Effective Correctional Treatment

Download Effective Correctional Treatment PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 484 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Effective Correctional Treatment by : Robert R. Ross

Download or read book Effective Correctional Treatment written by Robert R. Ross and published by . This book was released on 1980 with total page 484 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This collection of papers discusses effective correctional treatment of offenders by examining topics such as diversion programs, interventions with the families of delinquents, community-based programs for junevile offenders, programs for juneviles in correctional institutions, and programs for adult offenders. Collectively, these papers provide evidence that correctional rehabilitation is possible.

The Effectiveness of Correctional Treatment

Download The Effectiveness of Correctional Treatment PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Greenwood
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 776 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Effectiveness of Correctional Treatment by : Douglas S. Lipton

Download or read book The Effectiveness of Correctional Treatment written by Douglas S. Lipton and published by Greenwood. This book was released on 1975 with total page 776 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is a compilation of descriptions of English-language research studies, conducted between 1945 and 1967 to evaluate the treatment of criminal and juvenile offenders. Each of the 231 studies has been annotated and classed into categories. Study findings are classified according to eleven treatment methods (independent variables) and seven desired areas of change (dependent variables). The independent variables include imprisonment, parole, casework and individual counselling, milieu therapy, and medical methods. The dependent variables discussed are recidivism, institutional adjustment, vocational adjustment, educational achievement, drug and alcohol re-addiction, personality and attitude change, and community adjustment. (Source: NCJRS, adapted).

What Works (and Doesn't) in Reducing Recidivism

Download What Works (and Doesn't) in Reducing Recidivism PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317521358
Total Pages : 269 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (175 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis What Works (and Doesn't) in Reducing Recidivism by : Edward J. Latessa

Download or read book What Works (and Doesn't) in Reducing Recidivism written by Edward J. Latessa and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2014-09-19 with total page 269 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book offers criminologists and students an evidence-based discussion of the latest trends in corrections. Over the last several decades, research has clearly shown that rehabilitation efforts can be effective at reducing recidivism among criminal offenders. However, researchers also recognize that treatment is not a "one size fits all" approach. Offenders vary by gender, age, crime type, and/or addictions, to name but a few, and these individual needs must be addressed by providers. Finally, issues such as leadership, quality of staff, and evaluation efforts affect the quality and delivery of treatment services. This book synthesizes the vast research for the student interested in correctional rehabilitation as well as for the practitioner working with offenders. While other texts have addressed issues regarding treatment in corrections, this text is unique in that it not only discusses the research on "what works" but also addresses implementation issues as practitioners move from theory to practice, as well as the importance of staff, leadership and evaluation efforts.

Effective Correctional Treatment

Download Effective Correctional Treatment PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 56 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (678 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Effective Correctional Treatment by : Paul Gendreau

Download or read book Effective Correctional Treatment written by Paul Gendreau and published by . This book was released on 1978 with total page 56 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

New Frontiers in Offender Treatment

Download New Frontiers in Offender Treatment PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3030010309
Total Pages : 324 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (3 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis New Frontiers in Offender Treatment by : Elizabeth L. Jeglic

Download or read book New Frontiers in Offender Treatment written by Elizabeth L. Jeglic and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-11-16 with total page 324 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book reviews how new and promising evidence-based interventions are being used with those involved in the criminal justice system. While there has been an increased emphasis on evidence-based practice within forensic treatment, there remains a disjoint between what we know works and adapting these interventions to those involved in the criminal justice system. This book seeks to bridge that gap by providing an overview of what we know works and how that information has been translated into offender treatment. In addition, it highlights avenues where additional research is needed. This book is comprised of three parts: In the first part, current models of correctional treatment including the Risk, Needs, Responsivity Model, The Good Lives Model and Cognitive Behavioral Models are presented. In the second part, the chapters address clinical issues such as the therapeutic alliance, clinician factors, and diversity related issues that impact treatment outcome. In the third and final part of the book, adaptions of innovative and cutting-edge evidence-based treatments such as Dialectical Behavior Therapy, Trauma Informed Care, Mindfulness, Motivational Interviewing, Assertive Community Treatment, Multisystemic Treatment, New frontiers in Intimate Partner Violence treatment, and the current research on the treatment of those with psychopathy are presented. Research supporting these treatment approaches targeting areas such as self-management, psychological well-being, treatment engagement and retention and their relationship to recidivism will be reviewed, while their adaptation for use with forensic populations is discussed. The book concludes with the editors’ summary of the findings and a discussion of the future of evidence-based interventions within the field of forensic psychology.

What Works and why

Download What Works and why PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 280 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis What Works and why by :

Download or read book What Works and why written by and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 280 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

The Wiley International Handbook of Correctional Psychology

Download The Wiley International Handbook of Correctional Psychology PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119139686
Total Pages : 840 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (191 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Wiley International Handbook of Correctional Psychology by : Devon L. L. Polaschek

Download or read book The Wiley International Handbook of Correctional Psychology written by Devon L. L. Polaschek and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2019-04-29 with total page 840 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A two-volume handbook that explores the theories and practice of correctional psychology With contributions from an international panel of experts in the field, The Wiley International Handbook of Correctional Psychology offers a comprehensive and up-to-date review of the most relevant topics concerning the practice of psychology in correctional systems. The contributors explore the theoretical, professional and practical issues that are pertinent to correctional psychologists and other professionals in relevant fields. The Handbook explores the foundations of correctional psychology and contains information on the history of the profession, the roles of psychology in a correctional setting and examines the implementation and evaluation of various interventions. It also covers a range of topics including psychological assessment in prisons, specific treatments and modalities as well as community interventions. This important handbook: Offers the most comprehensive coverage on the topic of correctional psychology Contains contributions from leading experts from New Zealand, Australia, Europe, and North America Includes information on interventions and assessments in both community and imprisonment settings Presents chapters that explore contemporary issues and recent developments in the field Written for correctional psychologists, academics and students in correctional psychology and members of allied professional disciplines, The Wiley International Handbook of Correctional Psychology provides in-depth coverage of the most important elements of the field.

The Re-Emergence of Correctional Intervention

Download The Re-Emergence of Correctional Intervention PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : SAGE Publications
ISBN 13 : 1452246084
Total Pages : 245 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (522 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Re-Emergence of Correctional Intervention by : Ted Palmer

Download or read book The Re-Emergence of Correctional Intervention written by Ted Palmer and published by SAGE Publications. This book was released on 1992-03-30 with total page 245 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ted Palmer gives particular attention to the development of ′intensive supervision′ in probation and after care, and sets out an agenda for the future. . . . He offers a developmental stages perspective for work with juveniles which should address changes to the offender and/or changes to the offenders′ life circumstances. --LCCJ Newsletter Looking back to successful intervention programs of the 1970s--programs based on skill-development methods, control/surveillance techniques, psychologically oriented programs, and combinations of these procedures--Ted Palmer strongly supports such correctional intervention programs through an analysis of several recent studies, including his own. He evaluates the research to date on rehabilitation and describes the role--past, present, and future--of rehabilitation/habilitation within the context of other corrrectional modalities, including the justice model philosophy. He also presents an intervention framework and a related theoretical structure that can assist in program development, intervention planning for offenders, and understanding and evaluating change-processes. This timely volume will inspire passionate debate in the coming decade for practitioners, academics, and students alike in criminology. "Palmer, a recognized scholar of correctional practice and policy, answers critics of treatment and addresses the current emphasis on punishment as the sole disposition of offenders by assembling evidence supporting growth-centered (habilitation) intervention for juveniles and adults. Reviewing the past 15 years of evaluation of correctional intervention, he has identified key intervention elements, connections, and community/offender outcomes. . . . The concluding chapter is an extremely valuable investigation into offender intervention programs in which Palmer assesses prospects for change and effectiveness. Excellent bibliography. Undergraduate; graduate; faculty; professional." --Choice "Integrates several important components of the development correctional treatment policy: 1) the political/historical development of correctional treatment policy; 2) evolution of the debate on treatment effectiveness; 3) the methodology of treatment evaluation; 4) improved knowledge of recommendations for future programming and evaluation efforts. Since it interweaves numerous areas of expertise, such as psychology, research, and policy analysis, it is a unique contribution. It is this multifaceted approach to the topic which is sorely needed. To date, I have required readings on theory and policy, but I have provided and have required students to do the integrating. Palmer′s book will be a valuable addition to this course. Furthermore, there is a growing group of planners, administrators, policy analysts, researchers, and scholars in the area of correctional treatment who would benefit from and be interested in Palmer′s book. Again, the integration of theory, policy, and research offers a crucial resource to such an audience. This is a book that will be heavily cited in the years to come. . . . The analysis is brilliant. Added to the fact that Palmer already has a stellar reputation in this field, it is likely to become a benchmark publication." --Pat Van Voorhis, University of Cincinnati

Assessing Correctional Rehabilitation

Download Assessing Correctional Rehabilitation PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Createspace Independent Pub
ISBN 13 : 9781478262503
Total Pages : 68 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (625 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Assessing Correctional Rehabilitation by : Francis T. Cullen

Download or read book Assessing Correctional Rehabilitation written by Francis T. Cullen and published by Createspace Independent Pub. This book was released on 2012-07-17 with total page 68 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A theme that has persisted throughout the history of American corrections is that efforts should be made to reform offenders. In particular, at the beginning of the 1900s, the rehabilitative ideal was enthusiastically trumpeted and helped to direct the renovation of the correctional system (e.g., implementation of indeterminate sentencing, parole, probation, a separate juvenile justice system). For the next seven decades, offender treatment reigned as the dominant correctional philosophy. Then, in the early 1970s, rehabilitation suffered a precipitous reversal of fortune. The larger disruptions in American society in this era prompted a general critique of the “state run” criminal justice system. Rehabilitation was blamed by liberals for allowing the state to act coercively against offenders, and was blamed by conservatives for allowing the state to act leniently toward offenders. In this context, the death knell of rehabilitation was seemingly sounded by Robert Martinson's (1974b) influential “nothing works” essay, which reported that few treatment programs reduced recidivism. This review of evaluation studies gave legitimacy to the antitreatment sentiments of the day; it ostensibly “proved” what everyone “already knew”: Rehabilitation did not work. In the subsequent quarter century, a growing revisionist movement has questioned Martinson's portrayal of the empirical status of the effectiveness of treatment interventions. Through painstaking literature reviews, these revisionist scholars have shown that many correctional treatment programs are effective in decreasing recidivism. More recently, they have undertaken more sophisticated quantitative syntheses of an increasing body of evaluation studies through a technique called “meta-analysis.” These meta-analyses reveal that across evaluation studies, the recidivism rate is, on average, 10 percentage points lower for the treatment group than for the control group. However, this research has also suggested that some correctional interventions have no effect on offender criminality (e.g., punishment-oriented programs), while others achieve substantial reductions in recidivism (i.e., approximately 25 percent). This variation in program success has led to a search for those “principles” that distinguish effective treatment interventions from ineffective ones. There is theoretical and empirical support for the conclusion that the rehabilitation programs that achieve the greatest reductions in recidivism use cognitive-behavioral treatments, target known predictors of crime for change, and intervene mainly with high-risk offenders. “Multisystemic treatment” is a concrete example of an effective program that largely conforms to these principles. In the time ahead, it would appear prudent that correctional policy and practice be “evidence based.” Knowledgeable about the extant research, policymakers would embrace the view that rehabilitation programs, informed by the principles of effective intervention, can “work” to reduce recidivism and thus can help foster public safety. By reaffirming rehabilitation, they would also be pursuing a policy that is consistent with public opinion research showing that Americans continue to believe that offender treatment should be an integral goal of the correctional system.

What Works in Offender Rehabilitation

Download What Works in Offender Rehabilitation PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118328930
Total Pages : 39 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (183 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis What Works in Offender Rehabilitation by : Leam A. Craig

Download or read book What Works in Offender Rehabilitation written by Leam A. Craig and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2013-03-27 with total page 39 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This comprehensive volume summarizes the contemporary evidence base for offender assessment and rehabilitation, evaluating commonly used assessment frameworks and intervention strategies in a complete guide to best practice when working with a variety of offenders. Presents an up-to-date review of ‘what works’ in offer assessment and rehabilitation, along with discussion of contemporary attitudes and translating theory into practice Includes assessment and treatment for different offender types across a range of settings Internationally renowned contributors include James McGuire, James Bonta, Clive Hollin, Anthony Beech, Tony Ward, William Lindsay, Karl Hanson, Ray Novaco and William Marshall

Offender Rehabilitation

Download Offender Rehabilitation PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Dartmouth Publishing Company
ISBN 13 : 9781855217980
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (179 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Offender Rehabilitation by : Francis T. Cullen

Download or read book Offender Rehabilitation written by Francis T. Cullen and published by Dartmouth Publishing Company. This book was released on 1997 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since the early 1970s, there has been a sustained attack on the idea that the purpose of the correctional system should be to rehabilitate criminals. This volume begins by reviewing the attack on offender treatment and then focuses in detail on the revisionist movement to reaffirm rehabilitation.

Correctional Counseling and Rehabilitation

Download Correctional Counseling and Rehabilitation PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1000530647
Total Pages : 452 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (5 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Correctional Counseling and Rehabilitation by : Emily J. Salisbury

Download or read book Correctional Counseling and Rehabilitation written by Emily J. Salisbury and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2022-05-17 with total page 452 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This text presents the foundations of correctional treatment and intervention, including overviews of the major therapeutic modalities that are effective when intervening with justice-involved individuals to reduce ongoing system involvement and improve well-being. The text also focuses on diagnosis of mental illness, correctional assessment and classification, case planning strategies, and the necessary counseling and human service skills for working alongside system-involved people. Specific chapters focus on working with women, individuals struggling with substance abuse, and clients with severely antisocial behavior such as psychopathy. Written to help students prepare for a career in correctional counseling or forensic social work, the book also assists working professionals (e.g., institutional and community corrections staff) to determine which strategies might be most effective with their clients. Revised using person-centered language, the tenth edition includes a new chapter focused on the necessary relational skills that probation and parole officers must have to be agents of behavior change. The content is divided into four parts: (1) A Professional Framework for Correctional Counseling; (2) Client Assessment, Diagnosis, Classification, and Case Planning; (3) Contemporary Approaches for Correctional Counseling and Treatment, and (4) Effective Correctional Interventions for Special Populations. This book is appropriate for upper-level undergraduates and graduate students in Criminal Justice and Criminology, Psychology, and Social Work programs, as well as correctional practitioners looking for professional development to enhance behavior change among clients.

What Works in Corrections

Download What Works in Corrections PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780521001205
Total Pages : 404 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (12 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis What Works in Corrections by : Doris Layton MacKenzie

Download or read book What Works in Corrections written by Doris Layton MacKenzie and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2006-07-17 with total page 404 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: What Works in Corrections, first published in 2006, examines the impact of correctional interventions, management policies, treatment and rehabilitation programs on the recidivism of offenders and delinquents. The book reviews different strategies for reducing recidivism and describes how the evidence for effectiveness is assessed. Thousands of studies were examined in order to identify those of sufficient scientific rigor to enable conclusions to be drawn about the impact of various interventions, policies and programs on recidivism. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses were performed to further examine these results. This book assesses the relative effectiveness of rehabilitation programs (e.g., education, life skills, employment, cognitive behavioral), treatment for different types of offenders (e.g. sex offenders, batterers, juveniles), management and treatment of drug-involved offenders (e.g., drug courts, therapeutic communities, outpatient drug treatment) and punishment, control and surveillance interventions (boot camps, intensive supervision, electronic monitoring). Through her extensive research, MacKenzie illustrates which of these programs are most effective and why.

Implementing Evidence-Based Practices in Community Corrections and Addiction Treatment

Download Implementing Evidence-Based Practices in Community Corrections and Addiction Treatment PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1461404126
Total Pages : 331 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (614 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Implementing Evidence-Based Practices in Community Corrections and Addiction Treatment by : Faye S. Taxman

Download or read book Implementing Evidence-Based Practices in Community Corrections and Addiction Treatment written by Faye S. Taxman and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-11-20 with total page 331 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Community corrections programs are emerging as an effective alternative to incarceration for drug-involved offenders, to reduce recidivism and improve public health and public safety. Since evidence-based practice is gaining recognition as a success factor in both community systems and substance abuse treatment, a merger of the two seems logical and desirable. But integrating evidence-based addiction treatment into community corrections is no small feat—costs, personnel decisions, and effective, appropriate interventions are all critical considerations. Featuring the first model of implementation strategies linking these fields, Implementing Evidence-Based Practices in Community Corrections and Addiction Treatment sets out criteria for identifying practices and programs as evidence. The book’s detailed blueprint is based on extensive research into organizational factors (e.g., management buy-in) and external forces (e.g., funding, resources) with the most impact on the adoption of evidence-based practices, and implementation issues ranging from skill building to quality control. With this knowledge, organizations can set realistic, attainable goals and achieve treatment outcomes that reflect the evidence base. Included in the coverage: Determining evidence for “what works.” Organization change and technology transfer: theory and literature review. The current state of addiction treatment and community corrections. Unique challenges of evidence-based addiction treatment under community supervision. Assessing suitability of evidence-based practice in real-world settings. A conceptual model for implementing evidence-based treatment in community corrections. Implementing Evidence-Based Practices in Community Corrections and Addiction Treatment is a breakthrough volume for graduate- and postgraduate-level researchers in criminology, as well as policymakers and public health researchers.

Correctional Counseling and Rehabilitation

Download Correctional Counseling and Rehabilitation PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317360028
Total Pages : 437 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (173 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Correctional Counseling and Rehabilitation by : Patricia Van Voorhis

Download or read book Correctional Counseling and Rehabilitation written by Patricia Van Voorhis and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2016-05-12 with total page 437 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Correctional Counseling and Rehabilitation, 9th ed., presents foundations of correctional intervention, including overviews of the major systems of therapeutic intervention, diagnosis of mental illness, and correctional assessment and classification. Now fully updated to reflect DSM-5, its detailed descriptions and cross-approach comparisons help students prepare for a career in correctional counseling and allow working professionals to better determine which techniques might be most useful in their particular setting. The content is divided into five parts: (1) A Professional Framework for Correctional Counseling; (2) Understanding the Special Challenges Faced by the Correctional Counselor in the Prison Setting; (3) Offender Assessment, Diagnosis, and Classification; (4) Contemporary Approaches to Correctional Counseling and Treatment, (5) Interventions for Special Populations, and (6) Putting It All Together. The book is appropriate for upper-level undergraduates and graduate students in Criminal Justice and Criminology, Psychology, and Social Work programs as well as correctional counseling practitioners.

Delinquency, Its Roots, Careers, and Prospects

Download Delinquency, Its Roots, Careers, and Prospects PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Harvard University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780674195653
Total Pages : 196 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (956 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Delinquency, Its Roots, Careers, and Prospects by : Donald James West

Download or read book Delinquency, Its Roots, Careers, and Prospects written by Donald James West and published by Harvard University Press. This book was released on 1982 with total page 196 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Delinquency evaluates one of the largest longitudinal-observational studies of juvenile delinquents ever conducted. Utilizing a normal population sample and conducting individual interviews repeatedly over many years, the author and his colleagues followed the development of 400 British working-class boys from age eight to twenty-five, of whom one-third eventually had criminal records. Five factors were found to predict most delinquent behavior, the most powerful statistically being the presence of a criminal parent. By measuring the accumulated pressure of these factors, D. J. West demonstrates the extent to which delinquency can be predicted from classroom observations or social background at an early age. He outlines policy guidelines that would tailor intervention to a youth's age and circumstances, and he argues persuasively that positive change in the parents' situation usually produces good effects on the children.

What Works (and Doesn't) in Reducing Recidivism

Download What Works (and Doesn't) in Reducing Recidivism PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 131752134X
Total Pages : 327 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (175 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis What Works (and Doesn't) in Reducing Recidivism by : Edward J. Latessa

Download or read book What Works (and Doesn't) in Reducing Recidivism written by Edward J. Latessa and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2014-09-19 with total page 327 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book offers criminologists and students an evidence-based discussion of the latest trends in corrections. Over the last several decades, research has clearly shown that rehabilitation efforts can be effective at reducing recidivism among criminal offenders. However, researchers also recognize that treatment is not a "one size fits all" approach. Offenders vary by gender, age, crime type, and/or addictions, to name but a few, and these individual needs must be addressed by providers. Finally, issues such as leadership, quality of staff, and evaluation efforts affect the quality and delivery of treatment services. This book synthesizes the vast research for the student interested in correctional rehabilitation as well as for the practitioner working with offenders. While other texts have addressed issues regarding treatment in corrections, this text is unique in that it not only discusses the research on "what works" but also addresses implementation issues as practitioners move from theory to practice, as well as the importance of staff, leadership and evaluation efforts.