Education Industrialization And The End Of Empire In Singapore

Download Education Industrialization And The End Of Empire In Singapore full books in PDF, epub, and Kindle. Read online Education Industrialization And The End Of Empire In Singapore ebook anywhere anytime directly on your device. Fast Download speed and no annoying ads. We cannot guarantee that every ebooks is available!

Education, Industrialization and the End of Empire in Singapore

Author : Kevin Blackburn
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1317190238
Total Pages : 122 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (171 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Education, Industrialization and the End of Empire in Singapore by : Kevin Blackburn

Download or read book Education, Industrialization and the End of Empire in Singapore written by Kevin Blackburn and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2016-12-08 with total page 122 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Singapore under the ruling People’s Action Party government has been categorized as a developmental state which has utilized education as an instrument of its economic policies and nation-building agenda. However, contrary to accepted assumptions, the use of education by the state to promote economic growth did not begin with the coming to power of the People’s Action Party in 1959. In Singapore, the colonial state had been using education to meet the demands of its colonial economy well before the rise of the post-independence developmental state. Education, Industrialization and the End of Empire in Singapore examines how the state’s use of education as an instrument of economic policy had its origins in the colonial economy and intensified during the process of decolonization. By covering this process the history of vocational and technical education and its relationship with the economy is traced from the colonial era through to decolonization and into the early postcolonial period.

Theatres of Memory: Industrial Heritage of 20th Century Singapore

Author : Loh Kah Seng
Publisher : Ethos Books
ISBN 13 : 9811825238
Total Pages : 453 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (118 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Theatres of Memory: Industrial Heritage of 20th Century Singapore by : Loh Kah Seng

Download or read book Theatres of Memory: Industrial Heritage of 20th Century Singapore written by Loh Kah Seng and published by Ethos Books. This book was released on 2022-08-15 with total page 453 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Most of the old factories are long gone and many workers have retired. Combining history, memory and heritage, Theatres of Memory: Industrial Heritage of 20th Century Singapore takes a stroll through Singapore’s industrial past. From Jurong to Redhill and Kallang, the book uncovers the many hands that enabled the island’s transformation from a colonial entrepôt to an industrial nation. Along the way, we will meet the pioneers of industry—government officials and production workers, men and women, Singaporeans and foreigners. We will hear laughter on the assembly line, descend into the quiet dark of the night shift, and relive the products once made in Singapore, from Rollei cameras and Acma refrigerators to carbonated soft drinks and Bata shoes.

Decolonizing the History Curriculum in Malaysia and Singapore

Author : Kevin Blackburn
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 0429749406
Total Pages : 281 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (297 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Decolonizing the History Curriculum in Malaysia and Singapore by : Kevin Blackburn

Download or read book Decolonizing the History Curriculum in Malaysia and Singapore written by Kevin Blackburn and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2019-05-09 with total page 281 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Decolonizing the History Curriculum in Malaysia and Singapore is a unique study in the history of education because it examines decolonization in terms of how it changed the subject of history in the school curriculum of two colonized countries – Malaysia and Singapore. Blackburn and Wu’s book analyzes the transition of the subject of history from colonial education to postcolonial education, from the history syllabus upholding the colonial order to the period after independence when the history syllabus became a tool for nation-building. Malaysia and Singapore are excellent case studies of this process because they once shared a common imperial curriculum in the English language schools that was gradually ‘decolonized’ to form the basis of the early history syllabuses of the new nation-states (they were briefly one nation-state in the early to mid-1960s). The colonial English language history syllabus was ‘decolonized’ into a national curriculum that was translated for the Chinese, Malay, and Tamil schools of Malaysia and Singapore. By analyzing the causes and consequences of the dramatic changes made to the teaching of history in the schools of Malaya and Singapore as Britain ended her empire in Southeast Asia, Blackburn and Wu offer fascinating insights into educational reform, the effects of decolonization on curricula, and the history of Malaysian and Singaporean education.

Education in Singapore

Author : Yew-Jin Lee
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9811699828
Total Pages : 434 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (116 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Education in Singapore by : Yew-Jin Lee

Download or read book Education in Singapore written by Yew-Jin Lee and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-04-06 with total page 434 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This edited book is a comprehensive resource for understanding the history as well as the current status of educational practices in Singapore. It is a one-stop reference guide to education and educational issues/concerns here. There are three sections: Part 1 provides a sectorial overview of how education has been organized in this country such as preschool, special needs, primary and secondary, and adult education divisions. In Part 2, contributors critically delve into issues and policies that are pertinent to understanding education here such as underachievement, leadership, language education, assessment, and meritocracy to question what Part 1 might have taken for granted. Part 3 contains the largest number of contributors because it offers a scholarly examination into specific subject histories. This section stands out because of the comparative rarity of its subject matter (history of Physical Education, Art, Music, Geography Education, etc.) in Singapore.

Teacher Preparation in Singapore

Author : Yeow-Tong Chia
Publisher : Emerald Group Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1787694011
Total Pages : 120 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (876 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Teacher Preparation in Singapore by : Yeow-Tong Chia

Download or read book Teacher Preparation in Singapore written by Yeow-Tong Chia and published by Emerald Group Publishing. This book was released on 2021-11-29 with total page 120 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book explores the history and philosophy of teacher preparation, training, induction and development in Singapore. It goes beyond the official state celebratory narrative, critically examining social and political influences on Singapore’s teacher education.

STEM and the Social Good

Author : Tesha Sengupta-Irving
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1000198286
Total Pages : 208 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (1 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis STEM and the Social Good by : Tesha Sengupta-Irving

Download or read book STEM and the Social Good written by Tesha Sengupta-Irving and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2020-12-17 with total page 208 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This compilation of empirical studies interrogates the global high-speed train of STEM education, particularly as a promise of social, economic, and political enfranchisement for marginalized communities. In this book, scholars of race, education, and learning offer a range of analyses from which to consider the "who", "what", and "toward ends" of STEM education. Together with scholarly commentaries, the studies frame STEM learning as a personal and political enterprise worthy of closer examination in the lives of children, the work of adults, and the making of nations. Thus, the studies vary in scope and scale, but coalesce in surfacing the ideologies and values underlying the rapid ingestion of STEM in schools and communities as a "social good for all". Readers will journey through a Latinx student’s reflections on social justice mathematics, African American primary school students studying water and justice, Indigenous families engaged in storytelling with robotics, college STEM mentors’ work with youth, an online portal created for youth in Singapore to envision a STEM-infused future; and finally, frameworks for teaching and research that engage marginalized children’s histories, cultural practices and sensemaking. The socio-political grounding and visioning of these works makes this a must-read for researchers, teachers, teacher educators and policy makers in STEM. The chapters in this book were originally published in a special issue of the journal, Cognition and Instruction.

The Handbook of Asian Englishes

Author : Kingsley Bolton
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118791800
Total Pages : 928 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (187 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Handbook of Asian Englishes by : Kingsley Bolton

Download or read book The Handbook of Asian Englishes written by Kingsley Bolton and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2020-10-06 with total page 928 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first volume of its kind, focusing on the sociolinguistic and socio-political issues surrounding Asian Englishes The Handbook of Asian Englishes provides wide-ranging coverage of the historical and cultural context, contemporary dynamics, and linguistic features of English in use throughout the Asian region. This first-of-its-kind volume offers a wide-ranging exploration of the English language throughout nations in South Asia, Southeast Asia, and East Asia. Contributions by a team of internationally-recognized linguists and scholars of Asian Englishes and Asian languages survey existing works and review new and emerging areas of research in the field. Edited by internationally renowned scholars in the field and structured in four parts, this Handbook explores the status and functions of English in the educational institutions, legal systems, media, popular cultures, and religions of diverse Asian societies. In addition to examining nation-specific topics, this comprehensive volume presents articles exploring pan-Asian issues such as English in Asian schools and universities, English and language policies in the Asian region, and the statistics of English across Asia. Up-to-date research addresses the impact of English as an Asian lingua franca, globalization and Asian Englishes, the dynamics of multilingualism, and more. Examines linguistic history, contemporary linguistic issues, and English in the Outer and Expanding Circles of Asia Focuses on the rapidly-growing complexities of English throughout Asia Includes reviews of the new frontiers of research in Asian Englishes, including the impact of globalization and popular culture Presents an innovative survey of Asian Englishes in one comprehensive volume Serving as an important contribution to fields such as contact linguistics, World Englishes, sociolinguistics, and Asian language studies, The Handbook of Asian Englishes is an invaluable reference resource for undergraduate and graduate students, researchers, and instructors across these areas. Winner of the 2021 PROSE Humanities Category for Language & Linguistics

Rebuilding the Education Sector in East Timor during UNTAET

Author : Trina Supit
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1000203212
Total Pages : 232 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (2 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Rebuilding the Education Sector in East Timor during UNTAET by : Trina Supit

Download or read book Rebuilding the Education Sector in East Timor during UNTAET written by Trina Supit and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2020-10-07 with total page 232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This original volume examines the collaboration between East Timorese and international staff in the rebuilding of the education sector during the United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor (UNTAET) 1999-2002. Using interviews, contemporary newspaper articles and reports from UN sources and the World Bank, the book enables a comprehensive analysis of Timorese agency. Examining choices made by the Timorese and drawing comparison with other former Portuguese colonies, the text considers the power of the Timorese elite, the role of nepotism and corruption, the preservation of the Indonesian curriculum and the selection of Portuguese as the medium of instruction and official language - together with Tetum. Concluding with a contemporary discussion on the educational achievements for East Timorese children during UNTAET compared with those of today, Rebuilding the Education Sector in East Timor during UNTAET will be of interest to academics, researchers and post-graduate students in the fields of post-conflict studies, post-colonial education and language policy as well as East Timor more specifically. This book will also benefit graduate students and scholars in teacher education. Trina Supit completed her PhD at the University of Sydney, Australia. She was a member of the UNTAET Division of Education.

The Oxford Handbook of Southeast Asian Englishes

Author : Andrew J. Moody
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 019285528X
Total Pages : 865 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (928 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Oxford Handbook of Southeast Asian Englishes by : Andrew J. Moody

Download or read book The Oxford Handbook of Southeast Asian Englishes written by Andrew J. Moody and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2024-04-16 with total page 865 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume describes both the history and the contemporary forms, functions, and status of English in Southeast Asia. The chapters provide a comprehensive overview of current research on a wide range of topics, addressing the impact of English as a language of globalization and exploring new approaches to the spread of English in the region.

The History of Education in Japan (1600 – 2000)

Author : Masashi Tsujimoto
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317295749
Total Pages : 292 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (172 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The History of Education in Japan (1600 – 2000) by : Masashi Tsujimoto

Download or read book The History of Education in Japan (1600 – 2000) written by Masashi Tsujimoto and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-03-16 with total page 292 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As one of the most rapid and earliest nations to achieve "Western modernisation", much of Japan’s success stems from its fruitful literacy history during the Tokugawa shogunate as well as later influences from Western educational ideals and consequent economic and democratic conflicts in Japan. This book seeks to enlighten readers on how education and schooling contributed to Japan’s particular process of modernisation and industrialisation. These historical insights can be applied to crises in formal and systemised education today, and form the basis of potential solutions to controversies faced by formal education in Japan and other nation-states. A book that bridges the international information gap in Japan’s history of education will be immensely valuable to historians of both international and Japanese education.

Growing Smarter

Author : World Bank
Publisher : World Bank Publications
ISBN 13 : 1464812691
Total Pages : 256 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (648 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Growing Smarter by : World Bank

Download or read book Growing Smarter written by World Bank and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2018-04-13 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: One-quarter of the world’s school-age children live in East Asia and Pacific. During the past 50 years, some economies in the region have successfully transformed themselves by investing in the continuous upgrading of the knowledge, skills, and abilities of their workforce. Through policy foresight, they have produced graduates with new levels of knowledge and skills almost as fast as industries have increased their demand for skilled workers. Yet the success of these high-performing systems has not been replicated throughout the region. Tens of millions of students are in school but not learning, and as many as 60 percent of students remain in school systems that are struggling to escape from the global learning crisis or in systems where performance is likely poor. Many students in these systems fail to reach basic levels of proficiency in key subjects and are greatly disadvantaged because of it. Growing Smarter: Learning and Equitable Development in East Asia and Pacific focuses on the experiences of economies in the region that have been able to expand schooling and learning and showcases those that have managed to pursue successful education reforms at scale. By examining these experiences, the report provides both diagnoses and detailed recommendations for improvement not only for education systems within East Asia and Pacific but also for countries across the globe. In East Asia and Pacific, the impressive record of success in education in some low- and middle-income countries is proof of concept that schooling in resource-constrained contexts can lead to learning for all. This report identifies the policies and practices necessary to ensure that students learn and suggests how countries can improve learning outcomes.

Technology and Entrepôt Colonialism in Singapore, 1819-1940

Author : Goh Chor Boon
Publisher : Institute of Southeast Asian Studies
ISBN 13 : 9814414085
Total Pages : 281 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (144 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Technology and Entrepôt Colonialism in Singapore, 1819-1940 by : Goh Chor Boon

Download or read book Technology and Entrepôt Colonialism in Singapore, 1819-1940 written by Goh Chor Boon and published by Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. This book was released on 2013 with total page 281 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How did imported technology contribute to the development of the colony of Singapore? Who were the main agents of change in this process? Was there extensive transfer and diffusion of Western science and technology into the port-city? How did the people respond to change? Examining areas such as shipping, port development, telegraphs and wireless, urban water supply and sewage disposal, economic botany, electrification, food production and retailing, science and technical education, and health, this book documents the role of technology and, to a smaller extent, science, in the transformation of colonial Singapore before 1940. In doing so, this book hopes to provide a new dimension to the historiography of Singapore from a "science, technology and society" perspective.

The Handbook of Asian Englishes

Author : Kingsley Bolton
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118791657
Total Pages : 928 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (187 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Handbook of Asian Englishes by : Kingsley Bolton

Download or read book The Handbook of Asian Englishes written by Kingsley Bolton and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2020-09-14 with total page 928 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first volume of its kind, focusing on the sociolinguistic and socio-political issues surrounding Asian Englishes The Handbook of Asian Englishes provides wide-ranging coverage of the historical and cultural context, contemporary dynamics, and linguistic features of English in use throughout the Asian region. This first-of-its-kind volume offers a wide-ranging exploration of the English language throughout nations in South Asia, Southeast Asia, and East Asia. Contributions by a team of internationally-recognized linguists and scholars of Asian Englishes and Asian languages survey existing works and review new and emerging areas of research in the field. Edited by internationally renowned scholars in the field and structured in four parts, this Handbook explores the status and functions of English in the educational institutions, legal systems, media, popular cultures, and religions of diverse Asian societies. In addition to examining nation-specific topics, this comprehensive volume presents articles exploring pan-Asian issues such as English in Asian schools and universities, English and language policies in the Asian region, and the statistics of English across Asia. Up-to-date research addresses the impact of English as an Asian lingua franca, globalization and Asian Englishes, the dynamics of multilingualism, and more. Examines linguistic history, contemporary linguistic issues, and English in the Outer and Expanding Circles of Asia Focuses on the rapidly-growing complexities of English throughout Asia Includes reviews of the new frontiers of research in Asian Englishes, including the impact of globalization and popular culture Presents an innovative survey of Asian Englishes in one comprehensive volume Serving as an important contribution to fields such as contact linguistics, World Englishes, sociolinguistics, and Asian language studies, The Handbook of Asian Englishes is an invaluable reference resource for undergraduate and graduate students, researchers, and instructors across these areas. Winner of the 2021 PROSE Humanities Category for Language & Linguistics

The Power of Print in Modern China

Author : Robert Culp
Publisher : Columbia University Press
ISBN 13 : 0231545355
Total Pages : 409 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (315 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Power of Print in Modern China by : Robert Culp

Download or read book The Power of Print in Modern China written by Robert Culp and published by Columbia University Press. This book was released on 2019-05-28 with total page 409 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Amid early twentieth-century China’s epochal shifts, a vital and prolific commercial publishing industry emerged. Recruiting late Qing literati, foreign-trained academics, and recent graduates of the modernized school system to work as authors and editors, publishers produced textbooks, reference books, book series, and reprints of classical texts in large quantities at a significant profit. Work for major publishers provided a living to many Chinese intellectuals and offered them a platform to transform Chinese cultural life. In The Power of Print in Modern China, Robert Culp explores the world of commercial publishing to offer a new perspective on modern China’s cultural transformations. Culp examines China’s largest and most influential publishing companies—Commercial Press, Zhonghua Book Company, and World Book Company—during the late Qing and Republican periods and into the early years of the People’s Republic. He reconstructs editors’ cultural activities and work lives as a lens onto the role of intellectuals in cultural change. Examining China’s distinct modes of industrial publishing, Culp explains the emergence of the modern Chinese intellectual through commercial and industrial processes rather than solely through political revolution and social movements. An original account of Chinese intellectual and cultural history as well as global book history, The Power of Print in Modern China illuminates the production of new forms of knowledge and culture in the twentieth century.

Toward a Better Future

Author : Fredriksen Birger
Publisher : World Bank Publications
ISBN 13 : 9780821373767
Total Pages : 224 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (737 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Toward a Better Future by : Fredriksen Birger

Download or read book Toward a Better Future written by Fredriksen Birger and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2008-04-18 with total page 224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 'Toward a Better Future' provides a comprehensive analysis of education development in Singapore since 1965, giving particular attention to the strategic management that has enabled Singapore to transform its education and training system from one similar to that of many Sub-Saharan African countries four decades ago into one of the world's best-performing systems. It is one of a pair of concurrently-published books presenting materials originally developed for a 2006 study tour to Singapore and Vietnam for senior education officials from Cameroon, Ethiopia, Ghana, Lesotho, Madagascar, and Mozambique. The second book, 'An African Exploration of the East Asian Education Experience', presents five country studies, as well as regional, comparative analyses highlighting insights gained during the study tour and putting them in the context of Sub-Saharan Africa. Together, the two books aim to foster knowledge exchange between Sub-Saharan African and East Asian countries on good practices in the design and implementation of education policies and programs. By facilitating the cross-country fertilization of ideas between two regions with relatively limited contact in the past, these books fi ll a clear gap in the current literature on development practice in education.

Education in Vietnam

Author : Jonathan D London
Publisher : Institute of Southeast Asian Studies
ISBN 13 : 9814279056
Total Pages : 355 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (142 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Education in Vietnam by : Jonathan D London

Download or read book Education in Vietnam written by Jonathan D London and published by Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. This book was released on 2011 with total page 355 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Vietnam is a country on the move. Yet contemporary Vietnam's education system is at a crossroads. Rapid economic growth has permitted rapid increases in the scale and scope of formal schooling, but there is a prevailing sense that the current education system is inadequate to the country’s needs. Sunny assessments of Vietnam's “achievements” in the sphere of education have given way to a realization that the country lacks skilled workers. Some have even spoken of an "education crisis". These are not abstract concerns. What is occurring in Vietnam's education system today has broad implications for the country’s social, political, economic, and cultural development. Featuring contributions from scholars and policy analysts from within and outside Vietnam, Education in Vietnam addresses key issues pertaining to the political economy of education, the provision and payment for primary and secondary education, and the development of vocational and tertiary education. The book marks an important contribution to existing understandings of Vietnam’s education system and contributes to broader understandings of social conditions and change in contemporary Vietnam.

Colonial Legacies

Author : Anne E. Booth
Publisher : University of Hawaii Press
ISBN 13 : 0824878418
Total Pages : 258 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (248 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Colonial Legacies by : Anne E. Booth

Download or read book Colonial Legacies written by Anne E. Booth and published by University of Hawaii Press. This book was released on 2018-03-31 with total page 258 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It is well known that Taiwan and South Korea, both former Japanese colonies, achieved rapid growth and industrialization after 1960. The performance of former European and American colonies (Malaysia, Singapore, Burma, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Indonesia, and the Philippines) has been less impressive. Some scholars have attributed the difference to better infrastructure and greater access to education in Japan’s colonies. Anne Booth examines and critiques such arguments in this ambitious comparative study of economic development in East and Southeast Asia from the beginning of the twentieth century until the 1960s. Booth takes an in-depth look at the nature and consequences of colonial policies for a wide range of factors, including the growth of export-oriented agriculture and the development of manufacturing industry. She evaluates the impact of colonial policies on the growth and diversification of the market economy and on the welfare of indigenous populations. Indicators such as educational enrollments, infant mortality rates, and crude death rates are used to compare living standards across East and Southeast Asia in the 1930s. Her analysis of the impact that Japan’s Greater Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere and later invasion and conquest had on the region and the living standards of its people leads to a discussion of the painful and protracted transition to independence following Japan’s defeat. Throughout Booth emphasizes the great variety of economic and social policies pursued by the various colonial governments and the diversity of outcomes. Lucidly and accessibly written, Colonial Legacies offers a balanced and elegantly nuanced exploration of a complex historical reality. It will be a lasting contribution to scholarship on the modern economic history of East and Southeast Asia and of special interest to those concerned with the dynamics of development and the history of colonial regimes. An electronic version of this book is freely available thanks to the support of libraries working with Knowledge Unlatched, a collaborative initiative designed to make high-quality books open access for the public good. The open-access version of this book is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), which means that the work may be freely downloaded and shared for non-commercial purposes, provided credit is given to the author. Derivative works and commercial uses require permission from the publisher.