epidemiology, genetics, cytology, pathology, imaging modalities, and other treatment options. The clear text is complemented by instructive clinical cases as well as numerous high-quality illustrations and tables summarizing key points. This book will be of value for specialists in endocrine medicine and surgery as well as general surgeons with an interest in endocrine surgery.

The History of Endocrine Surgery

Download The History of Endocrine Surgery PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing USA
ISBN 13 : 031336981X
Total Pages : 408 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (133 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The History of Endocrine Surgery by : R. B. Welbourn

Download or read book The History of Endocrine Surgery written by R. B. Welbourn and published by Bloomsbury Publishing USA. This book was released on 1990-08-28 with total page 408 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Richard B. Welbourn, a retired endocrine surgeon who has written two books on the subject, has compiled the definitive history of the new and advancing discipline of endocrine surgery. The book traces the history of endocrine surgery from its origins to the 1980s, detailing the stories behind the surgery of each gland. A valuable biographical index containing basic information as well as the ideas and achievements of great names in the field will prove an invaluable resource. Topics include: Evolution of Endocrine Surgery; The Pituitary; The Thyroid; Thyroid Cancer; The Adrenal Glands; The Parathyroid Glands; The Endocrine Gut and Pancreas; Islet Cell Transplantation; Multiple Endocrine Adenopathy and Paraendocrine Syndromes; Cancer of the Breast and Prostate; Essential and Renal Hypertension; Surgical Stress. The book also includes more than 80 photos and diagrams. A chronological table shows the main events described in the text in their temporal context via milestones in general medicine, surgery and science, and selected major events in political and social history.

Endocrine Tumors

Download Endocrine Tumors PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : PMPH-USA
ISBN 13 : 9781550091342
Total Pages : 272 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (913 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Endocrine Tumors by : Orlo H. Clark

Download or read book Endocrine Tumors written by Orlo H. Clark and published by PMPH-USA. This book was released on 2003 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: ACS American Cancer Society Atlas of Clinical Oncology Surgical endocrinology or endocrine surgical oncology is an important component of general surgery and of some areas of head and neck surgery. Endocrine Tumors proves the latest information regarding the management of endocrine cancers of the thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal ......

Textbook of Endocrine Surgery

Download Textbook of Endocrine Surgery PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : JP Medical Ltd
ISBN 13 : 9351528065
Total Pages : 1368 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (515 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Textbook of Endocrine Surgery by : Orlo H Clark

Download or read book Textbook of Endocrine Surgery written by Orlo H Clark and published by JP Medical Ltd. This book was released on 2016-02-29 with total page 1368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Textbook of Endocrine Surgery, Third Edition, is the latest edition of this highly illustrated, comprehensive guide. Edited by professors from the University of California, San Francisco, this authoritative textbook covers surgical procedures for a broad range of endocrine conditions. Comprised of four sections, divided into 81 chapters, this book examines disorders of the thyroid, parathyroid and adrenal glands, as well as neuroendocrine tumours of the pancreas and gastrointestinal tract. All chapters have been extensively revised and updated, and many new chapters have been added to this edition to reflect recent advances in the field. This book provides up to date information on aetiology, embryology, anatomy, clinical manifestations, diagnostic and localisation procedures, surgical and other treatment modalities for endocrine disorders. Enhanced by 550 full colour images and illustrations, Textbook of Endocrine Surgery is an invaluable resource for surgeons and endocrinologists. Key Points New edition of this richly illustrated, comprehensive guide to endocrine surgery Previous edition published 2005 (9780721601397) Editorial team from the University of California, San Francisco 550 full colour images and illustrations

Endocrine Neoplasia

Download Endocrine Neoplasia PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9781441908582
Total Pages : 348 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (85 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Endocrine Neoplasia by : Cord Sturgeon

Download or read book Endocrine Neoplasia written by Cord Sturgeon and published by Springer. This book was released on 2010-05-04 with total page 348 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Endocrine Neoplasia is a comprehensive, updated, and clearly-written text covering the diseases for which endocrine surgical expertise is often needed. We look towards advances in the science and the art of endocrine surgery to continuously improve outcomes for our patients. The goal of this text was to provide a detailed description of both the underlying science of disease as well as the art of clinical management. The book is divided into five sections addressing neoplasms of the thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal gland, neuroendocrine pancreas, and multiple endocrine neoplasia. Experts from the United States, Canada, and Australia have contributed chapters addressing both the biology of endocrine tumors and the clinical management of disease. Recent discoveries regarding the genetic underpinnings of disease are highlighted. Updated consensus guidelines were used for clinical recommendations. The management of complex and often confusing clinical problems is discussed in detail.

Surgical Endocrinopathies

Download Surgical Endocrinopathies PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319136623
Total Pages : 380 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (191 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Surgical Endocrinopathies by : Janice L. Pasieka

Download or read book Surgical Endocrinopathies written by Janice L. Pasieka and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-04-07 with total page 380 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book covers clinical management including diagnosis, localization and physiology, for a number of clinical diseases treated by endocrinologists and surgeons. Following each chapter there is a 3-4 page biographical sketch of the person behind the clinical endocrinopathy, whose name is closely associated with the disease. The field of endocrine surgery is rich in history and this is the first text to bring together in one place the person behind the disease and the pioneers of the field. The text covers both the current management of endocrine surgical diseases, and also provides a historical background by highlighting the person in whom these discoveries were named after. Surgical Endocrinopathies is of great value to endocrine surgeons, ENT surgeons, endocrinologists, internal medicine and medical historians.