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Download or read book Economic Model of Brazil's Ethanol-Sugar Markets and Impacts of Fuel Policies written by and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Harry de Gorter
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 50 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (13 download)
Download or read book An Economic Model of Brazil's Ethanol-Sugar Markets and Impacts of Fuel Policies written by Harry de Gorter and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 50 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The lack of growth in the Brazilian sugarcane-ethanol complex since the 2008 financial crisis has been blamed on policies: lower mandate, holding gasoline prices below world levels, high fuel taxes, and inadequate fuel tax exemptions for ethanol. This paper develops an empirical model of the Brazilian fuel-ethanol-sugar complex to analyze the impacts of these policies. Unlike biofuel mandates and tax exemptions elsewhere, Brazil's fuel-ethanol-sugar markets and fuel policies are unique such that each policy, in theory, has an ambiguous impact on the market price of ethanol and hence on sugarcane and sugar prices. The results indicate two policies that seemingly help the ethanol industry do otherwise in reality: low gasoline taxes and high anhydrous tax exemptions lower ethanol prices. But higher mandates, hydrous ethanol tax exemptions, and gasoline prices had the expected impact of increasing ethanol and sugar prices. Eliminating Brazilian ethanol tax exemptions and mandates reduces ethanol prices by 21 percent. Observed changes in prices are explained by outward shifts in fuel transportation and sugar export demand curves, and bad weather reducing sugarcane supply.
Author : De Gorter Harry
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (858 download)
Download or read book An Economic Model of Brazil's Ethanol-Sugar Markets and Impacts of Fuel Policies written by De Gorter Harry and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The lack of growth in the Brazilian sugarcane-ethanol complex since the 2008 financial crisis has been blamed on policies: lower mandate, holding gasoline prices below world levels, high fuel taxes, and inadequate fuel tax exemptions for ethanol. This paper develops an empirical model of the Brazilian fuel-ethanol-sugar complex to analyze the impacts of these policies. Unlike biofuel mandates and tax exemptions elsewhere, Brazil's fuel-ethanol-sugar markets and fuel policies are unique such that each policy, in theory, has an ambiguous impact on the market price of ethanol and hence on sugarcane and sugar prices. The results indicate two policies that seemingly help the ethanol industry do otherwise in reality: low gasoline taxes and high anhydrous tax exemptions lower ethanol prices. But higher mandates, hydrous ethanol tax exemptions, and gasoline prices had the expected impact of increasing ethanol and sugar prices. Eliminating Brazilian ethanol tax exemptions and mandates reduces ethanol prices by 21 percent. Observed changes in prices are explained by outward shifts in fuel transportation and sugar export demand curves, and bad weather reducing sugarcane supply.
Download or read book An Economic Model of Brazil's Ethanol-Sugar Markets and Impacts of Fuel Policies written by and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Dusan Drabik
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (137 download)
Download or read book The Economics of Brazil's Ethanol-Sugar Markets, Mandates, and Tax Exemptions written by Dusan Drabik and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sugarcane in Brazil is processed into sugar and/or ethanol, often in flex plants that can switch between the two products. We develop an economic model of flex plants, export demands, and two domestic fuel demand curves for a blend of ethanol with gasoline consumed by conventional cars, and ethanol consumed only by flex cars. We analyze the market impacts of the following policies: the blend mandate; fixing gasoline prices below world prices; the high gasoline tax; and a higher tax exemption for ethanol blended with gasoline. Because Brazilian and U.S. ethanol prices have become linked, a change in Brazilian ethanol policy or a shock in world sugar markets can now impact U.S. ethanol and corn prices. We show that in theory, each policy analyzed has an ambiguous impact on ethanol and sugar prices. Empirically, however, a low gasoline tax and a high tax exemption for ethanol used in the fuel blend reduce ethanol and sugar prices; this contradicts conventional wisdom. Overall, we find that policy reforms implemented in 2010 offset the ethanol price increase by about 27% due to outward shifts in fuel transportation and sugar export demand curves, and due to a reduced sugarcane supply caused by bad weather. Our model illustrates the importance of Brazil's ethanol policies on world commodity markets; it also provides insight into how the Brazilian government can adjust policies to better control domestic inflation while minimizing impacts on investment.
Author : Brent Borrell
Publisher : World Bank Publications
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 35 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)
Download or read book How a Change in Brazil's Suger Policies Would Affect the World Suger Market written by Brent Borrell and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1991 with total page 35 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: By changing its policy, Brazil could increase its sugar exports greatly. The world price would decline, but Brazil's sugar revenues would increase.
Author : Brent Borrell
Publisher : World Bank Publications
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 28 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)
Download or read book Brazil's Sugarcane Sector written by Brent Borrell and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1994 with total page 28 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Brazil sugar and ethanol story is as follows: direct government intervention overrides market forces, markets undergo dramatic change, intervention establishes vested interests, rent-seeking blocks adjusment to market change, economic objectives become blurred behind political objectives, opportunities go begging, industry profitability suffers, and national income is foregone. A simple economic model of the Brazilian sugarcane sector and policy, interventions is used to measure the costs of existing policies and to develop better policies. Bazil is an efficient producer of sugar, but policy intervention causes: underproduction of sugarcane, the wrong mix of sugar and ethanol from cane (too much ethanol, not enough sugar), missed opportunities to market ethanol in high value uses (as an octane enhancer and clean fuel), and missed opportunities to make the work sugar market more competitive. Adopting more market based policies could be worth billions of dollars extra to Brazil annually.
Author : Márcia Azanha Ferraz Dias de Moraes
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3319031406
Total Pages : 225 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (19 download)
Download or read book Production of Ethanol from Sugarcane in Brazil written by Márcia Azanha Ferraz Dias de Moraes and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2014-03-31 with total page 225 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The success of Brazil in the large-scale production and use of fuel ethanol has been widely discussed and analyzed by other countries interested in adopting policies designed to encourage the use of biofuels. Within this context, certain questions arise: Could the Brazilian experience be replicated in other countries? What were the conditions that enabled the creation of the Brazilian Proálcool (National Ethanol Program and what lessons can be learned? To examine these issues, it is important to understand the functioning of the key, interconnected markets (those for sugarcane, sugar and ethanol), which, from their inception, were the objects of extensive government intervention until 1999. Two main conditions enabled the creation of Proálcool: robust production of sugarcane and sugar (tightly regulated by the government, which applied the numerous regulations then in place); and the military regime that was in place at the time, whose decision-making and enforcement powers were quite broad, facilitating the carrying out of the necessary actions, as well as making it easier to coordinate the activities of the various stakeholders and sectors involved. This book increases understanding of the functioning of the sugarcane supply chain in Brazil, not only during the phase of government intervention but also in recent years (in the free-market environment). The lessons, positive and negative, gleaned from the Brazilian experience can contribute to reflection on and the development of alternative modalities of biofuel production in other countries, making the book of interest to scholars and policy-makers concerned with biofuel and renewable resources as well as economic development.
Author : Dusan Drabik
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 322 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (913 download)
Download or read book The Market and Environmental Effects of Alternative Biofuel Policies written by Dusan Drabik and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 322 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation analyzes market and environmental effects of alternative U.S. and Brazilian biofuel policies. Although we focus on corn- and sugarcane-ethanol, the advanced analytical framework can easily be extended to other biofuels and biofuel feedstocks, such as biodiesel and soybean. The dissertation consists of three chapters. The first chapter develops an analytical framework to assess the market effects of a set of biofuel policies (including subsidies to feedstocks). U.S. corn-ethanol policies are used as an example to study the effects of biofuel policies on corn prices. We determine the 'no policy' ethanol price, analyze the implications for the 'no policy' corn price and resulting 'water' in the ethanol price premium due to the policy, and generalize the surprising interaction effects between mandates and tax credits to include ethanol and corn production subsidies. The effect of an ethanol price premium depends on the value of the ethanol co-product, the value of production subsidies, and how the world ethanol price is determined. U.S. corn-ethanol policies are shown to be a major reason for recent rises in corn prices. The ethanol policy-induced increase in corn prices is estimated to be 33 - 46.5 percent in the period 2008 - 2011. The second chapter seeks to answer the question of what caused the significant increase in ethanol, sugar, and sugarcane prices in Brazil in the period 2010/11 to 2011/12. We develop a general economic model of the Brazilian fuel-ethanol-sugar complex. Unlike biofuel mandates and tax exemptions elsewhere, Brazil's fuel-ethanol-sugar markets and fuel policies are unique in that each policy, in this setting, theoretically has an ambiguous impact on the market price of ethanol and hence on sugarcane and sugar prices. Our empirical analysis shows that there are two policies that seemingly help the ethanol industry but do otherwise in reality: a low gasoline tax and a high anhydrous tax exemption result in lower ethanol prices. On the other hand, as expected, higher mandates, gasoline prices, and tax exemptions for hydrous ethanol lead to higher ethanol and sugar prices. Eliminating Brazilian ethanol tax exemptions and mandates reduces ethanol prices by 21 percent in 2010-11, which is very similar to the estimated effects of U.S. ethanol policies in the same time period. However, the marginal changes in Brazilian policies on ethanol prices between 2010-11 and 2011-12 are small both individually and collectively. The observed market changes can only be explained by outward shifts in fuel transportation and sugar export demand curves, and reduced sugarcane supply due to bad weather. In the third chapter, we investigate whether U.S. corn ethanol saves greenhouse gas emissions relative to the gasoline it is assumed to replace one-to-one (on an energy equivalent basis). This chapter shows that ethanol policies generate far greater carbon leakage in the fuel market than in the agricultural market, where leakage occurs in the form of land use change. Carbon leakage in the fuel market due to a tax credit is always greater than that of a mandate, while the combination of a mandate and subsidy generates greater leakage than a mandate alone. We show that corn-ethanol does not meet the U.S. EPA's sustainability threshold, regardless of the biofuel policy and whether one includes emissions from land use change. This result makes the controversy over how to measure land use change inconsequential.
Author :
Publisher : DIANE Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1437988245
Total Pages : 46 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (379 download)
Download or read book Brazil’s Ethanol Industry: Looking Forward written by and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on with total page 46 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Michael Barzelay
Publisher : Univ of California Press
ISBN 13 : 0520322665
Total Pages : 308 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (23 download)
Download or read book The Politicized Market Economy written by Michael Barzelay and published by Univ of California Press. This book was released on 2023-04-28 with total page 308 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This title is part of UC Press's Voices Revived program, which commemorates University of California Press’s mission to seek out and cultivate the brightest minds and give them voice, reach, and impact. Drawing on a backlist dating to 1893, Voices Revived makes high-quality, peer-reviewed scholarship accessible once again using print-on-demand technology. This title was originally published in 1986.
Author : Marcos Fava Neves
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9086867219
Total Pages : 139 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (868 download)
Download or read book Food and Fuel written by Marcos Fava Neves and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-09-25 with total page 139 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is a contribution of the authors to the food - fuel debate. During 2007 and 2008 several factors led to the food inflation problem: growing population, income distribution, urbanization, biofuel, social programs, production scarcity etc.. Biofuel got most of the blame for food inflation but its responsibility was only limited. There are several possibilities of solving the food inflation problem that are discussed this book. It explores the example of Brazil’s agricultural sector, where a quiet revolution occurred in the last 15 years. This development is leading to Brazil becoming one of the largest food exporters globally. This position will strengthen as an additional 100 million hectares becomes available for crop development. The second part of the book explores the basics of the sugar cane chain. Sugar cane occupies less than 2% of Brazilian arable land and supplies 50% of Brazilian car fuel. In 2010 Brazil produced 53% of the world’s sugar. Sugar cane produces sugar, ethanol (used as car fuel), biogases that are used to co-generate electricity and other by-products. Biofuel is a booming industry. New technologies allow production of diesel and other fuels from cane. Sugar cane ethanol is the only renewable fuel that can currently compete with gasoline. Coca Cola just launched the plastic bottle with sugar cane plastic. This book helps us to understand Brazilian agribusiness and sugar cane economics from various perspectives e.g. international investments, sustainability, future trends and the strategic plan for the Brazilian industry.
Author : Peter Zuurbier
Publisher : BRILL
ISBN 13 : 9086866522
Total Pages : 255 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (868 download)
Download or read book Sugarcane ethanol written by Peter Zuurbier and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2023-08-28 with total page 255 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Climate change is a challenge facing human life. It will change mobility and asks for new energy solutions. Bioenergy has gained increased attention as an alternative to fossil fuels. Energy based on renewable sources may offer part of the solution. Bio ethanol based on sugar cane offers advantages to people, the environment and the economy. Not surprisingly, governments currently enact powerful incentives for the development and exploitation of bio ethanol. However, every inch we come closer to this achievement, evokes more scepticism. Many questions are raised relating to whether sugar cane is really a sustainable solution. Still much is unknown about the net release of carbon dioxide and what the impacts of sugar cane expansion are on green house gas emissions. This book looks at the scientific base of the debate on sugar cane bio ethanol. Authors from Europe, Brazil and the USA capture many aspects of what is known and address assumptions while not denying that still much is unknown. It covers impacts on climate change, land use, sustainability and market demands. This publication discusses public policy impacts, technology developments, the fuel-food dilemma and the millennium development goals. This makes this publication unique and extremely relevant for policymakers, scientists and the private energy sector worldwide."
Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 22 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (79 download)
Download or read book Brazil's sugarcane sector written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 22 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Brazil sugar and ethanol story is as follows: direct government intervention overrides market forces, markets undergo dramatic change, intervention establishes vested interests, rent-seeking blocks adjusment to market change, economic objectives become blurred behind political objectives, opportunities go begging, industry profitability suffers, and national income is foregone. A simple economic model of the Brazilian sugarcane sector and policy, interventions is used to measure the costs of existing policies and to develop better policies. Bazil is an efficient producer of sugar, but policy intervention causes: underproduction of sugarcane, the wrong mix of sugar and ethanol from cane (too much ethanol, not enough sugar), missed opportunities to market ethanol in high value uses (as an octane enhancer and clean fuel), and missed opportunities to make the work sugar market more competitive. Adopting more market based policies could be worth billions of dollars extra to Brazil annually.
Author : Alexandros Gasparatos
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781139531757
Total Pages : 375 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (317 download)
Download or read book Socioeconomic and Environmental Impacts of Biofuels written by Alexandros Gasparatos and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 375 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Biofuels are currently in the middle of a heated academic and public policy debate. Biofuel production has increased fivefold in the past decade and is expected to further double by 2020. Most of this expansion will happen in developing nations. This volume is the first of its kind, providing a comprehensive overview of the biofuel debate in developing countries. The chapters are written by a multidisciplinary team of experts, exposing the key drivers and impacts of biofuel production and use. The book covers impacts as diverse as air pollution, biodiversity loss, deforestation, energy security, food security, greenhouse gas emissions, land use change, rural development, water consumption and other socioeconomic issues. Its wide focus accommodates examples from countries in Africa, America and Asia. As such, this book will become an indispensable companion to academics, practitioners and policy makers who wish to know more about biofuel issues in the developing world"--Provided by publisher.
Author : Jennifer Eaglin
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 019751068X
Total Pages : 281 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (975 download)
Download or read book Sweet Fuel written by Jennifer Eaglin and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2022 with total page 281 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Early sugar and ethanol policy, 1933-1959 -- Sugar, ethanol, and development, 1959-1975 -- Proálcool, 1975-1985 -- Lakes of sacrifice: ethanol and water pollution -- Proálcool, caneworkers, and the guariba strikes of 1984 -- Proálcool reimagined, 1985-2003.
Author : Madhu Khanna
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 1493969064
Total Pages : 442 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (939 download)
Download or read book Handbook of Bioenergy Economics and Policy: Volume II written by Madhu Khanna and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-05-22 with total page 442 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In its second volume, this book aims to link the academic research with development in the real world and provide a historical and institutional background that can enrich more formal research. The first section will include an assessment of the evolution and the state of the nascent second-generation biofuel as well as a perspective on the evolution of corn ethanol and sugarcane ethanol in Brazil. It will also include a historical and institutional background on the biofuel industry in Brazil that has global lessons, and later, provide a technical overview of major analytical tools used to assess the economic, land use and greenhouse gas implications of biofuel policies at a regional and global level. Additionally, the book analyzes the various drivers for land use change both at a micro-economic level and at a macro-economic level. It presents studies that apply regional and global economic models to examine the effects of biofuel policies in the US, EU and Brazil on regional and global land use, on food and fuel prices and greenhouse gas emissions. These papers illustrate the use of partial and general equilibrium modeling approaches to simulate the effects of various biofuel policies, and includes studies showing the effects of risk aversion, time preferences and liquidity constraints on farmers decision to grow energy crops for biofuel production. By presenting the tools of lifecycle analysis for assessing the direct greenhouse gas intensity of biofuels, this handbook investigates the types of indirect or market mediated effects that can offset or strengthen these direct effects. It will include tools to assess the direct and indirect effects of biofuel production on greenhouse gas emissions in the US and Brazil, and ultimately provide a comprehensive background to understand the state of biofuel in the present and how to analyze their implication.
