Dynamic Equivalent Wind Farm Models For Planning Operation And Post Fault Analyses

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Dynamic Equivalent Wind Farm Models for Planning, Operation, and Post-fault Analyses

Author : Yuhao Zhou
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 111 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (132 download)

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Book Synopsis Dynamic Equivalent Wind Farm Models for Planning, Operation, and Post-fault Analyses by : Yuhao Zhou

Download or read book Dynamic Equivalent Wind Farm Models for Planning, Operation, and Post-fault Analyses written by Yuhao Zhou and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 111 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With high penetration level of the wind power energy in the power grid, it is necessary to develop robust dynamic wind farm models for stability analysis under different scenarios. However, one single wind generator (WG) contains many parameter and control loops, it's impractical to apply such detailed high-order model of individual wind turbine for dynamic stability analysis due to its computational burden and availability of the data. Therefore, there's a need for deriving the dynamic equivalent model (DEM) for the wind farm. In the real world, a wind farm may contain different types of WGs coming from different manufactures/vendors with crowbar protection schemes, this makes dynamic equivalent modeling process very challenging and difficult. Western Electricity Coordinating Council (WECC) proposed 4 types of WG's generic models. In this article-based dissertation, the WECC's generic models are applied, and the proposed detailed procedures of deriving the DEM for power grids'planning, operation and post-fault analysis are presented in 4 published research papers. In the first paper, the single-machine DEM for a wind farm containing type-3 doubly fed induction generators (DFIGs) coming from the same manufacture/vendor was conducted. The parameter identification for the derived DEM was performed by adopting the novel heuristic optimization algorithm, which aims at minimizing the differences of the dynamic responses measured at the point of interconnection (POI) between the detailed wind farm model and the derived DEM. Moreover, to make it more practical and robust considering the realistic scenario that only portion of the WGs are online, the proportion estimation analysis was adopted, which aims at adaptively modifying the ratings of the DEM to improve its robustness.To further improve the feasibility of the proposed method, a multistage dynamic equivalent modeling method for a wind farm consists of different types of WGs coming from different manufactures/vendors was presented in the second paper. Sensitivity analysis was applied for choosing the key parameters to improve the speed of the model validation process. Besides, the wake effect model was considered regarding the robustness of the derived DEM. Since type-3 WGs (DFIG) usually adopt the crowbar protection scheme regarding the low voltage ride through (LVRT) requirement and the over current protection of the rotor in the generator, it will affect the dynamic response of the DFIG. However, there's no crowbar circuit component in WECC's generic models. To enhance the applicability of the model, the third and fourth papers in this dissertation add the crowbar circuit component into the WECC's type-3 generic model to derive the DEM of the DFIG wind farms considering the crowbar protection. In the third paper, the wind speed distribution inside the wind farm is assumed to be known, and thus an improved multi-machine DEM was developed to improve the accuracy and robustness. In the fourth paper, the DEM was developed for the post-fault analysis of the wind farm based on the crowbar circuit's triggering waveforms if the previous assumption about the wind speed distribution inside the wind farm was unknown.

A Wide-band Dynamic Equivalent Model of Wind Power Plants for the Analysis of Electromagnetic Transients in Power Systems

Author : Nabil Mahmoud Mohammed Dalia Hussein
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (13 download)

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Book Synopsis A Wide-band Dynamic Equivalent Model of Wind Power Plants for the Analysis of Electromagnetic Transients in Power Systems by : Nabil Mahmoud Mohammed Dalia Hussein

Download or read book A Wide-band Dynamic Equivalent Model of Wind Power Plants for the Analysis of Electromagnetic Transients in Power Systems written by Nabil Mahmoud Mohammed Dalia Hussein and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Fault Diagnosis and Sustainable Control of Wind Turbines

Author : Silvio Simani
Publisher : Butterworth-Heinemann
ISBN 13 : 0128129859
Total Pages : 230 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (281 download)

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Book Synopsis Fault Diagnosis and Sustainable Control of Wind Turbines by : Silvio Simani

Download or read book Fault Diagnosis and Sustainable Control of Wind Turbines written by Silvio Simani and published by Butterworth-Heinemann. This book was released on 2018-01-02 with total page 230 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fault Diagnosis and Sustainable Control of Wind Turbines: Robust Data-Driven and Model-Based Strategies discusses the development of reliable and robust fault diagnosis and fault-tolerant (‘sustainable’) control schemes by means of data-driven and model-based approaches. These strategies are able to cope with unknown nonlinear systems and noisy measurements. The book also discusses simpler solutions relying on data-driven and model-based methodologies, which are key when on-line implementations are considered for the proposed schemes. The book targets both professional engineers working in industry and researchers in academic and scientific institutions. In order to improve the safety, reliability and efficiency of wind turbine systems, thus avoiding expensive unplanned maintenance, the accommodation of faults in their early occurrence is fundamental. To highlight the potential of the proposed methods in real applications, hardware–in–the–loop test facilities (representing realistic wind turbine systems) are considered to analyze the digital implementation of the designed solutions. The achieved results show that the developed schemes are able to maintain the desired performances, thus validating their reliability and viability in real-time implementations. Different groups of readers—ranging from industrial engineers wishing to gain insight into the applications' potential of new fault diagnosis and sustainable control methods, to the academic control community looking for new problems to tackle—will find much to learn from this work. Provides wind turbine models with varying complexity, as well as the solutions proposed and developed by the authors Addresses in detail the design, development and realistic implementation of fault diagnosis and fault tolerant control strategies for wind turbine systems Addresses the development of sustainable control solutions that, in general, do not require the introduction of further or redundant measurements Proposes active fault tolerant ('sustainable') solutions that are able to maintain the wind turbine working conditions with gracefully degraded performance before required maintenance can occur Presents full coverage of the diagnosis and fault tolerant control problem, starting from the modeling and identification and finishing with diagnosis and fault tolerant control approaches Provides MATLAB and Simulink codes for the solutions proposed

Performance Assessment and Management of Large Wind Farms Under Abnormal Grid Operating Conditions

Author : Waqar A Qureshi
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 156 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (87 download)

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Book Synopsis Performance Assessment and Management of Large Wind Farms Under Abnormal Grid Operating Conditions by : Waqar A Qureshi

Download or read book Performance Assessment and Management of Large Wind Farms Under Abnormal Grid Operating Conditions written by Waqar A Qureshi and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 156 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Increased penetration of wind generation into high voltage transmission systems necessitates the development of grid integration standards. Wind farms during normal system operation have been well assessed for impacts like forecasting, reliability, power quality, and transient stability following its large scale integration. Fault responses and protection schemes are currently not standardized and neither following consistent practices for existing wind farms which provides research opportunities. This is because different wind generation technologies exhibit diverse dynamic characteristics following grid disturbances, compared to synchronous generators. In this research, wind farms are illustrative of increasing influence of renewable on grids with several large scale deployments being integrated with transmission networks. The New Zealand (NZ) grid has been used in this thesis to develop methodology for ride-through criteria. During abnormal operations, ride-through requirement is prerequisite to handle large grid disturbance. Network characteristics and their interaction with available wind technologies also impact dynamic behaviour. One of the most important integration criteria for large wind farms are Fault Ride-through (FRT). Development of the FRT voltage envelope depends on transmission network characteristics along with considerations like contingency and existing protective relay settings. The first objective utilises the real New Zealand North Island network diagrams and data to test the proposed methodology, and summarise the results. Finally proposed actual voltage ride-through criteria for New Zealand grids (North and South Islands) are also presented with international benchmarking. To address the second objective, Type-1, Type-2 and Type-3 machines are modelled and connected to the same Point of Common Coupling (PCC). Large scale grid disturbance scenarios are created and identical faults are exposed to individual wind farm type. Fault current dynamics of wind farm type are then recorded from simulations and assessed for protection schemes like over-current, distance and differential. These responses are then compared from a protection relay operation viewpoint to assess the protection performance for the various Wind Turbine Generator (WTG) technologies. The third research objective explores an important aspect for fault level estimation that is sequence network equivalence. Realistic fault impedances can be used to estimate fault current levels without including the whole model of wind farms for the purpose of simplified analyses. It is known that dynamic fault impedance, or short-circuit impedance of convertor based wind farm cannot be directly evaluated through conventional methods without explicitly factoring internal machine control actions. The dynamic fault impedance of machine with positive sequence control is hard to standardize. A case study involving a DFIG (Doubly Fed Induction Generator) based wind farm having multiple units, is developed and utilise to record fault data in case of unsymmetrical faults. The data obtained is thereafter used to evaluate sequence impedance values for that wind farm during the fault period. Results obtained from analysis reveal that it is possible to estimate dynamic value of impedance of the WTG during fault factoring its internal control action The systematic development of FRT criteria proposed in this thesis provides a consistent pathway for any transmission utility to identify the important parameters and procedure required to assess and develop FRT. Fault current responses from WTGs, another outcome of this research, is useful for providing guidelines for relay manufacturers and transmission engineers to deal with protection performance issues. The proposed sequence network equivalent method proposed in this thesis helps to estimate dynamic fault impedance value without theoretical calculations during the fault. All three objectives delivered through this thesis revolve around understanding and exploring performance assessment for fault responses of large integrated WTGs during abnormal grid operation. In summary, this work is aimed towards the better understanding of wind farms during abnormal grid operating conditions to help establish improved protection and control strategies.

Modeling, Simulation and Optimization of Wind Farms and Hybrid Systems

Author : Karam Maalawi
Publisher : BoD – Books on Demand
ISBN 13 : 1789856116
Total Pages : 264 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (898 download)

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Book Synopsis Modeling, Simulation and Optimization of Wind Farms and Hybrid Systems by : Karam Maalawi

Download or read book Modeling, Simulation and Optimization of Wind Farms and Hybrid Systems written by Karam Maalawi and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2020-03-25 with total page 264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The reduction of greenhouse gas emissions is a major governmental goal worldwide. The main target, hopefully by 2050, is to move away from fossil fuels in the electricity sector and then switch to clean power to fuel transportation, buildings and industry. This book discusses important issues in the expanding field of wind farm modeling and simulation as well as the optimization of hybrid and micro-grid systems. Section I deals with modeling and simulation of wind farms for efficient, reliable and cost-effective optimal solutions. Section II tackles the optimization of hybrid wind/PV and renewable energy-based smart micro-grid systems.

Wind Energy Modeling and Simulation

Author : Paul Veers
Publisher : Energy Engineering
ISBN 13 : 1785615211
Total Pages : 425 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (856 download)

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Book Synopsis Wind Energy Modeling and Simulation by : Paul Veers

Download or read book Wind Energy Modeling and Simulation written by Paul Veers and published by Energy Engineering. This book was released on 2020-01-02 with total page 425 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Wind Energy Modeling and Simulation: Atmosphere and plant is the first book in a comprehensive two-volume set on wind farm power modelling; the key to efficient wind plant design and wind power growth.

Modeling, Analysis and Enhancement of the performance of a Wind Driven DFIG During steady state and transient conditions

Author : Mohmoud Mossa
Publisher : Anchor Academic Publishing (aap_verlag)
ISBN 13 : 3954896397
Total Pages : 116 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (548 download)

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Book Synopsis Modeling, Analysis and Enhancement of the performance of a Wind Driven DFIG During steady state and transient conditions by : Mohmoud Mossa

Download or read book Modeling, Analysis and Enhancement of the performance of a Wind Driven DFIG During steady state and transient conditions written by Mohmoud Mossa and published by Anchor Academic Publishing (aap_verlag). This book was released on 2014-02-01 with total page 116 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recently, wind electrical power systems are getting a lot of attention since they are cost competitive, environmentally clean, and safe renewable power source as compared with the fossil fuel and nuclear power generation. A special type of induction generator, called a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG), is used extensively for high-power wind applications. They are used more and more in wind turbine applications due to the ease of controllability, the high energy efficiency, and the improved power quality.This research aims to develop a method of a field orientation scheme for control both, the active and the reactive powers of a DFIG that are driven by a wind turbine. Also, the dynamic model of the DFIG, driven by a wind turbine during grid faults, is analyzed and developed, using the method of symmetrical components. Finally, this study proposes a novel fault ride-through (FRT) capability with a suitable control strategy (i.e. the ability of the power system to remain connected to the grid during faults).

Development of Dynamic Equivalent Models for Large Scale Wind Power Plants

Author : Dong-Eok Kim
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 128 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (896 download)

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Book Synopsis Development of Dynamic Equivalent Models for Large Scale Wind Power Plants by : Dong-Eok Kim

Download or read book Development of Dynamic Equivalent Models for Large Scale Wind Power Plants written by Dong-Eok Kim and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 128 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An individual wind turbine has trivial influence on existing power systems owing to its very small percentage of the total generation. In contrast, wind power plants (WPPs) that have large numbers of wind turbines in relatively small areas have significant impacts on the power systems, and thus their influence must be considered in the studies. This dissertation is of developing suitable dynamic models of WPPs for power system dynamics study. In this dissertation, dynamic equivalent models (DEMs) for large scale WPPs are proposed for the dynamics study. As the dynamics of a WPP are the resultant dynamics of interconnected multiple wind turbines, its DEM is developed based on the knowledge of individual wind turbines and their interactions. In addition, as the dynamics of individual wind turbines are related to their control scheme, this study explains how to achieve an optimized control scheme for them with the use of the DEM. For a certain purpose in which a WPP is considered as an external system for dynamics study of a power system, its DEM can be developed based on measurements at point of interconnection without any pre-knowledge of the WPP. For the case, this dissertation also proposes a DEM developed using an adaptive system identification method. In addition, this study explains how to model an adequate power system for simulation tests. The validities of the proposed DEMs developed in this dissertation are verified by the simulation results with the power system model.

Wind Energy Explained

Author : James F. Manwell
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 9780470686287
Total Pages : 704 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (862 download)

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Book Synopsis Wind Energy Explained by : James F. Manwell

Download or read book Wind Energy Explained written by James F. Manwell and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2010-09-14 with total page 704 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Wind energy’s bestselling textbook- fully revised. This must-have second edition includes up-to-date data, diagrams, illustrations and thorough new material on: the fundamentals of wind turbine aerodynamics; wind turbine testing and modelling; wind turbine design standards; offshore wind energy; special purpose applications, such as energy storage and fuel production. Fifty additional homework problems and a new appendix on data processing make this comprehensive edition perfect for engineering students. This book offers a complete examination of one of the most promising sources of renewable energy and is a great introduction to this cross-disciplinary field for practising engineers. “provides a wealth of information and is an excellent reference book for people interested in the subject of wind energy.” (IEEE Power & Energy Magazine, November/December 2003) “deserves a place in the library of every university and college where renewable energy is taught.” (The International Journal of Electrical Engineering Education, Vol.41, No.2 April 2004) “a very comprehensive and well-organized treatment of the current status of wind power.” (Choice, Vol. 40, No. 4, December 2002)

Wind Energy Generation: Modelling and Control

Author : Olimpo Anaya-Lara
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119964202
Total Pages : 222 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (199 download)

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Book Synopsis Wind Energy Generation: Modelling and Control by : Olimpo Anaya-Lara

Download or read book Wind Energy Generation: Modelling and Control written by Olimpo Anaya-Lara and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2011-08-24 with total page 222 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: WIND ENERGY GENERATION WIND ENERGY GENERATION MODELLING AND CONTROL With increasing concern over climate change and the security of energy supplies, wind power is emerging as an important source of electrical energy throughout the world. Modern wind turbines use advanced power electronics to provide efficient generator control and to ensure compatible operation with the power system. Wind Energy Generation describes the fundamental principles and modelling of the electrical generator and power electronic systems used in large wind turbines. It also discusses how they interact with the power system and the influence of wind turbines on power system operation and stability. Key features: Includes a comprehensive account of power electronic equipment used in wind turbines and for their grid connection. Describes enabling technologies which facilitate the connection of large-scale onshore and offshore wind farms. Provides detailed modelling and control of wind turbine systems. Shows a number of simulations and case studies which explain the dynamic interaction between wind power and conventional generation.

Modeling of Wind Turbines and Wind Farms

Author : Emilio Gomez-Lazaro
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9783039287567
Total Pages : 488 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (875 download)

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Book Synopsis Modeling of Wind Turbines and Wind Farms by : Emilio Gomez-Lazaro

Download or read book Modeling of Wind Turbines and Wind Farms written by Emilio Gomez-Lazaro and published by . This book was released on 2020-10-23 with total page 488 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Wind Power Plant (WPP) and Wind Turbine (WT) modeling are becoming of key importance due to the relevant wind-generation impact on power systems. Wind integration into power systems must be carefully analyzed to forecast the effects on grid stability and reliability. Different agents, such as Transmission System Operators (TSOs) and Distribution System Operators (DSOs), focus on transient analyses. Wind turbine manufacturers, power system software developers, and technical consultants are also involved. WPP and WT dynamic models are often divided into two types: detailed and simplified. Detailed models are used for Electro-Magnetic Transient (EMT) simulations, providing both electrical and mechanical responses with high accuracy during short time intervals. Simplified models, also known as standard or generic models, are designed to give reliable responses, avoiding high computational resources. Simplified models are commonly used by TSOs and DSOs to carry out different transient stability studies, including loss of generation, switching of power lines or balanced faults, etc., Assessment and validation of such dynamic models is also a major issue due to the importance and difficulty of collecting real data. Solutions facing all these challenges, including the development, validation and application of WT and WPP models are presented in this Issue.

Dynamic Models of Wind Turbines

Author : Abram Perdana
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9789173852265
Total Pages : 199 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (522 download)

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Book Synopsis Dynamic Models of Wind Turbines by : Abram Perdana

Download or read book Dynamic Models of Wind Turbines written by Abram Perdana and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 199 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Wind Farm Model for Power System Stability Analysis

Author : Hector A. Pulgar Painemal
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (776 download)

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Book Synopsis Wind Farm Model for Power System Stability Analysis by : Hector A. Pulgar Painemal

Download or read book Wind Farm Model for Power System Stability Analysis written by Hector A. Pulgar Painemal and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this thesis, the modeling of wind farms based on type-C wind power generators (WTGs) is studied. Based on time scale decomposition, two detailed dynamic models are presented. In both models, a rotor speed controller, a reactive power controller and a pitch angle controller are considered. The turbine's aerodynamic is represented by an static model and a single-mass model is assumed. With respect to the controllers, the speed controller is designed to extract maximum power from the wind for a given wind speed. The reactive power controller is designed to follow a reference. The pitch angle controller is designed to limit the maximum active power output. All controllers use proportional and integral control. Modal and bifurcation analysis is performed revealing that WTG's variables do not exhibit major oscillatory behavior when the system is perturbed. Moreover, WTG's variables do not participate in unstable modes and they do not change the system stability structure. In general, the most important interaction between WTGs and the system is the interchange of power. An aggregated model is proposed for wind farms. This model is characterized by a single equivalent WTG and an equivalent wind speed. Moreover, the order of the aggregated model is reduced by using selective modal analysis. This technique focusses on the most relevant modes and most relevant variables. Irrelevant variables are expressed in terms of the relevant ones which allows reducing the model order. Replacing either a two-axis or zero-axis model of a WTG for the reduced order model neither considerably alters the original system dynamics nor modifies the system variables. An important reduction of simulation time and model complexity is obtained. In the largest case, it is shown that two wind farms that in total are represented by 500 differential equations and 800 algebraic equations can be represented by just 4 differential equations.

Dynamic Modelling of Wind Farms

Author : Sizhen Zhao
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 199 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (775 download)

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Book Synopsis Dynamic Modelling of Wind Farms by : Sizhen Zhao

Download or read book Dynamic Modelling of Wind Farms written by Sizhen Zhao and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 199 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The development of representative wind turbine models is important to assess realistic impacts of large penetration of wind energy on power systems. During the past decade, several computer models representing different types of wind turbine have become available. One issue is that these models have not been standardised amongst manufacturers. The existing ambiguities in the modelling of wind turbine generators and their effects on simulation results have to be studied in detail. The main goal of this thesis is concerned with the understanding, modelling and grid impacts of large wind farms containing a great number of wind turbines in a power transmission network. In particular, generic models of the doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) are developed for time-domain simulations and are implemented in the standard power system simulation software DIgSILENT PowerFactory. The results show that the developed models are able to simulate DFIG responses with sufficient accuracy. Response accuracy of the developed models is validated against detailed models and, in some cases, against field measurement data. Different influencing factors of dynamic reactive power compensation are also investigated. It is found that the fault ride-through capability of a wind farm can be generally improved by a mix of static and dynamic reactive compensation systems. A new aggregation approach based on generator speed deviation is also proposed. The results reveal that better performance is achieved by the multi-machine equivalents than the single machine model. The single machine model fails to account for the dynamic response of wind turbines when there is a sudden disconnection of wind generator units during grid disturbances. The proposed technique could have value for representing large wind farms on a consistent basis. The short-circuit models using symmetrical components are developed for DFIG-based wind farms. These models are useful for the system operator to determine whether the wind farm meets the requirements of recently proposed grid codes. The impact of the model-related difference on basic protection requirements of DFIG are further investigated. Finally, an important contribution on model validation using naturally occurring power system disturbances is demonstrated. It is found that the generic models in their present form are capable of capturing the main dynamic responses and control features of the wind generators. It is also observed that the specific control/protection functions of the detailed models require additional verification if these models are to be used for actual wind integration studies.

Wind Farm Dynamics and Power Optimization in Realistic Atmospheric Boundary Layer Conditions

Author : Michael Frederick Howland
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (119 download)

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Book Synopsis Wind Farm Dynamics and Power Optimization in Realistic Atmospheric Boundary Layer Conditions by : Michael Frederick Howland

Download or read book Wind Farm Dynamics and Power Optimization in Realistic Atmospheric Boundary Layer Conditions written by Michael Frederick Howland and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The study of wind farms within realistic atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) conditions is critical to understand the governing physics of the system and to design optimal operational protocols. Aerodynamic wake interactions between individual wind turbines typically reduce total wind farm energy production 10-20% and increase the cost of electricity for this resource. Further, in large wind farms, the collective farm efficiency is in part dictated by the interaction between the wind farm and the turbulent ABL and, correspondingly, the vertical transport of kinetic energy into the turbine array. Coriolis forces, arising from the projection of Earth's rotation into a non-inertial rotating Earth-fixed frame, modify the interaction of a wind farm with the ABL. The traditional approximation made in typical ABL simulations assumes that the horizontal component of Earth's rotation is negligible in the atmospheric boundary layer. When including the horizontal component of Earth's rotation, the boundary layer and wind farm physics are a function of the geostrophic wind direction. The influence of the geostrophic wind direction on a wind farm atmospheric boundary layer was characterized using conventionally neutral and stable boundary layer large eddy simulations (LES). In the Northern hemisphere, geostrophic winds from west-to-east establish the horizontal component of Earth's rotation as a sink term in the shear Reynolds stress budget whereas the horizontal component manifests as a source term for east-to-west geostrophic winds. As a result, the magnitude of entrainment of mean kinetic energy into a wind turbine array is modified by the direction of the geostrophic wind, and correspondingly, the boundary layer height and wind speed and direction profiles depend on the geostrophic wind direction. Historically, wind farm control protocols have optimized the performance of individual wind turbines which results in aerodynamic wake interactions and a reduction in wind farm efficiency. Considering the wind farm as a collective, a physics- and data-driven wake steering control method to increase the power production of wind farms is developed. Upwind turbines, which generate turbulent energy-deficit wake regions which impinge on downwind generates, are intentionally yaw misaligned with respect to the incident ABL wind. While the yaw misaligned turbine may produce less power than in yaw aligned operation, the downwind generators may significantly enhance their production, increasing the collective power for the farm. The wake steering method developed combines a physics-based engineering wake model with state estimation techniques based on the assimilation of the wind farm power production data, which is readily available for control decisions at operational wind farms. Analytic gradients are derived from the wake model and leveraged for efficient yaw misalignment set-point optimization. The open-loop wake steering control methodology was tested in a multi-turbine array at a utility-scale operational wind farm, where it statistically significantly increased the power production over standard operation. The analytic gradient-based wind farm power optimization methodology developed can optimize the yaw misalignment angles for large wind farms on the order of seconds, enabling online real-time control. The dynamics of the ABL range from microscale features on the order of meters to mesoscale meteorological scales on the order of hundreds of kilometers. As a result of the broad range of scales and diversity of competing forces, the wind farm interaction with the turbulent ABL is a complex dynamical system, necessitating closed-loop control which is able to dynamically adapt to the evolving wind conditions. In order to rapidly design and improve dynamic closed-loop wind farm controllers, we developed wind farm LES capabilities which incorporate Coriolis and stratification effects and which permit the experimentation of real-time control strategies. Dynamic, closed-loop wake steering controllers are tested in simulations with full Coriolis effects and, altogether, the results indicate that closed-loop wake steering control can significantly increase wind farm power production over greedy operation provided that site-specific wind farm data is assimilated into the optimal control model.

Power System Dynamics and Stability

Author : Peter W. Sauer
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 376 pages
Book Rating : 4.F/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Power System Dynamics and Stability by : Peter W. Sauer

Download or read book Power System Dynamics and Stability written by Peter W. Sauer and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 376 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For a one-semester senior or beginning graduate level course in power system dynamics. This text begins with the fundamental laws for basic devices and systems in a mathematical modeling context. It includes systematic derivations of standard synchronous machine models with their fundamental controls. These individual models are interconnected for system analysis and simulation. Singular perturbation is used to derive and explain reduced-order models.

New Models and Analytical Frameworks for Power Systems with Wind Generation

Author : Mohamed Hassan Mohamed Sadek Ahmed
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 104 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (827 download)

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Book Synopsis New Models and Analytical Frameworks for Power Systems with Wind Generation by : Mohamed Hassan Mohamed Sadek Ahmed

Download or read book New Models and Analytical Frameworks for Power Systems with Wind Generation written by Mohamed Hassan Mohamed Sadek Ahmed and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 104 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Wind energy is a proven energy source that does not contribute to emission of greenhouse gases, air and water pollution, or generate large quantities of waste. However, wind generation is dependent on wind speed, which is difficult to predict with high accuracy. The intermittent nature of wind generation makes its operation and planning a complex problem and there is a need for advanced analytical models to embed this uncertainty in its generation profile. This research focuses on the development of innovative mathematical modeling and analysis tools to improve our understanding of the effects of wind generation on power systems. The overall goal of this research is to introduce novel analytical frameworks to consider the penetration of wind generation sources within the distribution and transmission networks. In particular, two main operational problems are addressed within this thesis; the Distribution Load Flow (DLF) problem and the Unit Commitment (UC) problem in the presence of wind generation. First for the DLF problem, a novel probabilistic wind generation model is presented. The probabilistic wind generation profile, which is a function of the wind speed, is considered and an appropriate procedure is developed to classify specific levels based on wind speed, in order to reduce the number of probabilistic combinations of wind power generation. Next, a novel Probabilistic Distribution Load Flow (PDLF) approach is used to evaluate the impact of wind penetration into distribution systems. The traditional DLF program is modified to include the wind generation profiles. Three Wind Turbine (WT) models are derived and integrated within the PDLF program to examine and compare their performance. The probabilistic forward-backward sweep algorithm is developed for the first two models of WT. For the third model of WT, a probabilistic compensation-based load flow is presented. The effect of WT penetration is investigated on feeder losses, voltage profile and line flows. Secondly, a new scenario generation and reduction technique is developed for analyzing the effects of wind generation uncertainties on short-term power system operation. A historical wind speed data set is used to obtain different wind speed clusters which are then processed through Monte Carlo Simulations (MCS), Markov-chains and a forward selection scenario reduction algorithm to obtain a reduced set of scenarios. These reduced scenarios are then incorporated into a Locational Marginal Price (LMP) based electricity market settlement and dispatch model. These UC type models incorporate system constraints and transmission constraints to examine the effects of wind generation on electricity market prices, UC decisions including generation, reserve requirement, load cleared and social welfare. Markov-chain transition matrices are developed to include the effect of the inter-hour transition correlation of wind speed from one specific hour to the following hour to improve the generation of the wind scenarios. The effect of changing wind farm capacity on system operation is also discussed. Furthermore, the impact of the wake-effect phenomena influencing off-shore wind turbines is explained. Finally, this research examines the effect of wind generation penetration on the environmental emissions. A novel methodology is developed to evaluate the environmental impact of wind generation penetration into electrical power systems. The solution of the market dispatch UC model is studied for different cost functions with an emission cap. The relationship between changing the emission caps and the penetration level of wind energy is investigated. Furthermore, the effect on market prices is also examined when emission caps are imposed by external agencies, on the System Operator (SO).