Emerging Nanotechnologies in Nanocellulose

Download Emerging Nanotechnologies in Nanocellulose PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3031140435
Total Pages : 425 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (311 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Emerging Nanotechnologies in Nanocellulose by : Liangbing Hu

Download or read book Emerging Nanotechnologies in Nanocellulose written by Liangbing Hu and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-10-31 with total page 425 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides expert coverage of the current state of the art in the application of nanotechnologies to cellulose research. It offers a comprehensive collection of topics including nanocellulose isolation, assembly into hierarchical structures, and advanced emerging applications. During the past decades, research in nanocellulose has advanced quickly, driven by the urgent needs for sustainability and the availability of advanced nanotechniques. Although cellulose has been investigated and used for thousands of years, the recent advances in nanotechnology have transformed our view of this natural substance. Cellulose, when present in the highly crystalline nanoscale form, can demonstrate interesting mechanical, optical, and fluidic properties that can be manipulated in designing materials with novel applications. This book contains 12 chapters. Chapter 1 focuses primarily on the fundamentals of nanocellulose, including general aspects on its structure, isolation, and characterization. Chapters 2-4 summarize the recent progress on assembly of nanocellulose into the macroscopic scale using state-of-the-art techniques. Chapters 5-13 cover the most advanced applications of nanocellulose in emerging areas, including superstrong materials, light management, electronics, energy storage, printed battery, water treatment, nanogenerator, and biomedicine. The book will appeal to upper undergraduate and graduate students through practicing researchers as a comprehensive reference on the subject of nanocellulose and its use in various fields.

Nanocellulose Materials

Download Nanocellulose Materials PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0128239638
Total Pages : 328 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (282 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Nanocellulose Materials by : Ramesh Oraon

Download or read book Nanocellulose Materials written by Ramesh Oraon and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2022-01-19 with total page 328 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nanocellulose Materials: Fabrication and Industrial Applications focuses on the practices, distribution and applications of cellulose at the nanoscale. The book delivers recent advancements, highlights new perspectives and generic approaches on the rational use of nanocellulose, and includes sustainability advantages over conventional sources towards green and sustainable industrial developments. The topics and sub-topics are framed to cover all key features of cellulose, from extraction to technological evolution. Nanocellulose has great potential due to its versatility and numerous applications, including the potential role of nanocellulose scaffold derivatives towards active involvement in the energy sector, chemical sensing, catalysis, food industry and anti-bacterial coatings towards land, agricultural and aquatic systems. Explores the whole spectrum of industrial scale fabrications and the utilization of nanocellulose as a sustainable material or as part of a sustainability agenda Discusses the environmental, legal, health and safety issues of nanocellulose Assesses the major challenges and opportunities for using nanocellulose at an industrial scale

Cellulose Nanocrystals

Download Cellulose Nanocrystals PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG
ISBN 13 : 3110648016
Total Pages : 372 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (16 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Cellulose Nanocrystals by : Vimal Katiyar

Download or read book Cellulose Nanocrystals written by Vimal Katiyar and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2020-10-12 with total page 372 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cellulose nanocrystals are being used more frequently as processing and nanofabrication techniques have advanced considerably. Cellulose Nanocrystals includes topics including Extraction and Fabrication Methodologies, Scale-Up Strategies and Life Cycle Assessment, Surface Modification Strategies, Nanocomposites, and Characterization and Testing Protocols. This book will appeal to physical, chemical and biological scientists as well as engineers.

Nanocellulose Materials

Download Nanocellulose Materials PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0128241691
Total Pages : 330 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (282 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Nanocellulose Materials by : Ramesh Oraon

Download or read book Nanocellulose Materials written by Ramesh Oraon and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2022-01-08 with total page 330 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nanocellulose Materials: Fabrication and Industrial Applications focuses on the practices, distribution and applications of cellulose at the nanoscale. The book delivers recent advancements, highlights new perspectives and generic approaches on the rational use of nanocellulose, and includes sustainability advantages over conventional sources towards green and sustainable industrial developments. The topics and sub-topics are framed to cover all key features of cellulose, from extraction to technological evolution. Nanocellulose has great potential due to its versatility and numerous applications, including the potential role of nanocellulose scaffold derivatives towards active involvement in the energy sector, chemical sensing, catalysis, food industry and anti-bacterial coatings towards land, agricultural and aquatic systems. Explores the whole spectrum of industrial scale fabrications and the utilization of nanocellulose as a sustainable material or as part of a sustainability agenda Discusses the environmental, legal, health and safety issues of nanocellulose Assesses the major challenges and opportunities for using nanocellulose at an industrial scale

Nanocellulose: Synthesis, Structure, Properties And Applications

Download Nanocellulose: Synthesis, Structure, Properties And Applications PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : World Scientific
ISBN 13 : 1786349485
Total Pages : 566 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (863 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Nanocellulose: Synthesis, Structure, Properties And Applications by : Guang Yang

Download or read book Nanocellulose: Synthesis, Structure, Properties And Applications written by Guang Yang and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2021-04-09 with total page 566 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nanocellulose, a unique and promising natural material extracted from native cellulose, has received immense interest for its broad spectrum of applications owing to its remarkable physical properties, special surface chemistry, and excellent biological properties (biocompatibility, biodegradability and low toxicity). In attempts to meet the requirements of humanity's well-being, biomaterials scientists taking advantage of the structure and properties of nanocellulose aim to develop new and formerly non-existing materials with novel and multifunctional properties.This book highlights the importance of nanocellulose and reviews its synthesis, types, structure and properties. Further, it discusses various biofabrication approaches and applications of nanocellulose-based biomaterials in various fields such as the environment, biomedicine, optoelectronics, pharmaceutics, paper, renewable energy and the food industry. Devised to have a broad appeal, this book will be useful to beginners, who will appreciate its comprehensive approach, as well as active researchers, who will find the focus on recent advancements highly valuable.

Nanocellulose and Its Composites for Water Treatment Applications

Download Nanocellulose and Its Composites for Water Treatment Applications PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1000403297
Total Pages : 230 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (4 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Nanocellulose and Its Composites for Water Treatment Applications by : Dinesh Kumar

Download or read book Nanocellulose and Its Composites for Water Treatment Applications written by Dinesh Kumar and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2021-07-11 with total page 230 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Some key features to note are: the details of synthesis and characterization methods of Nanocellulose; the application of nanocellulose and its nanocomposites can be explored by academia, researchers and engineers working in water treatment and purification; in-depth account of the various types of properties of Nanocellulose and its composites; emerging trends in the use of Nanocellulose as adsorbents, sensors, membranes, and photocatalysis materials.

Nanoscale

Download Nanoscale PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 0470165863
Total Pages : 490 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (71 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Nanoscale by : Nigel Cameron

Download or read book Nanoscale written by Nigel Cameron and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2007-08-10 with total page 490 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An authoritative examination of the present and potential impact of nanoscale science and technology on modern life Because truly transformative technologies have far-reaching consequences, they always generate controversy. Establishing an effective process for identifying and understanding the broad implications of nanotechnology will advance its acceptance and success, impact the decisions of policymakers and regulatory agencies, and facilitate the development of judicious policy approaches to new technology options. Nanoscale: Issues and Perspectives for the Nano Century addresses the emerging ethical, legal, policy, business, and social issues. A compilation of provocative treatises, this reference: Covers an area of increasing research and funding Organizes topics in four sections: Policy and Perspectives; Nano Law and Regulation; Nanomedicine, Ethics, and the Human Condition; and Nano and Society: The NELSI Imperative Presents differing perspectives, with views from nanotechnology's most ardent supporters as well as its most vocal critics Includes contributions from professionals in a variety of industries and disciplines, including science, law, ethics, business, health and safety, government regulation, and policy This is a core reference for professionals dealing with nanotechnology, including scientists from academia and industry, policy makers, ethicists and social scientists, safety and risk assessment professionals, investors, and others. It is also an excellent text for students in fields that involve nanotechnology.

Nanotechnology

Download Nanotechnology PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 9780470854006
Total Pages : 212 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (54 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Nanotechnology by : Jurgen Schulte

Download or read book Nanotechnology written by Jurgen Schulte and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2005-04-15 with total page 212 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The rapid growth of miniaturisation to meet the demand for increasingly smart devices is driving global investment in a wide range of industries such as IT, electronics, energy, biotechnology and materials science. Nanotechnology: Global Strategies, Industry Trends and Applications, written by experts from Asia, Europe and the USA, gives a comprehensive and important global perspective on nanotechnology. The book is divided into 3 parts: National Nanotechnology Initiatives in Asia, Europe and the USAexplores the current status of nanotechnology in China, Korea, Europe and the USA. Investing in Nanotechnology provides practical information about the opportunities and risks involved in nanotechnology and predictions for future growth. Frontiers of Nanotechnology discusses future applications of the technology and the real-world issues surrounding these. Outlining developing trends, emerging opportunities, associated risks and future applications, this book is essential reading for professionals, prospective investors and policy makers who need an accessible introduction to the topic.

Bacterial NanoCellulose

Download Bacterial NanoCellulose PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 100021866X
Total Pages : 317 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (2 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Bacterial NanoCellulose by : Miguel Gama

Download or read book Bacterial NanoCellulose written by Miguel Gama and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2016-04-19 with total page 317 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first book dedicated to the potential applications and unique properties of bacterial cellulose (BC), this seminal work covers the basic science, technology, and economic impact of this bulk chemical as well as the companies and patents that are driving the field. It reviews the biosynthesis and properties of BC, including genetics and characterization; discusses the advancing technology as it relates to product development, bioreactors, and production; and analyzes the economic impact of BC on a diverse range of industry applications, including materials and biomaterials, biological and polymer sciences, and electromechanical engineering.

Bionanotechnology: Emerging Applications of Bionanomaterials

Download Bionanotechnology: Emerging Applications of Bionanomaterials PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0128242205
Total Pages : 572 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (282 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Bionanotechnology: Emerging Applications of Bionanomaterials by : Ahmed Barhoum

Download or read book Bionanotechnology: Emerging Applications of Bionanomaterials written by Ahmed Barhoum and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2022-05-29 with total page 572 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bionanotechnology: Emerging Applications of Bionanomaterials highlights a wide range of industrial applications using bionanotechnologies, with biomedical applications prominent amongst these, including drug delivery, tissue engineering, wound healing, medical implants, medical diagnostics and therapy. Other key areas include energy harvesting and storage, water/waste treatment, papermaking, textiles, construction industry, automotive, aerospace. This book is a valuable resource for all those seeking to gain a fundamental understanding of how bionanomaterials are used in a variety of industry sectors. Bionanomaterials are molecular materials composed partially or completely of biological molecules - such as proteins, enzymes, viruses, DNA and biopolymers - as well as metal, metal oxides, and carbon nanomaterials. Bionanomaterials have drawn much attention for their use in a wide range of industrial applications, including scaffolds, dental implants, drug delivery, dialysis, biobatteries, biofuel cells, air purification, and water treatment. Assesses which bionanomaterial types are particularly suited to particular application areas Shows how bionanomaterials are being used for biotechnology, biomedicine, energy production, energy storage, and environmental remediation applications Highlights the challenges and interdisciplinary perspectives of bionanomaterials in science, biology, engineering, medicine, and technology, incorporating both fundamentals and applications

Nanocellulose

Download Nanocellulose PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG
ISBN 13 : 3110480417
Total Pages : 650 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (14 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Nanocellulose by : Alain Dufresne

Download or read book Nanocellulose written by Alain Dufresne and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2017-11-20 with total page 650 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This specialist monograph provides an overview of the recent research on the fundamental and applied properties of nanoparticles extracted from cellulose, the most abundant polymer on the planet and an ubiquitous essential renewable resource. Given the rapid advances in the field and the high level of interest within the scientific and industrial communities, this revised and updated second edition expands the broad overview of recent research and will be required reading for all those working with nanocellulose in the life sciences and bio-based applications, biological, chemical and agricultural engineering, organic chemistry and materials science. It combines a general introduction to cellulose and basic techniques with more advanced chapters on specific properties, applications and current scientific developments of nanocellulose. The book profits from the author’s extensive knowledge of cellulose nanocomposite materials.

Emerging Nanomaterials

Download Emerging Nanomaterials PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3031173783
Total Pages : 369 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (311 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Emerging Nanomaterials by : Hamid R. Taghiyari

Download or read book Emerging Nanomaterials written by Hamid R. Taghiyari and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-12-05 with total page 369 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bio-based materials, including those containing wood, will become increasingly important as we move to a bio-based economy. Among their many attributes, it is vitally important that these materials are renewable, sustainable with proper management and environmentally benign. Wood remains one of our most important bio-based materials. While it is an amazing material, wood still has negative attributes and drawbacks that can affect performance, including dimensional instability when wetted, vulnerability to fire and high temperatures, and susceptibility to biodeterioration. A variety of treatments have been developed to overcome these weaknesses. Among the most exciting of these treatments are nanomaterials. These materials have some exceptionally attractive properties for improving timber performance and have been the subject of intensive research over the past decade. There is a tremendous need for a single comprehensive source of information on this rapidly emerging subject with tremendous potential to enhance the performance of a variety of bio-based materials. This book contains 10 chapters, each compiled by different author(s) who are considered the top researcher(s) in their respective fields. The chapters begin with some basic background on nanomaterials and their synthesis, then explore different areas for potential applications and conclude with a review of the emerging questions about nanomaterial safety. The book is designed to provide the latest information and know-how on application and utilization of different nanomaterials to improve the properties of wood and wood-based composite panels. The contents cover some main topics in the industry including improving physical and mechanical properties, increasing resistance to biodegradation (including fungi and insects), developing wood-plastic composites (WPC), applying nanomaterials in paper and board industry, and emergence of transparent wood and radiation shielding. It also covers the use of nanomaterials to improve the performance of paints and finishes used for forest products. The book provides a single location for those interested in the field to begin.

Nanocellulose

Download Nanocellulose PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 3527807462
Total Pages : 1440 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (278 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Nanocellulose by : Jin Huang

Download or read book Nanocellulose written by Jin Huang and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2019-03-15 with total page 1440 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Comprehensively introduces readers to the production, modifications, and applications of nanocellulose This book gives a thorough introduction to the structure, properties, surface modification, theory, mechanism of composites, and functional materials derived from nanocellulose. It also provides in-depth descriptions of plastics, composites, and functional nanomaterials specifically derived from cellulose nanocrystals, cellulose nanofibrils, and bacterial cellulose. It includes the most recent progress in developing a conceptual framework of nanocellulose, as well as its numerous applications in the design and manufacture of nanocomposites and functional nanomaterials. The book also looks at the relationship between structure and properties. Featuring contributions from many noted experts in the field, Nanocellulose: From Fundamentals to Advanced Materials examines the current status of nanocomposites based on nanocelluloses. It covers surface modification of nanocellulose in the nanocomposites development; reinforcing mechanism of cellulose nanocrystals in nanocomposites; and advanced materials based on self-organization of cellulose nanocrystals. The book studies the role of cellulose nanofibrils in nanocomposites, as well as a potential application based on colloidal properties of cellulose nanocrystals. It also offers strategies to explore biomedical applications of nanocellulose. -Provides comprehensive knowledge on the topic of nanocellulose, including the preparation, structure, properties, surface modification and strategy -Covers new reports on the application of nanocellulose -Summarizes three kinds of nanocellulose (cellulose nanocrystals, cellulose nanofibrils, and bacterial cellulose) and their production, modification, and applications Nanocellulose: From Fundamentals to Advanced Materials is a useful resource for specialist researchers of chemistry, materials, and nanotechnology science, as well as for researchers and students of the subject.

Emerging Nanotechnologies for Manufacturing

Download Emerging Nanotechnologies for Manufacturing PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : William Andrew
ISBN 13 : 9780128101636
Total Pages : 572 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (16 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Emerging Nanotechnologies for Manufacturing by : Waqar Ahmed

Download or read book Emerging Nanotechnologies for Manufacturing written by Waqar Ahmed and published by William Andrew. This book was released on 2017-11-13 with total page 572 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the second edition of "Emerging Nanotechnologies for Manufacturing," an unrivalled team of international experts explores existing and emerging nanotechnologies as they transform large-scale manufacturing contexts in key sectors such as medicine, advanced materials, energy, and electronics. From their different perspectives, the contributors explore technologies and techniques as well as applications and how they transform those sectors. With updated chapters and expanded coverage, the new edition of "Emerging Nanotechnologies for Manufacturing" reflects the latest developments in nanotechnologies for manufacturing and covers additional nanotechnologies applied in the medical fields, such as drug delivery systems. New chapters on graphene and smart precursors for novel nanomaterials are also added. This important and in-depth guide will benefit a broad readership, from R&D scientists and engineers to venture capitalists. Covers nanotechnology for manufacturing techniques and applications across a variety of industriesExplores the latest developments such as nanosuspensions and nanocarriers in drug delivery systems, graphene applications, and usage of smart precursors to develop nanomaterialsProven reference guide written by leading experts in the field

Nanopapers

Download Nanopapers PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : William Andrew
ISBN 13 : 0323480209
Total Pages : 270 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (234 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Nanopapers by : Wenyi Huang

Download or read book Nanopapers written by Wenyi Huang and published by William Andrew. This book was released on 2017-10-19 with total page 270 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nanopapers: From Nanochemistry and Nanomanufacturing to Advanced Applications gives a comprehensive overview of the emerging technology of nanopapers. Exploring the latest developments on nanopapers in nanomaterials chemistry and nanomanufacturing technologies, this book outlines the unique properties of nanopapers and their advanced applications. Nanopapers are thin sheets or films made of nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers, nanoclays, cellulose nanofibrils, and graphene nanoplatelets. Noticeably, nanopapers allow highly concentrated nanoparticles to be tightly packed in a thin film to reach unique properties such as very high electrical and thermal conductivities, very low diffusivity, and strong corrosion resistance that are shared by conventional polymer nanocomposites. This book presents a concise introduction to nanopapers, covering concepts, terminology and applications. It outlines both current applications and future possibilities, and will be of great use to nanochemistry and nanomanufacturing researchers and engineers who want to learn more about how nanopapers can be applied. Outlines the main uses of nanopapers, showing readers how this emerging technology should best be applied Shows how the unique properties of nanopapers make them adaptable for use in a wide range of applications Explores methods for the nanomanufacture of nanopapers

Nanocellulose Based Composites for Electronics

Download Nanocellulose Based Composites for Electronics PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0128223553
Total Pages : 358 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (282 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Nanocellulose Based Composites for Electronics by : Sabu Thomas

Download or read book Nanocellulose Based Composites for Electronics written by Sabu Thomas and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2020-10-06 with total page 358 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nanocellulose Based Composites for Electronics presents recent developments in the synthesis and applications of nanocellulose composites in electronics, highlighting applications in various technologies. Chapters covers new trends and challenges in a wide range of electronic applications and devices. Significant properties, safety, sustainability, and environmental impacts of the electronic devices are included, along with the challenges of using nanocellulose-based composites in electronics. This book is an important reference for materials scientists and engineers configuring and designing processes for the synthesis and device fabrication of nanocellulose composites in electronics. Explores how to utilize nanocellulose fibers and nano-crystalline cellulose substances to synthesize materials with designed functionalities Outlines the major production processes for nanocellulous composites Discusses the major challenges that need to be surmounted in order to effectively use nanocellulous composites for electronics

Cellulose Nanoparticles

Download Cellulose Nanoparticles PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Royal Society of Chemistry
ISBN 13 : 1788019539
Total Pages : 651 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (88 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Cellulose Nanoparticles by : Vijay Kumar Thakur

Download or read book Cellulose Nanoparticles written by Vijay Kumar Thakur and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2021-07-01 with total page 651 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cellulose nanoparticles (CNP) are a class of bio-based nanoscale materials, which are of interest due to their unique structural features and properties such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, and renewability. They are promising candidates for applications including in biomedicine, pharmaceuticals, electronics, barrier films, nanocomposites, membranes, and supercapacitors. New resources, extraction procedures and treatments are currently under development to satisfy increasing demands for cost-effective and sustainable methods of manufacturing new types of cellulose nanoparticle-based materials on an industrial scale. Cellulose Nanoparticles: Chemistry and Fundamentals covers the synthesis, characterization and processing of cellulose nanomaterials. It aims to address the recent progress in the production methodologies for cellulose nanoparticles, covering principal cellulose resources and the main processes used for isolation. Chapters cover the preparation and characterisation of cellulose nanocrystals and nanofibrils. Together with Volume 2, these books form a useful reference work for graduate students and researchers in chemistry, materials science, nanoscience and green nanotechnology.