Earnings Management And Corporate Governance An Investigation Of Financial Statement Reporting Of Publicly Listed Companies In Nigeria

Download Earnings Management And Corporate Governance An Investigation Of Financial Statement Reporting Of Publicly Listed Companies In Nigeria full books in PDF, epub, and Kindle. Read online Earnings Management And Corporate Governance An Investigation Of Financial Statement Reporting Of Publicly Listed Companies In Nigeria ebook anywhere anytime directly on your device. Fast Download speed and no annoying ads. We cannot guarantee that every ebooks is available!

Earnings Management and Corporate Governance. An Investigation of Financial Statement Reporting of Publicly Listed Companies in Nigeria

Author : Ademola Akinteye
Publisher : GRIN Verlag
ISBN 13 : 334607871X
Total Pages : 862 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (46 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Earnings Management and Corporate Governance. An Investigation of Financial Statement Reporting of Publicly Listed Companies in Nigeria by : Ademola Akinteye

Download or read book Earnings Management and Corporate Governance. An Investigation of Financial Statement Reporting of Publicly Listed Companies in Nigeria written by Ademola Akinteye and published by GRIN Verlag. This book was released on 2019-12-09 with total page 862 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Doctoral Thesis / Dissertation from the year 2015 in the subject Business economics - Investment and Finance, grade: Great Distinction, UGSM-Monarch Business School Switzerland (Accounting and Finance), course: Doctor of Philosophy in Finance, language: English, abstract: The dissertation examined Earnings Management and Corporate Governance Governance Practices of the firms that are listed on the floor of the Nigerian Stock Exchange. The researcher investigated the published financial statements of all the listed companies across all the sectors of the exchange using empirical quantitative research methods. Al the variables of earnings management were extracted from the published annual financial statements and Directors Annual Reports through Content Analysis. The paper further explored all the variables of corporate governance as published by the Directors in the Annual Reports in the Financial Statements and through a face to face recorded interviews of the members of the Board of Directors, the members of the Audit Committees and the Heads of Internal Audit Functions in the Listed Public Companies. The study documented that companies that are listed on the Nigerian Stock Exchange are involved in both the upward and downward earnings management practices. This findings cut across all the Sectors and categorization of the companies on the Nigerian Stock Exchange. The research thus recommended the need for better oversight by the Board of Directors, the Audit Committee and the Market Regulators mainly the Security and Exchange Commission and the Nigerian Stock Exchange. The findings of the Research on Corporate Governance is mixed. In certain sectors, evidence of strong corporate governance are documented as reflected in the quality of Board Members, the Quality of the deliberations at the Board meetings, the independence of the Board, the independence of the Audit Committee and the independence and effectiveness of the Head of the Internal Audit function measured by the reporting line of the holder of this role. In some sectors, the ingredients of strong corporate governance were missing thus suggesting a need for a more stricter regime of corporate governance to be implemented in these corporations.

Earnings Management and Corporate Governance. An Investigation OfFinancial Statement Reporting of Publicly Listed Companies in Nigeria

Author : Ademola Akinteye
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9783346078728
Total Pages : 868 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (787 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Earnings Management and Corporate Governance. An Investigation OfFinancial Statement Reporting of Publicly Listed Companies in Nigeria by : Ademola Akinteye

Download or read book Earnings Management and Corporate Governance. An Investigation OfFinancial Statement Reporting of Publicly Listed Companies in Nigeria written by Ademola Akinteye and published by . This book was released on 2019-10-22 with total page 868 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Doctoral Thesis / Dissertation from the year 2015 in the subject Business economics - Investment and Finance, grade: Great Distinction, UGSM-Monarch Business School Switzerland (Accounting and Finance), course: Doctor of Philosophy in Finance, language: English, abstract: The dissertation examined Earnings Management and Corporate Governance Governance Practices of the firms that are listed on the floor of the Nigerian Stock Exchange. The researcher investigated the published financial statements of all the listed companies across all the sectors of the exchange using empirical quantitative research methods. Al the variables of earnings management were extracted from the published annual financial statements and Directors Annual Reports through Content Analysis. The paper further explored all the variables of corporate governance as published by the Directors in the Annual Reports in the Financial Statements and through a face to face recorded interviews of the members of the Board of Directors, the members of the Audit Committees and the Heads of Internal Audit Functions in the Listed Public Companies. The study documented that companies that are listed on the Nigerian Stock Exchange are involved in both the upward and downward earnings management practices. This findings cut across all the Sectors and categorization of the companies on the Nigerian Stock Exchange. The research thus recommended the need for better oversight by the Board of Directors, the Audit Committee and the Market Regulators mainly the Security and Exchange Commission and the Nigerian Stock Exchange. The findings of the Research on Corporate Governance is mixed. In certain sectors, evidence of strong corporate governance are documented as reflected in the quality of Board Members, the Quality of the deliberations at the Board meetings, the independence of the Board, the independence of the Audit Committee and the independence and effectiveness of the Head of the Internal Audit function measur

Earnings Management

Author : Joshua Ronen
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 0387257713
Total Pages : 587 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (872 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Earnings Management by : Joshua Ronen

Download or read book Earnings Management written by Joshua Ronen and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-08-06 with total page 587 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is a study of earnings management, aimed at scholars and professionals in accounting, finance, economics, and law. The authors address research questions including: Why are earnings so important that firms feel compelled to manipulate them? What set of circumstances will induce earnings management? How will the interaction among management, boards of directors, investors, employees, suppliers, customers and regulators affect earnings management? How to design empirical research addressing earnings management? What are the limitations and strengths of current empirical models?

Earnings Management and Corporate Finance

Author : Joanna Lizińska
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1040104150
Total Pages : 235 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (41 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Earnings Management and Corporate Finance by : Joanna Lizińska

Download or read book Earnings Management and Corporate Finance written by Joanna Lizińska and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2024-07-01 with total page 235 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In today's dynamic landscape of accounting, corporate finance, and business management, earnings management has assumed paramount importance. Transparent and reliable accounting information is crucial for accurate corporate performance forecasting and financial decision-making. This book uniquely discusses practical earnings management methods within the accounting and taxation realms. It is supported by extensive international evidence linking informativeness of financial reports to companies’ financial decisions. Delving into the earnings management process, this book provides profound insights into how profits can be influenced through accounting choices and real business transactions. Real-life case studies will undoubtedly facilitate the understanding of accounting and taxation methods. Additionally, it unravels key elements of corporate finance puzzles related to the transparency of financial reports, including the macroeconomic environment, profit thresholds, cash management, audit quality, financing decisions, and financial health. With broad empirical evidence from various European countries, it multidimensionally explores the important link between the quality of information in financial statements and trade-offs behind financial decisions. The book serves as a valuable reference for international researchers in corporate finance, accounting, and corporate governance. It is also a powerful tool for business practitioners, including owners, lenders, auditors, regulatory and professional bodies, business partners, or other market participants. For those seeking the latest insights on earnings management, those producing or assessing accounting information, and those using financial reports in their research or business practice, this book is a must-read.

International Financial Reporting Standards and New Directions in Earnings Management

Author : Jonas Da Silva Oliveira
Publisher : Business Science Reference
ISBN 13 : 9781522585947
Total Pages : 368 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (859 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis International Financial Reporting Standards and New Directions in Earnings Management by : Jonas Da Silva Oliveira

Download or read book International Financial Reporting Standards and New Directions in Earnings Management written by Jonas Da Silva Oliveira and published by Business Science Reference. This book was released on 2019-01-11 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This book investigates the new directions in earnings management and analyzes its relationship with international financial reporting standards, audits, corporate governance, the public sector, and ethics"--

An Investigation of Governance and Fraudulent Earnings Management

Author : Imad Izzat Youssif
Publisher : Universal-Publishers
ISBN 13 : 1612334377
Total Pages : 119 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (123 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis An Investigation of Governance and Fraudulent Earnings Management by : Imad Izzat Youssif

Download or read book An Investigation of Governance and Fraudulent Earnings Management written by Imad Izzat Youssif and published by Universal-Publishers. This book was released on 2015-08-19 with total page 119 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This research paper outlines the summary of the key components of a research study that examined earnings management by analyzing the effect of external and internal corporate governance mechanisms on earnings management with an emphasis on external factors. The focus on corporate governance has been emphasized over the past decade by the activities of predators, through corporate collapses, and by previously unimaginable strategic developments. This research study is outlined as follows: research questions and hypotheses, comprehensive description of survey methodology, data collection, and sampling design. The research highlights the process of how the study was conducted as well as the purpose and importance of the research.

Detecting Earnings Management

Author : Gary Giroux
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 344 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 ( download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Detecting Earnings Management by : Gary Giroux

Download or read book Detecting Earnings Management written by Gary Giroux and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2004 with total page 344 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: ESSENTIAL TOOLS AND STRATEGIES FOR DETECTING MANIPULATION. As recent corporate scandals prove, corrupt companies can maintain a façade of financial success through manipulation and fraud almost to the day they file for bankruptcy. Fortunately, tools exists to detect aggressive earnings management. This timely book reviews the current environment, explains the tools that can be used to detect a manipulative financial environment, and introduces techniques for recasting financial information to get a truer economic picture. Brief cases reflecting a variety of companies provide a feel for evaluating public data and how earning management potential can be analyzed. In addition, an appendix features a complete earnings management detection checklist that can be used to conduct a thorough analysis of any corporation. Detecting Earning Management will help readers: Identify the incentive of management to manipulate earning to promote their own short-term interests. Evaluate the effectiveness of corporate governance to limit short-term manipulation and promote long-term success. Consider whether recent regulations, such as Sarbanes-Oxley, will limit future abuse. Review the major fraud techniques used in the recent and not-so-recent scandals. Identify the potential areas of manipulation and other sources of distortion and develop appropriate detection strategies. Understand the challenging areas that can distort financial reality such as acquisitions, derivatives, and special purpose entities.

Comparative Research on Earnings Management, Corporate Governance, and Economic Value

Author : Elisabete S. Vieira
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781799875970
Total Pages : 460 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (759 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Comparative Research on Earnings Management, Corporate Governance, and Economic Value by : Elisabete S. Vieira

Download or read book Comparative Research on Earnings Management, Corporate Governance, and Economic Value written by Elisabete S. Vieira and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 460 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This book discusses the accounting policies firms use in different opportunistic circumstances in order to manage earnings, and to understand the corporate governance practices in different countries, and its relationship to firms' performance, and other dimensions of companies"--

Introduction to Earnings Management

Author : Malek El Diri
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319626868
Total Pages : 113 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (196 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Introduction to Earnings Management by : Malek El Diri

Download or read book Introduction to Earnings Management written by Malek El Diri and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-08-20 with total page 113 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides researchers and scholars with a comprehensive and up-to-date analysis of earnings management theory and literature. While it raises new questions for future research, the book can be also helpful to other parties who rely on financial reporting in making decisions like regulators, policy makers, shareholders, investors, and gatekeepers e.g., auditors and analysts. The book summarizes the existing literature and provides insight into new areas of research such as the differences between earnings management, fraud, earnings quality, impression management, and expectation management; the trade-off between earnings management activities; the special measures of earnings management; and the classification of earnings management motives based on a comprehensive theoretical framework.

Building Public Trust

Author : Samuel A. DiPiazza, Jr.
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 0471432539
Total Pages : 210 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (714 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Building Public Trust by : Samuel A. DiPiazza, Jr.

Download or read book Building Public Trust written by Samuel A. DiPiazza, Jr. and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2002-09-18 with total page 210 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Business reporting in a post-apocalypse global marketplace Clearly, now is the time for creating an effective business-reporting model appropriate for the markets of the twenty-first century. Rather than start from scratch after the Enron-Andersen fiasco, two leading consultants from PricewaterhouseCoopers present a plan that supplements the current model, one in which executives, accountants, analysts, investors, regulators, and other stakeholders can truly embrace the spirit of transparency. The Future of Corporate Reporting highlights the best practices for global financial reporting, explaining the concept of "performance auditing," which focuses on the real performance of the business as opposed to technical adherence to GAAS. Eccles and Masterson also discuss the pros and cons of GAAP v. IAS, present new approaches to reforming financial reporting, and outline a twenty-first-century model of accounting that will improve markets and benefit shareholders.

Corporate Governance and IFRS in the Middle East

Author : Muath Abdelqader
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1000803678
Total Pages : 261 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (8 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Corporate Governance and IFRS in the Middle East by : Muath Abdelqader

Download or read book Corporate Governance and IFRS in the Middle East written by Muath Abdelqader and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2022-12-14 with total page 261 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The rapid globalization of capital markets has increased attention toward examining the quality of the disclosure practices implemented by companies, as internationalization and globalization are the most important motives of the harmonization of financial statements preparation and presentation. Given the expansion of trade and the openness to foreign capital markets, investment decisions became not limited only for local users, but also international users may need to access the financial information. The issuance of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) to be used throughout the world aims to improve the comparability and understandability of financial statements, and hence, to enhance investment decisions through helping investors across the borders to invest in multinational companies. Although fluid and under-developed institutional arrangements remain central features of emerging markets, ensuring effective corporate governance mechanisms would indeed support companies in complying with IFRS – the latter imposes a challenge for companies operating in emerging markets. This book evaluates the differences in the level of compliance with IFRS across the GCC states, exploring the impact of corporate governance on the level of compliance with IFRS and presenting an empirical analysis of companies across the GCC. It makes an important contribution by providing a detailed empirical analysis of the interplay between corporate governance and IFRS in emerging market setting and highlights the way for future research. It will provide international business, management, and accounting and finance students and senior practitioners with a completely new and updated guide to the work in the field of corporate governance and IFRS compliance in emerging markets.

Comparative Research on Earnings Management, Corporate Governance, and Economic Value

Author : Vieira, Elisabete S.
Publisher : IGI Global
ISBN 13 : 1799875989
Total Pages : 433 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (998 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Comparative Research on Earnings Management, Corporate Governance, and Economic Value by : Vieira, Elisabete S.

Download or read book Comparative Research on Earnings Management, Corporate Governance, and Economic Value written by Vieira, Elisabete S. and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2021-02-12 with total page 433 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: New trends are emerging regarding earnings management and corporate governance showing similarities and striking differences in the practices of different countries and economies. These new trends currently shape the field of modern corporate governance with crucial issues being looked at in governance law and practices, accounting systems, earnings quality and management, stakeholder involvement, and more. In order to advance these new avenues in corporate governance, research looks at accounting policies firms use in different opportunistic circumstances in order to manage earnings, the corporate governance practices in different countries, firm performance, and other dimensions of companies. The understanding of these topics is beneficial in understanding the current state of different types of firms and their practices in modern times. Comparative Research on Earnings Management, Corporate Governance, and Economic Value is focused on the investigation of key challenges and perspectives of corporate governance and earnings management and outlines possible scenarios of its development. The chapters explore this new avenue of research and cover theoretical, empirical, and experimental studies related to different themes in the global context of earnings management and corporate governance. This book is ideal for economists, businesses, managers, accountants, practitioners, stakeholders, researchers, academicians, and students who are interested in the current issues and advancements in corporate governance and earnings management.

Corporate Payout Policy

Author : Harry DeAngelo
Publisher : Now Publishers Inc
ISBN 13 : 1601982046
Total Pages : 215 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (19 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Corporate Payout Policy by : Harry DeAngelo

Download or read book Corporate Payout Policy written by Harry DeAngelo and published by Now Publishers Inc. This book was released on 2009 with total page 215 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Corporate Payout Policy synthesizes the academic research on payout policy and explains "how much, when, and how". That is (i) the overall value of payouts over the life of the enterprise, (ii) the time profile of a firm's payouts across periods, and (iii) the form of those payouts. The authors conclude that today's theory does a good job of explaining the general features of corporate payout policies, but some important gaps remain. So while our emphasis is to clarify "what we know" about payout policy, the authors also identify a number of interesting unresolved questions for future research. Corporate Payout Policy discusses potential influences on corporate payout policy including managerial use of payouts to signal future earnings to outside investors, individuals' behavioral biases that lead to sentiment-based demands for distributions, the desire of large block stockholders to maintain corporate control, and personal tax incentives to defer payouts. The authors highlight four important "carry-away" points: the literature's focus on whether repurchases will (or should) drive out dividends is misplaced because it implicitly assumes that a single payout vehicle is optimal; extant empirical evidence is strongly incompatible with the notion that the primary purpose of dividends is to signal managers' views of future earnings to outside investors; over-confidence on the part of managers is potentially a first-order determinant of payout policy because it induces them to over-retain resources to invest in dubious projects and so behavioral biases may, in fact, turn out to be more important than agency costs in explaining why investors pressure firms to accelerate payouts; the influence of controlling stockholders on payout policy --- particularly in non-U.S. firms, where controlling stockholders are common --- is a promising area for future research. Corporate Payout Policy is required reading for both researchers and practitioners interested in understanding this central topic in corporate finance and governance.

Journal of Environmental Accounting and Management

Author : Zhifeng Yang
Publisher : L& H Scientific Publishing
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 100 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Journal of Environmental Accounting and Management by : Zhifeng Yang

Download or read book Journal of Environmental Accounting and Management written by Zhifeng Yang and published by L& H Scientific Publishing. This book was released on 2018-07-01 with total page 100 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: his peer-reviewed journal publishes original research results in the field of environmental and ecological science with focus on applications to the sustainable management of natural, human-dominated, and man-made ecosystems. The aim of the journal is to provide a place for a rapid exchange of new ideas and concepts for scientists and engineers in the fields of environmental accounting, human and systems ecology, and environmental management. Manuscripts on environmental accounting and managements are solicited, including: mathematical modeling; computational and management techniques in environmental, ecological, energy and information science; environmental technology and engineering; human managed ecosystems such as agricultural, urban, coastal, riparian, and wetland ecosystems. No length limitations for contributions are set, but only concisely written manuscripts are considered for publication. Brief papers can be published on the basis of Technical Notes. Discussions of previous published papers are welcome. Topics of Interest Environmental and ecological economics, environmental accounting, environmental impact assessment, ecosystem service assessment, energy and resource use, social factors and management.Modeling in environmental conservation and restoration, eco-hydrology and water resources management, ecological process and pattern, climate change effects, environmental engineering and technology.Planning and management in human dimension-institutions and patterns for socio-economic systems, industrial ecology, ecological informatics, landscape design, and urban planning.Environmental policy, legislation, and innovations with environmental and strategic impact assessment, project appraisal and auditing, and environmental protection.

Earnings Management

Author : Kathleen Yates
Publisher : Nova Science Publishers
ISBN 13 : 9781634855112
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (551 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Earnings Management by : Kathleen Yates

Download or read book Earnings Management written by Kathleen Yates and published by Nova Science Publishers. This book was released on 2016 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Earnings management is an issue that directly affects the overall integrity and quality of financial reporting and to date, many studies have been conducted in an attempt to gain an understanding of whether firms are engaging in earnings management, why they do so, what are the motives that drive managers' discretionary behaviour, what are the economic consequences and whether investors can see through this behaviour? In this book, Chapter One reviews the developments and the trends in the contemporary earnings management research and discuss several possible avenues for future research. Chapter Two provides an overview of the most recent studies on earnings management in relation to the financial crisis and the institutional environment and firm characteristics. Chapter Three provides a description of the nowadays most commonly used methods for measuring earnings management in accounting and finance literature. Chapter Four examines earnings management and corporate social responsibility as an entrenchment strategy.

Public Sector Accountants and Quantum Leap: How Far We Can Survive in Industrial Revolution 4.0?

Author : Akhmad Solikin
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 100019468X
Total Pages : 418 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (1 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Public Sector Accountants and Quantum Leap: How Far We Can Survive in Industrial Revolution 4.0? by : Akhmad Solikin

Download or read book Public Sector Accountants and Quantum Leap: How Far We Can Survive in Industrial Revolution 4.0? written by Akhmad Solikin and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2020-08-07 with total page 418 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Industrial Revolution 4.0 will not only cause job losses, but will also create new workspaces that may not exist today. It also needs to be considered by accountants in government because the processes of budget planning, budget execution, and financial reporting have used a large number of information systems. In the era of the Industrial Revolution 4.0, the changes will be faster, marked by the emergence of such systems as supercomputers, smart robots, cloud computing, big data systems, genetic engineering and the development of neurotechnology that allows humans to optimize brain function further. Industrial Revolution 4.0 will disrupt the accounting profession. This proceedings provides selected papers/research on government accounting, accountability and integrity public sector accounting, financial accounting, accounting information system, auditing and assurance, corporate sustainability, forensic and management accounting, public and corporate finance, taxation and customs, open innovation in public sector accounting. The proceedings provide details beyond what is possible to be included in an oral presentation and constitute a concise but timely medium for the dissemination of recent research results. It will be invaluable to professionals and academics in the field of accounting, finance and the public sector to get an understanding of recent research.

Proceedings of International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Intelligent Systems

Author : Mostafa Al-Emran
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030826163
Total Pages : 718 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (38 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Proceedings of International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Intelligent Systems by : Mostafa Al-Emran

Download or read book Proceedings of International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Intelligent Systems written by Mostafa Al-Emran and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-08-07 with total page 718 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book sheds light on the emerging research trends in intelligent systems and their applications. It mainly focuses on three different themes, including software engineering, ICT in education, and management information systems. Each chapter contributes to the aforementioned themes by discussing the recent design, developments, and modifications of intelligent systems and their applications.