Effects Of Several Trace Contaminants On Fuel Cell Performance

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Effects of Several Trace Contaminants on Fuel Cell Performance

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (16 download)

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Download or read book Effects of Several Trace Contaminants on Fuel Cell Performance written by and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The electrochemical reactivity of various trace contaminants in coal gas, i.e., Hg/HgS, PbS, CdS, Sn/SnCl/sub 2//SnCl/sub 4/, and TiO/sub 2/, in coal gas at the nickel anode and the nickel oxide cathode in a molten carbonate fuel cell have been examined thermodynamically. Calculations indicate that only SnCl/sub 4/ would undergo reduction at the cathode to SnCl/sub 2/. Other species would remain intact. Contaminants such as H/sub 2/S/SO/sub 2/ and HCl have also been included in the calculation. The results are consistent with the limited observations. Possible chemical interactions between contaminants and electrodes or electrolytes have been examined. Reactions of Sn/sup 2 +/, HgS, H/sub 2/S, and HCl with the nickel anode have negative free energies. Mercury would interact physically with the anode by forming an alloy. Reactions of Sn, SnCl/sub 2/, H/sub 2/S, and HCl with the nickel oxide cathode also have negative free energies. Reactions of Sn/sup 2 +/, HCl, H/sub 2/S, and SO/sub 2/ with carbonates have large negative free energies. Born's model of ion transfer was used to calculate the free energy change for the transfer of ions from aqueous solution to the molten carbonate solution.

Effects of Several Trace Contaminants on Fuel Cell Performance. [Theoretical Study].

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (925 download)

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Download or read book Effects of Several Trace Contaminants on Fuel Cell Performance. [Theoretical Study]. written by and published by . This book was released on 1980 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The electrochemical reactivity of various trace contaminants in coal gas, i.e., Hg/HgS, PbS, CdS, Sn/SnCl/sub 2//SnCl/sub 4/, and TiO/sub 2/, in coal gas at the nickel anode and the nickel oxide cathode in a molten carbonate fuel cell have been examined thermodynamically. Calculations indicate that only SnCl/sub 4/ would undergo reduction at the cathode to SnCl/sub 2/. Other species would remain intact. Contaminants such as H/sub 2/S/SO/sub 2/ and HCl have also been included in the calculation. The results are consistent with the limited observations. Possible chemical interactions between contaminants and electrodes or electrolytes have been examined. Reactions of Sn/sup 2 +/, HgS, H/sub 2/S, and HCl with the nickel anode have negative free energies. Mercury would interact physically with the anode by forming an alloy. Reactions of Sn, SnCl/sub 2/, H/sub 2/S, and HCl with the nickel oxide cathode also have negative free energies. Reactions of Sn/sup 2 +/, HCl, H/sub 2/S, and SO/sub 2/ with carbonates have large negative free energies. Born's model of ion transfer was used to calculate the free energy charge for the transfer of ions from aqueous solution to the molten carbonate solution.

Effects of Coal-derived Trace Species on Performance of Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells. Final Report

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 203 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (873 download)

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Download or read book Effects of Coal-derived Trace Species on Performance of Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells. Final Report written by and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 203 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Carbonate Fuel Cell is a very promising option for highly efficient generation of electricity from many fuels. If coal-gas is to be used, the interactions of coal-derived impurities on various fuel cell components need to be understood. Thus the effects on Carbonate Fuel Cell performance due to ten different coal-derived contaminants viz., NH3, H2S, HCl, H2Se, AsH3, Zn, Pb, Cd, Sn, and Hg, have been studied at Energy Research Corporation. Both experimental and theoretical evaluations were performed, which have led to mechanistic insights and initial estimation of qualitative tolerance levels for each species individually and in combination with other species. The focus of this study was to investigate possible coal-gas contaminant effects on the anode side of the Carbonate Fuel Cell, using both out-of-cell thermogravimetric analysis by isothermal TGA, and fuel cell testing in bench-scale cells. Separate experiments detailing performance decay in these cells with high levels of ammonia contamination (1 vol %) and with trace levels of Cd, Hg, and Sn, have indicated that, on the whole, these elements do not affect carbonate fuel cell performance. However, some performance decay may result when a number of the other six species are present, singly or simultaneously, as contaminants in fuel gas. In all cases, tolerance levels have been estimated for each of the 10 species and preliminary models have been developed for six of them. At this stage the models are limited to isothermal, benchscale (300 cm2 size) single cells. The information obtained is expected to assist in the development of coal-gas cleanup systems, while the contaminant performance effects data will provide useful basic information for modeling fuel cell endurance in conjunction with integrated gasifier/fuel-cell systems (IGFC).

Effects of Coal-derived Trace Species on Performance of Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 203 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (16 download)

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Download or read book Effects of Coal-derived Trace Species on Performance of Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells written by and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 203 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Carbonate Fuel Cell is a very promising option for highly efficient generation of electricity from many fuels. If coal-gas is to be used, the interactions of coal-derived impurities on various fuel cell components need to be understood. Thus the effects on Carbonate Fuel Cell performance due to ten different coal-derived contaminants viz., NH3, H2S, HCl, H2Se, AsH3, Zn, Pb, Cd, Sn, and Hg, have been studied at Energy Research Corporation. Both experimental and theoretical evaluations were performed, which have led to mechanistic insights and initial estimation of qualitative tolerance levels for each species individually and in combination with other species. The focus of this study was to investigate possible coal-gas contaminant effects on the anode side of the Carbonate Fuel Cell, using both out-of-cell thermogravimetric analysis by isothermal TGA, and fuel cell testing in bench-scale cells. Separate experiments detailing performance decay in these cells with high levels of ammonia contamination (1 vol %) and with trace levels of Cd, Hg, and Sn, have indicated that, on the whole, these elements do not affect carbonate fuel cell performance. However, some performance decay may result when a number of the other six species are present, singly or simultaneously, as contaminants in fuel gas. In all cases, tolerance levels have been estimated for each of the 10 species and preliminary models have been developed for six of them. At this stage the models are limited to isothermal, benchscale (300 cm2 size) single cells. The information obtained is expected to assist in the development of coal-gas cleanup systems, while the contaminant performance effects data will provide useful basic information for modeling fuel cell endurance in conjunction with integrated gasifier/fuel-cell systems (IGFC).

PEM Fuel Cell Electrocatalysts and Catalyst Layers

Author : Jiujun Zhang
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1848009364
Total Pages : 1147 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (48 download)

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Book Synopsis PEM Fuel Cell Electrocatalysts and Catalyst Layers by : Jiujun Zhang

Download or read book PEM Fuel Cell Electrocatalysts and Catalyst Layers written by Jiujun Zhang and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-08-26 with total page 1147 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells are promising clean energy converting devices with high efficiency and low to zero emissions. Such power sources can be used in transportation, stationary, portable and micro power applications. The key components of these fuel cells are catalysts and catalyst layers. “PEM Fuel Cell Electrocatalysts and Catalyst Layers” provides a comprehensive, in-depth survey of the field, presented by internationally renowned fuel cell scientists. The opening chapters introduce the fundamentals of electrochemical theory and fuel cell catalysis. Later chapters investigate the synthesis, characterization, and activity validation of PEM fuel cell catalysts. Further chapters describe in detail the integration of the electrocatalyst/catalyst layers into the fuel cell, and their performance validation. Researchers and engineers in the fuel cell industry will find this book a valuable resource, as will students of electrochemical engineering and catalyst synthesis.

Energy Research Abstracts

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 354 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 ( download)

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Download or read book Energy Research Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 354 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 1370 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (31 download)

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Book Synopsis Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports by :

Download or read book Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports written by and published by . This book was released on 1981 with total page 1370 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Lists citations with abstracts for aerospace related reports obtained from world wide sources and announces documents that have recently been entered into the NASA Scientific and Technical Information Database.

Effects of Coal-derived Trace Species on the Performance of Carbonate Fuel Cells

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 6 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (727 download)

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Book Synopsis Effects of Coal-derived Trace Species on the Performance of Carbonate Fuel Cells by :

Download or read book Effects of Coal-derived Trace Species on the Performance of Carbonate Fuel Cells written by and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 6 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: NH3 Cd, Hg, and Sn have no noticeable effects on carbonate fuel cell performance. Zn and Pb (the latter in the presence of Se) had minor effects, while the interactions of H2S, HCl, H2Se and As are more significant. Because H2S had already been extensively investigated earlier by various groups, the focus in this study was centered on the latter three elements. It appears that HCl, H2Se, and As need to be limited to sub-ppM levels in a manner similar to H2S. These findings, of course, should be considered qualitative because they were obtained in single, isothermally operated, bench-sale cells, and are applicable for individual contaminants.

Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Durability

Author : Felix N. Büchi
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 038785536X
Total Pages : 489 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (878 download)

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Book Synopsis Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Durability by : Felix N. Büchi

Download or read book Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Durability written by Felix N. Büchi and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2009-02-08 with total page 489 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book covers a significant number of R&D projects, performed mostly after 2000, devoted to the understanding and prevention of performance degradation processes in polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs). The extent and severity of performance degradation processes in PEFCs were recognized rather gradually. Indeed, the recognition overlapped with a significant number of industrial dem- strations of fuel cell powered vehicles, which would suggest a degree of technology maturity beyond the resaolution of fundamental failure mechanisms. An intriguing question, therefore, is why has there been this apparent delay in addressing fun- mental performance stability requirements. The apparent answer is that testing of the power system under fully realistic operation conditions was one prerequisite for revealing the nature and extent of some key modes of PEFC stack failure. Such modes of failure were not exposed to a similar degree, or not at all, in earlier tests of PEFC stacks which were not performed under fully relevant conditions, parti- larly such tests which did not include multiple on–off and/or high power–low power cycles typical for transportation and mobile power applications of PEFCs. Long-term testing of PEFCs reported in the early 1990s by both Los Alamos National Laboratory and Ballard Power was performed under conditions of c- stant cell voltage, typically near the maximum power point of the PEFC.

Performance Effects of Coal-derived Contaminants on the Carbonate Fuel Cell

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 20 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (16 download)

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Book Synopsis Performance Effects of Coal-derived Contaminants on the Carbonate Fuel Cell by :

Download or read book Performance Effects of Coal-derived Contaminants on the Carbonate Fuel Cell written by and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 20 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Coal-derived contaminant studies have been pursued at ERC since the early 1980s̀ when the pace of carbonate fuel cell development began to markedly increase. Initial work was concerned with performance effects on laboratory and bench-scale carbonate fuel cells primarily due to sulfur compounds. Results have now also been obtained with respect to nine additional coal-gas contaminants, including volatile trace metal species. Thermochemical calculations, out-of-cell experiments, and cell performance as well as endurance testshave recently been conducted which have involved the following species: NH3, H2S [COS], HCl, AsH3[As2(v)], Zn(v), Pb(v), Cd(v), H2 Se, Hg(v), Sn(v). Employing thermochemically calculated results, thermogravimetric (TGA) and pre-, and post-test analytical data as well as fuel cell performance observations, it has been shown that there are four main mechanisms of contaminant interaction with the carbonate fuel cell. These have been formulated into performance models for six significant contaminant species, thus providing long-term endurance estimations.

Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells

Author : Hui Li
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 9780367384272
Total Pages : 436 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (842 download)

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Book Synopsis Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells by : Hui Li

Download or read book Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells written by Hui Li and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2019-08-30 with total page 436 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Large-scale commercialization of proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) technology has been hindered by issues of reliability, durability, and cost, which are all related to the degradation of fuel cell performance. This degradation often has root causes in contamination from fuel, air streams, or system components. With contributions from international scientists and engineers active in PEMFC research, Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells: Contamination and Mitigation Strategies discusses the impacts of contamination and the contamination mitigation strategies to improve fuel cell performance and durability. The book covers the nature, sources, and electrochemistry of contaminants; their effects on fuel cell performance and lifetime; and the mechanisms of contamination. Exploring the major findings from experimental and theoretical studies in contamination-related research, the expert contributors present methods and tools used for diagnosing various contamination phenomena, along with strategies for mitigating the adverse effects of contamination. They also describe key issues in the future R&D of fuel cell contamination and control. Helping to facilitate pioneering PEMFC R&D and accelerate sustainable commercialization, this book contains the latest research efforts and novel developments as well as important new directions in PEMFC contamination. It offers a comprehensive overview of nearly every aspect of fuel cell contamination, from fundamentals to applications.

Effects of Coal-derived Trace Species on the Performance of Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 121 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (16 download)

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Book Synopsis Effects of Coal-derived Trace Species on the Performance of Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells by :

Download or read book Effects of Coal-derived Trace Species on the Performance of Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells written by and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 121 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The overall objective of the present study was to determine in detail the interaction effects of 10 simultaneously present, coal-gas contaminants, both on each other and on components of the Carbonate Fuel Cell. The primary goal was to assess underlying chemistries and reaction mechanisms which may cause decay in fuel cell performance or endurance as a result of both physics-chemical and/or mechanical interactions with the cell components and internal fuel cell parts. It was found, both from theory and cell test evidence, that trace contaminant interactions may occur with: Fuel-cell Electrodes (e.g., in this study with the Ni-anode), Lithium/Potassium Carbonate Electrolyte, Nickel and SS-Hardware, and by Mechanical Obstruction of Gas Flow in the Anode Plenum.

Energy: a Continuing Bibliography with Indexes

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 490 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Download or read book Energy: a Continuing Bibliography with Indexes written by and published by . This book was released on 1981 with total page 490 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Proceedings of the Symposium on Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell Technology

Author : J. R. Selman
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 540 pages
Book Rating : 4.F/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Proceedings of the Symposium on Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell Technology by : J. R. Selman

Download or read book Proceedings of the Symposium on Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell Technology written by J. R. Selman and published by . This book was released on 1984 with total page 540 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

PEM Fuel Cell Failure Mode Analysis

Author : Haijiang Wang
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1439839174
Total Pages : 366 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (398 download)

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Book Synopsis PEM Fuel Cell Failure Mode Analysis by : Haijiang Wang

Download or read book PEM Fuel Cell Failure Mode Analysis written by Haijiang Wang and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2011-08-25 with total page 366 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: PEM Fuel Cell Failure Mode Analysis presents a systematic analysis of PEM fuel cell durability and failure modes. It provides readers with a fundamental understanding of insufficient fuel cell durability, identification of failure modes and failure mechanisms of PEM fuel cells, fuel cell component degradation testing, and mitigation strategies against degradation. The first several chapters of the book examine the degradation of various fuel cell components, including degradation mechanisms, the effects of operating conditions, mitigation strategies, and testing protocols. The book then discusses the effects of different contamination sources on the degradation of fuel cell components and explores the relationship between external environment and the degradation of fuel cell components and systems. It also reviews the correlation between operational mode, such as start-up and shut-down, and the degradation of fuel cell components and systems. The last chapter explains how the design of fuel cell hardware relates to failure modes. Written by international scientists active in PEM fuel cell research, this volume is enriched with practical information on various failure modes analysis for diagnosing cell performance and identifying failure modes of degradation. This in turn helps in the development of mitigation strategies and the increasing commercialization of PEM fuel cells.

Fossil Energy Update

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 886 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (31 download)

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Book Synopsis Fossil Energy Update by :

Download or read book Fossil Energy Update written by and published by . This book was released on 1981 with total page 886 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Effects of Coal-derived Trace Species on the Performance of Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells. Topical Report on Thermochemical Studies

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 121 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (16 download)

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Book Synopsis Effects of Coal-derived Trace Species on the Performance of Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells. Topical Report on Thermochemical Studies by :

Download or read book Effects of Coal-derived Trace Species on the Performance of Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells. Topical Report on Thermochemical Studies written by and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 121 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The overall objective of the present study was to determine in detail the interaction effects of 10 simultaneously present, coal-gas contaminants, both on each other and on components of the Carbonate Fuel Cell. The primary goal was to assess underlying chemistries and reaction mechanisms which may cause decay in fuel cell performance or endurance as a result of both physics-chemical and/or mechanical interactions with the cell components and internal fuel cell parts. It was found, both from theory and cell test evidence, that trace contaminant interactions may occur with: Fuel-cell Electrodes (e.g., in this study with the Ni-anode), Lithium/Potassium Carbonate Electrolyte, Nickel and SS-Hardware, and by Mechanical Obstruction of Gas Flow in the Anode Plenum.