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Efficient Probabilistic Analysis Of Offshore Wind Turbines Based On Time Domain Simulations
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Book Synopsis Efficient Probabilistic Analysis of Offshore Wind Turbines Based on Time-domain Simulations by : Clemens Janek Hübler
Download or read book Efficient Probabilistic Analysis of Offshore Wind Turbines Based on Time-domain Simulations written by Clemens Janek Hübler and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Analysis and Study of Floating Offshore Wind Turbines by : Mehran Ahmadi
Download or read book Analysis and Study of Floating Offshore Wind Turbines written by Mehran Ahmadi and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 99 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Floating wind turbines offer a means to vastly expand the number of possible sites for offshore wind energy plants. By using a floating support platform secured by mooring lines, a wind turbine can be installed in waters exceeding the 30m depth that limits installation of conventional bottom-fixed offshore wind turbines. However, to be economically viable advances in floating offshore wind turbine system design and deployment are necessary to significantly reduce the cost and improve the reliability of floating wind turbines. This thesis develops a model-based simulation of floating offshore wind turbines in the MATLAB/Simulink environment. When necessary, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory's FAST code is used to conduct wind turbine simulations. Methods to link FAST to Simulink are developed in this thesis to accomplish this task. Modeling the wind turbine in the Simulink environment enables an efficient system level view of the entire wind turbine system. A number of design approaches to reduce the cost of offshore turbines are proposed in this thesis and studied in this modeling environment. A doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) is proposed for wind turbine application. The primary advantage of DFIGs for wind turbines is that they allow the amplitude and frequency of their output voltages to be maintained at a constant value, no matter the wind speed. Because of this feature, DFIGs can be directly connected to the AC power network and remain synchronized at all times with that power network. Another advantage is the ability to control the power factor while keeping the power electronic devices in the wind turbine at a moderate size. In order to link a Simulink DFIG model to FAST, the model must be expressed in time domain. This thesis develops the time-domain modeling and simulation of DFIGs. Floating offshore wind turbines encounter greatly increased loading, which decreases fatigue life. One method to reduce the cost and mitigate offshore wind turbine structural loads is the application of structural control techniques commonly used in skyscrapers and bridges. Tuned mass dampers have been used to reduce loads in simulations of offshore wind turbines. This thesis discusses expanding the structural control methods by developing a set of optimum passive and active tuned mass dampers for offshore wind turbine platforms. Additionally, a new, high-efficiency, DC/DC bidirectional converter for a power quality conditioner for floating offshore wind turbines is proposed and analyzed. The power quality conditioner is used to smooth the variable turbine power and the DC/DC bidirectional converter acts as an interface circuit between the DC bus and ultracapacitors to manage the power flow during charging and discharging modes. Simulation results and experimental results are presented to verify the operation of the converter.
Book Synopsis Probabilistic Modelling Techniques and a Robust Design Methodology for Offshore Wind Farms by : Muḥammad ʻAlī
Download or read book Probabilistic Modelling Techniques and a Robust Design Methodology for Offshore Wind Farms written by Muḥammad ʻAlī and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Wind power installations have seen a significant rise all over the world in the past decade. Further significant growth is expected in the future. The UK's ambitions for offshore wind installations are reflected through Round 1, 2 and 3 projects. It is expected that Round 3 alone will add at least 25 GW of offshore wind generation into the system. Current research knowledge is mostly limited to smaller wind farms, the aim of this research is to improve offline and online modelling techniques for large offshore wind farms. A critical part of offline modelling is the design of the wind farm. Design of large wind farms particularly requires careful consideration as high capital costs are involved. This thesis develops a novel methodology which leads to a cost-effective and reliable design of an offshore wind farm. A new industrial-grade software tool is also developed during this research. The tool enables multiple offshore wind farm design options to be built and tested quickly with minimal effort using a Graphical User Interface (GUI). The GUI is designed to facilitate data input and presentation of the results. This thesis also develops an improved method to estimate a wind farm's energy yield. Countries with large-scale penetration of wind farms often carry out wind energy curtailments. Prior knowledge of estimated energy curtailments from a wind farm can be advantageous to the wind farm owner. An original method to calculate potential wind energy curtailment is proposed. In order to perform wind energy curtailments a network operator needs to decide which turbines to shut down. This thesis develops a novel method to identify turbines inside a wind farm that should be prioritised for shut down and given priority when scheduling preventive maintenance of the wind farm. Once the wind farm has been built and connected to the network, it operates as part of a power system. Real-time online simulation techniques are gaining popularity among system operators. These techniques allow operators to carry out simulations using short-term forecasted wind conditions. A novel method is proposed to probabilistically estimate the power production of a wind farm in real-time, taking into account variation in wind speed and effects of turbulence inside the wind farm. Furthermore, a new probabilistic aggregation technique is proposed to establish a dynamic equivalent model of a wind farm. It determines the equivalent number and parameters of wind turbines that can be used to simulate the dynamic response of the wind farm throughout the year.
Book Synopsis An Efficient Method to Assess Reliability Under Dynamic Stochastic Loads by : Mahdi Norouzi
Download or read book An Efficient Method to Assess Reliability Under Dynamic Stochastic Loads written by Mahdi Norouzi and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 218 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The objective of this research is to develop an efficient method to study the reliability of dynamic large complex engineering systems. In design of real-life dynamic systems, there are significant uncertainties in modeling the input. For instance, for an offshore wind turbine, there are considerable uncertainties in the power spectral density functions of the wave elevations or the wind speeds. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the reliability of a system for different power spectral density functions of the input loads. The reliability analysis of dynamic systems requires performing Monte Carlo simulations in time domain with thousands of replications. The computational cost of such analyses is prohibitive for most real-life complex systems. In this study, a new method is proposed to reduce the computational cost of the reliability study of dynamic systems. This method is applicable to the dynamic systems in which the loads are represented using power spectral density functions. This goal is achieved by estimating the reliability for several power spectral densities of a load by re-weighting the results of a single Monte Carlo simulation for one power spectral density function of the load. The proposed approach is based on Probabilistic Re-analysis method that is similar to the idea of Importance Sampling. That is the main variance reduction technique, which is used to lower the computational cost of Monte Carlo simulation. The proposed method extends the application of the Probabilistic Re-Analysis, which has already been applied to static problems, to dynamic problems. Static problems are modeled using random variables that are invariant with time whereas in dynamic systems both the excitation and the response are stochastic processes varying with time. Utilizing Shinozuka's method is the key idea because it enables representing a time varying random process in terms of random variables. This new approach can significantly lower the cost of the sensitivity reliability analysis of dynamic systems. This study also presents a new approach to apply Subset Simulation efficiently to dynamic problems. Subset Simulation is more efficient than Monte Carlo simulation in estimating the probability of first excursion failure of highly reliable systems. This method is based on the idea that a small failure probability can be calculated as a product of larger conditional probabilities of intermediate events. The method is more efficient because it is much faster to calculate several large probabilities than a single low probability. However, Subset Simulation is often impractical for random vibration problems because it requires considering numerous random variables that makes it very difficult to explore the space of the random variables due to its large dimension. A new approach is proposed in this research to perform Subset Simulation that utilizes Shinozuka's equation to calculate the time series of the loads from a power spectral density function. The commutative property of Shinozuka's equation enables taking advantage of its symmetry, thereby reducing the dimension of the space of the random variables in dynamic problems. Therefore, performing Subset Simulation using the new approach is more efficient than the original Subset Simulation. In addition, Shinozuka's equation assists in integrating Subset Simulation with Probabilistic Re-analysis. This new method, which is called Subset-PRRA, is more efficient than regular Probabilistic Re-analysis as the latter is based on Monte Carlo simulation, whereas Subset-PRRA reuses the results of Subset Simulation. For an offshore wind turbine, the wind and waves are represented by power spectral density functions; Subset-PRRA seems to be a promising tool to cut the computational cost of the sensitivity analysis of first excursion reliability of an offshore wind turbine. The application of the Probabilistic Re-analysis in reliability analysis of an offshore wind turbine is demonstrated in this research through two examples in which only changes in the power spectral density function of the wave elevation are considered. The method is also applicable to the case that the wind spectrum changes, but requires calculation of wind field time histories using Shinozuka's method. Finally, a probabilistic approach for the structural design of an offshore wind turbine under the Lake Erie environment is presented. To perform probabilistic design, the dependence between wind, wave and period should be modeled accurately. Modeling the dependence between wind and wave is expensive, as it requires a large amount of data. Many researchers, similar to the approach presented in the International Electrotechnical Commission standards, assume that wave height follows standard distributions conditional on wind speed. In this work, an alternative approach is used that is based on the application of copulas. This approach is more complete because the joint distribution is obtained without making any assumption on the conditional distributions. Using the joint distribution, a methodology to find the required load capacity of the structure to meet the target reliability based on Monte Carlo simulation and Tail-fitting method is presented.
Book Synopsis An Integrated Nonlinear Wind-Waves Model for Offshore Wind Turbines by : Enzo Marino
Download or read book An Integrated Nonlinear Wind-Waves Model for Offshore Wind Turbines written by Enzo Marino and published by Firenze University Press. This book was released on 2010 with total page 232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thesis presents a numerical model capable of simulating offshore wind turbines exposed to extreme loading conditions. External condition-based extreme responses are reproduced by coupling a fully nonlinear wave kinematic solver with a hydro-aero-elastic simulator. First, a two-dimensional fully nonlinear wave simulator is developed. The transient nonlinear free surface problem is formulated assuming the potential theory and a high-order boundary element method is implemented to discretize Laplace's equation. For temporal evolution a second-order Taylor series expansion is used. The code, after validation with experimental data, is successfully adopted to simulate overturning plunging breakers which give rise to dangerous impact loads when they break against wind turbine substructures. Emphasis is then placed on the random nature of the waves. Indeed, through a domain decomposition technique a global simulation framework embedding the numerical wave simulator into a more general stochastic environment is developed. The proposed model is meant as a contribution to meet the more and more pressing demand for research in the offshore wind energy sector as it permits taking into account dangerous effects on the structural response so as to increase the global structural safety level.
Book Synopsis Methods of Structural Safety by : H. O. Madsen
Download or read book Methods of Structural Safety written by H. O. Madsen and published by Courier Corporation. This book was released on 2006-01-01 with total page 418 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Uncertainties about analytical models, fluctuations in loads, and variability of material properties contribute to the small but real probability of structure failures. This advanced engineering text describes methods developed to deal with stochastic aspects of structural behavior, providing a framework for evaluating, comparing, and combining stochastic effects. Starting with the general problem of consistent evaluation of the reliability of structures, the text proceeds to examination of the second-moment reliability index methods that describe failure in terms of one or more limit states. It presents first-order reliability methods for computation of failure probabilities for individual limit states and for systems; and it illustrates identification of the design parameters most affecting reliability. Additional subjects include a self-contained presentation of extreme-value theory and stochastic processes; stationary, evolutionary, and nonlinear aspects of stochastic response of structures; a stochastic approach to material fatigue damage and crack propagation; and stochastic models for several natural and manufactured loads.
Book Synopsis Fully-Coupled Time-Domain Simulations of the Transient Response of Floating Wind Turbines by : Seyedeh Sara Salehyar
Download or read book Fully-Coupled Time-Domain Simulations of the Transient Response of Floating Wind Turbines written by Seyedeh Sara Salehyar and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 138 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Compared with land-based wind turbines, offshore ones have two clear advantages: the access to steady and strong offshore wind resources, and the proximity to heavily populated coastal areas, so that the loss from transportation of electricity is diminished. Structurally, offshore floating wind turbines are different from their land-based counter parts and existing offshore structures. Thus, current design guidelines cannot be applied for offshore floating wind turbines, and extensive numerical studies are required to predict the dynamic behavior of these novel structures. In this research, a fully coupled time domain hydrodynamic, aerodynamic and mooring cables model is developed to study the transient response of offshore floating wind turbines. In hydrodynamic module of the coupled model, Boundary Element Method is employed to solve the boundary-value problem, and the 4th order Runge-Kutta time marching technique is used to update the position of the free surface. An unsteady wind-blade interaction model based on boundary elements has been developed to calculate the aerodynamic forces. This method achieves fully-3D and fully-unsteady simulations of the wind-blade interactions. A fully nonlinear cable dynamics model which accounts for bending, stretching, and torsional stiffnesses of the cables is employed to simulate the dynamics of the mooring system. Compared to current quasi-static approaches used in cable modeling, the fully nonlinear cable model proves a higher fidelity as it captures all the dynamics of the mooring cables. The information from the aerodynamic, hydrodynamic, and mooring system modules are passed to the dynamic equation of motion in each time step to calculate the responses of a 5MW offshore floating wind turbine. Various relaxation tests have been carried out to investigate the dissipation effects. For the floating turbine we studied, the relaxation tests indicate that in the pitching mode there is no sufficient damping effects to dissipate disturbances (caused by gusts etc.), even if the aerodynamic damping is counted for. However, by approximately including the viscous damping through a Morison-type approach, the decaying rate in pitch motion is significantly increased (indeed, it becomes comparable to the decaying rate in heave motion). Therefore, we conclude that viscosity is the most important source of damping in pitch motion. The response of the 5MW system to an incoming wave train generated by a pulsating pressure distribution on the free surface nearby is studied. This wave train causes responses in surge, heave and pitch directions. However, after it leaves the vicinity of the system the only remaining motion is in the heave direction, which will quickly decay due to the damping effects according to relaxation tests.
Book Synopsis Offshore Wind Turbines by : Peter Tavner
Download or read book Offshore Wind Turbines written by Peter Tavner and published by IET. This book was released on 2012-08-09 with total page 292 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Offshore Wind Turbines clearly presents the facts and figures of wind turbine operation and maintenance in the inclement offshore environment.
Book Synopsis Dynamic Response and Reliability Analysis of an Offshore Wind Turbine Supported by a Semi-submersible Platform by : Edwin Thomas
Download or read book Dynamic Response and Reliability Analysis of an Offshore Wind Turbine Supported by a Semi-submersible Platform written by Edwin Thomas and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 198 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Wind Energy is the fastest growing renewable energy source in the world. The trend is expected to continue with falling costs of technology, energy security concerns and the need to address environmental issues. Offshore wind turbines have a few important advantages over land-based turbines; offshore sites experience stronger and less turbulent winds, there are fewer negative aesthetic impacts in an offshore location, there is greater ease in the transport of wind turbine components over sea than on land, etc. Large offshore wind turbines mounted atop floating platforms offer a viable solution for deepwater sites. Of the various floating platform concepts that are being considered, a moored semi-submersible platform is considered in this study. The dynamic response and reliability analysis of a 13.2~MW offshore wind turbine supported by a moored semi-submersible platform is the subject of this study. A model for this integrated system has been developed and its various physical, geometric, and dynamic properties have been studied in this and another associated study. Loads data for the extreme and fatigue analysis of such systems are generally attained by running time-domain simulations for a range of sea states that are representative of the expected site-specific metocean conditions. The selected site of interest in the North Sea has a water depth of 200 m. The Environmental Contour (EC) method is used to identify sea states of interest that are associated with a target return period (50 years). These sea states are considered in short-term (1-hour) simulations of the integrated turbine-platform-mooring system. The dynamic behavior of the integrated wind turbine system is studied. Critical sea states for the various response loads are identified and the sensitivity of the system to the metocean conditions is discussed. Estimation of 50-year response levels (for turbine loads, platform motions, and the mooring line tension at the fairlead) associated with the target probability is subsequently carried out using 2D and 3D Inverse First-Order Reliability Method (FORM) approaches.
Book Synopsis Advancing Probabilistic Risk Assessment of Offshore Wind Turbines on Monopiles by : David Wilkie
Download or read book Advancing Probabilistic Risk Assessment of Offshore Wind Turbines on Monopiles written by David Wilkie and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Coupled Dynamic Analysis of Large-scale Mono-column Offshore Wind Turbine with a Single Tether Hinged in Seabed by : Jieyan Chen
Download or read book Coupled Dynamic Analysis of Large-scale Mono-column Offshore Wind Turbine with a Single Tether Hinged in Seabed written by Jieyan Chen and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The increased interest in the offshore wind resource in both industry and academic and the extension of the wind field where offshore wind turbine can be deployed has stimulated quite a number of offshore wind turbines concepts. This thesis presents a design of mono-column platform supported for 5 MW baseline wind turbine developed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), with a single tether anchored to the seabed. The design, based on the pioneer concept SWAY®, results from parametric optimized design processes which account for important design considerations in the static and dynamic view, such as the stability, natural frequency, performance requirements as well as the economic feasibility. Fully coupled aero-hydro-servo-elastic model is established in the time-domain simulation tool FAST (Fatigue, Aerodynamics, Structures, and Turbulence) with the hydrodynamic coefficients from HydroGen, an indoor program providing same outputs as the commercial software WAMIT. The optimized model is verified by imitating the frequency-domain approach in FAST and thus comparing the results with the frequency-domain calculations. A number of simulations with various wind and wave conditions are run to explore the effect of wind speed and wave significant height in various water depths. By modifying the optimized model to a downwind turbine with the nacelle rigidly mounted on the tower and the single tether connected to the platform by a subsea swivel, the modified models are more closed to the original SWAY®-concept wind turbine. These models are compared based on the platform motion, tether tension, displacement, nacelle velocity and acceleration, resonant behavior as well as the damping of the coupled systems. The results of these comparisons prove the advantage of the modified model in performance. The modified model has also clarified itself a good candidate for deep water deployment.
Book Synopsis Reliability-Based Optimization of Floating Wind Turbine Support Structures by : Mareike Leimeister
Download or read book Reliability-Based Optimization of Floating Wind Turbine Support Structures written by Mareike Leimeister and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-01-01 with total page 336 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book pursues the ambitious goal of combining floating wind turbine design optimization and reliability assessment, which has in fact not been done before. The topic is organized into a series of very ambitious objectives, which start with an initial state-of-the-art review, followed by the development of high-fidelity frameworks for a disruptive way to design next generation floating offshore wind turbine (FOWT) support structures. The development of a verified aero-hydro-servo-elastic coupled numerical model of dynamics for FOWTs and a holistic framework for automated simulation and optimization of FOWT systems, which is later used for the coupling of design optimization with reliability assessment of FOWT systems in a computationally and time-efficient manner, has been an aim of many groups internationally towards implementing a performance-based/goal-setting approach in the design of complex engineering systems. The outcomes of this work quantify the benefits of an optimal design with a lower mass while fulfilling design constraints. Illustrating that comprehensive design methods can be combined with reliability analysis and optimization algorithms towards an integrated reliability-based design optimization (RBDO) can benefit not only the offshore wind energy industry but also other applications such as, among others, civil infrastructure, aerospace, and automotive engineering.
Book Synopsis A comparison of methods for computation of wave forcing by : Olga Glöckner
Download or read book A comparison of methods for computation of wave forcing written by Olga Glöckner and published by GRIN Verlag. This book was released on 2018-05-17 with total page 137 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Diploma Thesis from the year 2014 in the subject Engineering - Civil Engineering, grade: 1,0, University of Hannover (A&M University Texas, Ludwig-Franzius-Institut für Wasserbau, Ästuar- und Küsteningenieurwesen), language: English, abstract: Unlike fossil fuels (for example oil, coal and natural gas), wind energy is a renewable energy resource. Since winds at sea are stronger and more consistent than onshore winds, the demand for offshore wind turbines has increased over the last years. As energy can be produced more efficient in deeper water, several floating offshore wind turbine constructions, such as the OC3 Hywind spar-buoy, have been proposed. The design of floating wind turbines depends on the simulation of the system behavior caused by exciting forces. This thesis deals with the comparison between different methods for calculating wave forces and resulting platform motions of a floating offshore wind turbine. On the one hand, wave exciting loads computed with Morison’s equation are compared to the hydrodynamic forces simulated by the open source code FAST on the basis of the diffraction theory. On the other hand, response motions of the floating structure are simulated by the commercial offshore software SESAM in the frequency domain and compared with the motions calculated by FAST in the time domain.
Book Synopsis Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Uncertainty Quantification and Stochastic Modelling by : José Eduardo Souza De Cursi
Download or read book Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Uncertainty Quantification and Stochastic Modelling written by José Eduardo Souza De Cursi and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-08-19 with total page 472 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This proceedings book discusses state-of-the-art research on uncertainty quantification in mechanical engineering, including statistical data concerning the entries and parameters of a system to produce statistical data on the outputs of the system. It is based on papers presented at Uncertainties 2020, a workshop organized on behalf of the Scientific Committee on Uncertainty in Mechanics (Mécanique et Incertain) of the AFM (French Society of Mechanical Sciences), the Scientific Committee on Stochastic Modeling and Uncertainty Quantification of the ABCM (Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences) and the SBMAC (Brazilian Society of Applied Mathematics).
Book Synopsis Full-system Linearization for Floating Offshore Wind Turbines in OpenFAST: Preprint by : Jason Jonkman (M.)
Download or read book Full-system Linearization for Floating Offshore Wind Turbines in OpenFAST: Preprint written by Jason Jonkman (M.) and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 10 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Wind Energy Handbook by : Tony Burton
Download or read book Wind Energy Handbook written by Tony Burton and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2001-12-12 with total page 648 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As environmental concerns have focused attention on the generation of electricity from clean and renewable sources wind energy has become the world's fastest growing energy source. The Wind Energy Handbook draws on the authors' collective industrial and academic experience to highlight the interdisciplinary nature of wind energy research and provide a comprehensive treatment of wind energy for electricity generation. Features include: An authoritative overview of wind turbine technology and wind farm design and development In-depth examination of the aerodynamics and performance of land-based horizontal axis wind turbines A survey of alternative machine architectures and an introduction to the design of the key components Description of the wind resource in terms of wind speed frequency distribution and the structure of turbulence Coverage of site wind speed prediction techniques Discussions of wind farm siting constraints and the assessment of environmental impact The integration of wind farms into the electrical power system, including power quality and system stability Functions of wind turbine controllers and design and analysis techniques With coverage ranging from practical concerns about component design to the economic importance of sustainable power sources, the Wind Energy Handbook will be an asset to engineers, turbine designers, wind energy consultants and graduate engineering students.
Book Synopsis Impact of Sea Ice Loads on Global Dynamics of Offshore Wind Turbines by : Wojciech Popko
Download or read book Impact of Sea Ice Loads on Global Dynamics of Offshore Wind Turbines written by Wojciech Popko and published by Fraunhofer Verlag. This book was released on 2020-12-10 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Support structures for offshore wind turbines (OWTs) are designed and certified site-specific based on the calculated load effects. These load effects originate from static, cyclic, stochastic, and transient loads from the met-ocean environment and rotating components of the wind turbine. The met-ocean environment of the Baltic Sea accounts for variable wind and marine conditions. Sea ice is part of marine conditions - which among others - should be included in the design process of OWT support structures. The load analysis and design of OWTs, including its components, rely on the time-domain based, coupled aero-hydro-servo-elastic simulation tools. Only this approach can provide an accurate prediction of the OWT dynamic response. Dynamic interaction between an OWT and external loads - including ice loads - cannot be disregarded as it may result in considerable loss of accuracy. A proper understanding of sea ice impact on the global dynamics of OWTs - involving the fully-integrated simulation approach - is necessary within the offshore wind research community, industry, and certification authorities.
