Effects of Dam Removal on Fluvial Geomorphology and Fish

Download Effects of Dam Removal on Fluvial Geomorphology and Fish PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 326 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (129 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Effects of Dam Removal on Fluvial Geomorphology and Fish by : Bryan Alan Burroughs

Download or read book Effects of Dam Removal on Fluvial Geomorphology and Fish written by Bryan Alan Burroughs and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 326 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Dam Removal Effects on Fluvial Geomorphology and Fish Populations, and Diet of Catostomids in the Pine River, Michigan

Download Dam Removal Effects on Fluvial Geomorphology and Fish Populations, and Diet of Catostomids in the Pine River, Michigan PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 344 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (129 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Dam Removal Effects on Fluvial Geomorphology and Fish Populations, and Diet of Catostomids in the Pine River, Michigan by : Bryan Alan Burroughs

Download or read book Dam Removal Effects on Fluvial Geomorphology and Fish Populations, and Diet of Catostomids in the Pine River, Michigan written by Bryan Alan Burroughs and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 344 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Dams and Geomorphology

Download Dams and Geomorphology PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 9780444522313
Total Pages : 272 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (223 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Dams and Geomorphology by : P.J. Beyer

Download or read book Dams and Geomorphology written by P.J. Beyer and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2005-12-19 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Dams profoundly impact the geomorphology of rivers by altering the natural patterns of water, sediment and energy flow in rivers. These changes have a largely negative impact on aquatic and riparian ecosystems upstream and downstream of the dam. Natural dams also impact river geomorphology, although with positive and negative repercussions for aquatic and riparian organisms. In 2002, the 33rd Binghamton Geomorphology Symposium convened under the theme "Dams and Morphology," and featured invited papers and contributed posters on topics of natural dams, artificial dams, and dam removal. Fourteen of these papers have been included in this volume.

Dam Removal

Download Dam Removal PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : H. John Heinz III Center for Science Economics and Environme
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 252 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Dam Removal by :

Download or read book Dam Removal written by and published by H. John Heinz III Center for Science Economics and Environme. This book was released on 2002 with total page 252 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Report focuses on the removal of small dams, defined as storing 1-100 acre-feet of water.

Sediment Dynamics Upon Dam Removal: Sediment Dynamics Post-Dam Removal: State of the Science and Practice; Chapter 2 Summary and Synthesis of Experimental Research on Stored Sediment Response to Dam Removal; Part 2 Field Studies: Chapter 3 Stream Ecosystem Response to Small Dam Removals; Chapter 4 Bureau of Reclamation Case Studies of Dam Removal; Chapter 5 Channel Evolution Upstream of Dam Removal Sites; Chapter 6 The Geomorphic Effects of Existing Dams and Historic Dam Removals in the U.S. Mid-Atlantic Region; Part 3 Physical Modeling: Chapter 7 Physical Modeling of the Removal of Glines Canyon Dam and Lake Mills from the Elwha River, Washington; Part 4 Numerical Modeling: Chapter 8 Modeling and Measuring Bed Adjustments for River Restoration and Dam Removal: A Step toward Habitat Modeling; Chapter 9 Movement of Sediment Accumulations; Chapter 10 Guidelines for Numerical Modeling of Dam Removals; Chapter 11 Sedimentation Studies for Dam Removal Using HEC-6T

Download Sediment Dynamics Upon Dam Removal: Sediment Dynamics Post-Dam Removal: State of the Science and Practice; Chapter 2 Summary and Synthesis of Experimental Research on Stored Sediment Response to Dam Removal; Part 2 Field Studies: Chapter 3 Stream Ecosystem Response to Small Dam Removals; Chapter 4 Bureau of Reclamation Case Studies of Dam Removal; Chapter 5 Channel Evolution Upstream of Dam Removal Sites; Chapter 6 The Geomorphic Effects of Existing Dams and Historic Dam Removals in the U.S. Mid-Atlantic Region; Part 3 Physical Modeling: Chapter 7 Physical Modeling of the Removal of Glines Canyon Dam and Lake Mills from the Elwha River, Washington; Part 4 Numerical Modeling: Chapter 8 Modeling and Measuring Bed Adjustments for River Restoration and Dam Removal: A Step toward Habitat Modeling; Chapter 9 Movement of Sediment Accumulations; Chapter 10 Guidelines for Numerical Modeling of Dam Removals; Chapter 11 Sedimentation Studies for Dam Removal Using HEC-6T PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780784476680
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (766 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Sediment Dynamics Upon Dam Removal: Sediment Dynamics Post-Dam Removal: State of the Science and Practice; Chapter 2 Summary and Synthesis of Experimental Research on Stored Sediment Response to Dam Removal; Part 2 Field Studies: Chapter 3 Stream Ecosystem Response to Small Dam Removals; Chapter 4 Bureau of Reclamation Case Studies of Dam Removal; Chapter 5 Channel Evolution Upstream of Dam Removal Sites; Chapter 6 The Geomorphic Effects of Existing Dams and Historic Dam Removals in the U.S. Mid-Atlantic Region; Part 3 Physical Modeling: Chapter 7 Physical Modeling of the Removal of Glines Canyon Dam and Lake Mills from the Elwha River, Washington; Part 4 Numerical Modeling: Chapter 8 Modeling and Measuring Bed Adjustments for River Restoration and Dam Removal: A Step toward Habitat Modeling; Chapter 9 Movement of Sediment Accumulations; Chapter 10 Guidelines for Numerical Modeling of Dam Removals; Chapter 11 Sedimentation Studies for Dam Removal Using HEC-6T by : Task Committee on Sediment Dynamics Post-Dam Removal of the Environmental and Water Resources Institute of ASCE.

Download or read book Sediment Dynamics Upon Dam Removal: Sediment Dynamics Post-Dam Removal: State of the Science and Practice; Chapter 2 Summary and Synthesis of Experimental Research on Stored Sediment Response to Dam Removal; Part 2 Field Studies: Chapter 3 Stream Ecosystem Response to Small Dam Removals; Chapter 4 Bureau of Reclamation Case Studies of Dam Removal; Chapter 5 Channel Evolution Upstream of Dam Removal Sites; Chapter 6 The Geomorphic Effects of Existing Dams and Historic Dam Removals in the U.S. Mid-Atlantic Region; Part 3 Physical Modeling: Chapter 7 Physical Modeling of the Removal of Glines Canyon Dam and Lake Mills from the Elwha River, Washington; Part 4 Numerical Modeling: Chapter 8 Modeling and Measuring Bed Adjustments for River Restoration and Dam Removal: A Step toward Habitat Modeling; Chapter 9 Movement of Sediment Accumulations; Chapter 10 Guidelines for Numerical Modeling of Dam Removals; Chapter 11 Sedimentation Studies for Dam Removal Using HEC-6T written by Task Committee on Sediment Dynamics Post-Dam Removal of the Environmental and Water Resources Institute of ASCE. and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sponsored by the Task Committee on Sediment Dynamics Post-Dam Removal of the Environmental and Water Resources Institute of ASCE. Manual of Practice 122 provides guidance, documentation, and field results for the numerical and physical modeling of sediment movement when dams are removed from waterways. Dams alter ecology, block fish passage, increase downstream scour, and displace residents. As awareness grows regarding the adverse environmental impacts of dams on ecosystems and fish populations, interest in dam removal is gaining momentum. However, the impounded sediment collected behind many dams poses another set of environmental and technical problems. This manual addresses issues such as the behavior of stored sediment and overall stream geomorphology after a dam is removed. MOP 122 offers information about dam removal that is valuable to watershed and river managers, environmental engineers, and consultants, as well as to researchers.

River Dynamics

Download River Dynamics PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1108173780
Total Pages : 544 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (81 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis River Dynamics by : Bruce L. Rhoads

Download or read book River Dynamics written by Bruce L. Rhoads and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2020-04-29 with total page 544 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Rivers are important agents of change that shape the Earth's surface and evolve through time in response to fluctuations in climate and other environmental conditions. They are fundamental in landscape development, and essential for water supply, irrigation, and transportation. This book provides a comprehensive overview of the geomorphological processes that shape rivers and that produce change in the form of rivers. It explores how the dynamics of rivers are being affected by anthropogenic change, including climate change, dam construction, and modification of rivers for flood control and land drainage. It discusses how concern about environmental degradation of rivers has led to the emergence of management strategies to restore and naturalize these systems, and how river management techniques work best when coordinated with the natural dynamics of rivers. This textbook provides an excellent resource for students, researchers, and professionals in fluvial geomorphology, hydrology, river science, and environmental policy.

Low-head Dam Removal in Muncie, Indiana

Download Low-head Dam Removal in Muncie, Indiana PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (137 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Low-head Dam Removal in Muncie, Indiana by : Cole Baird

Download or read book Low-head Dam Removal in Muncie, Indiana written by Cole Baird and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Dams impair riverine ecosystems through multiple documented environmental and ecological problems. Due to this recognition dams worldwide have begun to be removed. In recent years, progression of river restoration programs focused on dam removal has surfaced. However, few studies have quantified substrate change and its impact on local fish communities following dam removal. The purpose of this study was to assess changes in 1) substrate geomorphology and 2) fish communities associated with the 2019 removal of two low-head dams, East Jackson St. dam and McCulloch Park dam, on the West Fork, White River in Muncie, Indiana. Side-scan-sonar was used to map substrates in 2012, 2017, and 2021. Using ArcGIS software, specific substrate types were delineated, and substrate areas were quantified. Fish communities were sampled annually from 2018 to 2021 at sites directly above and below the two low-head dams, in accordance with Muncie Sanitary District's Bureau of Water Quality annual sampling practices, using standardized electrofishing methods. Major variation occurred in the dominant substrate type and structure of the fish community structure following dam removal. At both dam sites, bedrock substrate increased over other substrate categories, while unidentified substrate had the greatest decreased rate of change, followed closely by sand substrate. Fish species richness shifted from the highest richness below dams prior to dam removal, to highest richness above dams following dam removal. Dominant fish taxa changed following dam removal. These results support continued monitoring and understanding of long-term effects associated with dam removal on the White River, and the use of dam removals as a river restoration tool elsewhere.

Effects of Dam Removal on Resident Fish Movement in Cijiawan River, Taiwan

Download Effects of Dam Removal on Resident Fish Movement in Cijiawan River, Taiwan PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 50 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (816 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Effects of Dam Removal on Resident Fish Movement in Cijiawan River, Taiwan by : Chia-Hsiu Chen

Download or read book Effects of Dam Removal on Resident Fish Movement in Cijiawan River, Taiwan written by Chia-Hsiu Chen and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 50 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Freshwater fish change their movement patterns in response to natural or anthropogenic changes in habitat. Dam removal, a major restoration practice to restore river longitudinal connectivity, can affect river habitat with changes in flow regimes and morphological changes due to the sudden release of dam-trapped sediments. In Taiwan, a mid-size dam, Cijiawan #1 dam, was removed in 2011 to provide access to upstream habitat for the endangered target species, Taiwan salmon (Oncorhynchus masou formosanus). A three-phase radio telemetry tracking experiment was conducted to identify the movement patterns before, during and after dam removal. Some tagged fish were also displaced downstream to observe homing behavior. The movements of non-displaced fish showed reduced movement over time and persistence of location which indicates that the influence of disturbance due to capture and tagging was temporary. Displaced fish showed significant long distance movement toward their original home range immediately after release, but became as sedentary as non-displaced fish over time. The displaced fish homing behavior was limited by the barrier effect before dam removal, but daily movements and total absolute stream distance covered both increased after dam removal as fish began accessing upstream habitat. During the dam removal phase, fish below the dam moved very little when the heavy machinery was in the stream and then made long distance movements when upstream habitat was accessible after deconstruction. The rapid response of Taiwan salmon in this study confirmed that the new habitat opened by the dam removal project could be utilized almost immediately, but the sensitivity to habitat degradation indicates that extra attention to short-term habitat impacts should be considered for future stream restoration practices.

Gravel-Bed Rivers

Download Gravel-Bed Rivers PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 111897140X
Total Pages : 850 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (189 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Gravel-Bed Rivers by : Daizo Tsutsumi

Download or read book Gravel-Bed Rivers written by Daizo Tsutsumi and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2017-07-05 with total page 850 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With contributions from key researchers across the globe, and edited by internationally recognized leading academics, Gravel-bed Rivers: Processes and Disasters presents the definitive review of current knowledge of gravel-bed rivers. Continuing an established and successful series of scholarly reports, this book consists of the papers presented at the 8th International Gravel-bed Rivers Workshop. Focusing on all the recent progress that has been made in the field, subjects covered include flow, physical modeling, sediment transport theory, techniques and instrumentation, morphodynamics and ecological topics, with special attention given to aspects of disasters relevant to sediment supply and integrated river management. This up-to-date compendium is essential reading for geomorphologists, river engineers and ecologists, river managers, fluvial sedimentologists and advanced students in these fields.

Dams and Rivers

Download Dams and Rivers PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 112 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (243 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Dams and Rivers by : Michael Collier

Download or read book Dams and Rivers written by Michael Collier and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 112 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Outlines the role of science in restoring or otherwise altering unwanted downstream effects of dams, including eroding river banks, changes in waterfowl habitat, threats to safe recreational use, and the loss of river sand bars, examining seven selected areas of the country -- the upper Salt River in central Arizona; the Snake River in Idaho, Oregon and Washington; the Rio Grande in New Mexico and Texas; the Chattahoochee River in Georgia; the Platte River in Wyoming, Colorado and Nebraska; the Green River in Utah; and the Colorado River in Arizona -- to focus on specific downstream effects of dams and the management issues related to their operation.

Dams, Fish and Fisheries

Download Dams, Fish and Fisheries PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Food & Agriculture Org.
ISBN 13 : 9789251046944
Total Pages : 180 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (469 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Dams, Fish and Fisheries by : Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

Download or read book Dams, Fish and Fisheries written by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and published by Food & Agriculture Org.. This book was released on 2001 with total page 180 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The importance of free longitudinal passage of river fauna is stressed.

The Challenges of Dam Removal and River Restoration

Download The Challenges of Dam Removal and River Restoration PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Geological Society of America
ISBN 13 : 0813741211
Total Pages : 214 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (137 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Challenges of Dam Removal and River Restoration by : Jerome V. DeGraff

Download or read book The Challenges of Dam Removal and River Restoration written by Jerome V. DeGraff and published by Geological Society of America. This book was released on 2013-02-01 with total page 214 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "River restoration is a societal goal in the United States. This collection of research articles focuses on our current understanding of the impacts of removing dams and the role of dam removal in the larger context of river restoration. The papers are grouped by topic: (1) assessment of existing dams, strategies to determine impounded legacy sediments, and evaluating whether or not to remove the dam; (2) case studies of the hydrologic, sediment, and ecosystem impacts of recent dam removals; (3) assessment of river restoration by modifying flows or removing dams; and (4) the concept of river restoration in the context of historical changes in river systems"--Provided by publisher.

Riverine Ecosystem Management

Download Riverine Ecosystem Management PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319732501
Total Pages : 562 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (197 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Riverine Ecosystem Management by : Stefan Schmutz

Download or read book Riverine Ecosystem Management written by Stefan Schmutz and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-05-08 with total page 562 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This open access book surveys the frontier of scientific river research and provides examples to guide management towards a sustainable future of riverine ecosystems. Principal structures and functions of the biogeosphere of rivers are explained; key threats are identified, and effective solutions for restoration and mitigation are provided. Rivers are among the most threatened ecosystems of the world. They increasingly suffer from pollution, water abstraction, river channelisation and damming. Fundamental knowledge of ecosystem structure and function is necessary to understand how human acitivities interfere with natural processes and which interventions are feasible to rectify this. Modern water legislation strives for sustainable water resource management and protection of important habitats and species. However, decision makers would benefit from more profound understanding of ecosystem degradation processes and of innovative methodologies and tools for efficient mitigation and restoration. The book provides best-practice examples of sustainable river management from on-site studies, European-wide analyses and case studies from other parts of the world. This book will be of interest to researchers in the field of aquatic ecology, river system functioning, conservation and restoration, to postgraduate students, to institutions involved in water management, and to water related industries.

Freshwater Ecology

Download Freshwater Ecology PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0080884776
Total Pages : 840 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (88 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Freshwater Ecology by : Walter K. Dodds

Download or read book Freshwater Ecology written by Walter K. Dodds and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2010-11-03 with total page 840 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Freshwater Ecology, Second Edition, is a broad, up-to-date treatment of everything from the basic chemical and physical properties of water to advanced unifying concepts of the community ecology and ecosystem relationships as found in continental waters.With 40% new and expanded coverage, this text covers applied and basic aspects of limnology, now with more emphasis on wetlands and reservoirs than in the previous edition. It features 80 new and updated figures, including a section of color plates, and 500 new and updated references. The authors take a synthetic approach to ecological problems, teaching students how to handle the challenges faced by contemporary aquatic scientists.This text is designed for undergraduate students taking courses in Freshwater Ecology and Limnology; and introductory graduate students taking courses in Freshwater Ecology and Limnology. Expanded revision of Dodds' successful text. New boxed sections provide more advanced material within the introductory, modular format of the first edition. Basic scientific concepts and environmental applications featured throughout. Added coverage of climate change, ecosystem function, hypertrophic habitats and secondary production. Expanded coverage of physical limnology, groundwater and wetland habitats. Expanded coverage of the toxic effects of pharmaceuticals and endocrine disrupters as freshwater pollutants More on aquatic invertebrates, with more images and pictures of a broader range of organisms Expanded coverage of the functional roles of filterer feeding, scraping, and shredding organisms, and a new section on omnivores. Expanded appendix on standard statistical techniques. Supporting website with figures and tables - http://www.elsevierdirect.com/companion.jsp?ISBN=9780123747242

Assessment of Effects of Altered Stream Flow Characteristics on Fish and Wildlife: California: Executive summary. Final report. Case studies

Download Assessment of Effects of Altered Stream Flow Characteristics on Fish and Wildlife: California: Executive summary. Final report. Case studies PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 622 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (3 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Assessment of Effects of Altered Stream Flow Characteristics on Fish and Wildlife: California: Executive summary. Final report. Case studies by :

Download or read book Assessment of Effects of Altered Stream Flow Characteristics on Fish and Wildlife: California: Executive summary. Final report. Case studies written by and published by . This book was released on 1976 with total page 622 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Effects of Dam Removal on Fish Communities and Habitat in the Sandusky River, Ohio

Download Effects of Dam Removal on Fish Communities and Habitat in the Sandusky River, Ohio PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (135 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Effects of Dam Removal on Fish Communities and Habitat in the Sandusky River, Ohio by : Taylor E. Sasak

Download or read book Effects of Dam Removal on Fish Communities and Habitat in the Sandusky River, Ohio written by Taylor E. Sasak and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 2018, the Ballville Dam was removed from the Sandusky River, Ohio. The removal of the dam was expected to reconnect areas of upstream habitat, restore fish passage, and improve the fish community. To assess the quantity and quality of available walleye spawning habitat post-dam removal, a habitat suitability index (HSI) model was developed. Model results indicated that there is more walleye spawning habitat upstream of the former dam. Electrofishing surveys were conducted during the spring of 2020 and 2021 (to assess migratory fish passage above the dam) and during summer 2020 (to assess the resident fish community). Walleye were captured upstream of the dam during the 2021 spawning run. Overall, walleye and white bass catch rates and spawn run strengths were lower in post-assessments compared to values seen pre-dam removal. The results of the 2020 post-assessment suggest that the quality of the resident fish community has declined across the study area since the 2009 pre-assessment. However, changes in habitat quality between assessments were less apparent. This study documents the short-term effects of dam removal on river conditions and the fish community post-dam removal.

Restoration of Aquatic Ecosystems

Download Restoration of Aquatic Ecosystems PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 9780309045346
Total Pages : 580 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (453 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Restoration of Aquatic Ecosystems by : National Research Council

Download or read book Restoration of Aquatic Ecosystems written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1992-01-01 with total page 580 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Aldo Leopold, father of the "land ethic," once said, "The time has come for science to busy itself with the earth itself. The first step is to reconstruct a sample of what we had to begin with." The concept he expressedâ€"restorationâ€"is defined in this comprehensive new volume that examines the prospects for repairing the damage society has done to the nation's aquatic resources: lakes, rivers and streams, and wetlands. Restoration of Aquatic Ecosystems outlines a national strategy for aquatic restoration, with practical recommendations, and features case studies of aquatic restoration activities around the country. The committee examines: Key concepts and techniques used in restoration. Common factors in successful restoration efforts. Threats to the health of the nation's aquatic ecosystems. Approaches to evaluation before, during, and after a restoration project. The emerging specialties of restoration and landscape ecology.