Durable Fuel Cell Electrocatalysts For Energy Conversion

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Electrocatalysis in Fuel Cells

Author : Minhua Shao
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1447149114
Total Pages : 748 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (471 download)

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Book Synopsis Electrocatalysis in Fuel Cells by : Minhua Shao

Download or read book Electrocatalysis in Fuel Cells written by Minhua Shao and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-04-08 with total page 748 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fuel cells are one of the most promising clean energy conversion devices that can solve the environmental and energy problems in our society. However, the high platinum loading of fuel cells - and thus their high cost - prevents their commercialization. Non- or low- platinum electrocatalysts are needed to lower the fuel cell cost. Electrocatalysis in Fuel Cells: A Non and Low Platinum Approach is a comprehensive book summarizing recent advances of electrocatalysis in oxygen reduction and alcohol oxidation, with a particular focus on non- and low-Pt electrocatalysts. All twenty four chapters were written by worldwide experts in their fields. The fundamentals and applications of novel electrocatalysts are discussed thoroughly in the book. The book is geared toward researchers in the field, postgraduate students and lecturers, and scientists and engineers at fuel cell and automotive companies. It can even be a reference book for those who are interested in this area.

PEM Fuel Cell Electrocatalysts and Catalyst Layers

Author : Jiujun Zhang
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1848009364
Total Pages : 1147 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (48 download)

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Book Synopsis PEM Fuel Cell Electrocatalysts and Catalyst Layers by : Jiujun Zhang

Download or read book PEM Fuel Cell Electrocatalysts and Catalyst Layers written by Jiujun Zhang and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-08-26 with total page 1147 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells are promising clean energy converting devices with high efficiency and low to zero emissions. Such power sources can be used in transportation, stationary, portable and micro power applications. The key components of these fuel cells are catalysts and catalyst layers. “PEM Fuel Cell Electrocatalysts and Catalyst Layers” provides a comprehensive, in-depth survey of the field, presented by internationally renowned fuel cell scientists. The opening chapters introduce the fundamentals of electrochemical theory and fuel cell catalysis. Later chapters investigate the synthesis, characterization, and activity validation of PEM fuel cell catalysts. Further chapters describe in detail the integration of the electrocatalyst/catalyst layers into the fuel cell, and their performance validation. Researchers and engineers in the fuel cell industry will find this book a valuable resource, as will students of electrochemical engineering and catalyst synthesis.

PEM Fuel Cells

Author : Gurbinder Kaur
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0128237090
Total Pages : 584 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (282 download)

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Book Synopsis PEM Fuel Cells by : Gurbinder Kaur

Download or read book PEM Fuel Cells written by Gurbinder Kaur and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2021-11-16 with total page 584 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: PEM Fuel Cells: Fundamentals, Advanced Technologies, and Practical Application provides a comprehensive introduction to the principles of PEM fuel cell, their working condition and application, and the latest breakthroughs and challenges for fuel cell technology. Each chapter follows a systematic and consistent structure with clear illustrations and diagrams for easy understanding. The opening chapters address the basics of PEM technology; stacking and membrane electrode assembly for PEM, degradation mechanisms of electrocatalysts, platinum dissolution and redeposition, carbon-support corrosion, bipolar plates and carbon nanotubes for the PEM, and gas diffusion layers. Thermodynamics, operating conditions, and electrochemistry address fuel cell efficiency and the fundamental workings of the PEM. Instruments and techniques for testing and diagnosis are then presented alongside practical tests. Dedicated chapters explain how to use MATLAB and COMSOL to conduct simulation and modeling of catalysts, gas diffusion layers, assembly, and membrane. Degradation and failure modes are discussed in detail, providing strategies and protocols for mitigation. High-temperature PEMs are also examined, as are the fundamentals of EIS. Critically, the environmental impact and life cycle of the production and storage of hydrogen are addressed, as are the risk and durability issues of PEMFC technology. Dedicated chapters are presented on the economics and commercialization of PEMFCs, including discussion of installation costs, initial capital costs, and the regulatory frameworks; apart from this, there is a separate chapter on their application to the automotive industry. Finally, future challenges and applications are considered. PEM Fuel Cells: Fundamentals, Advanced Technologies, and Practical Application provides an in-depth and comprehensive reference on every aspect of PEM fuel cells fundamentals, ideal for researchers, graduates, and students. - Presents the fundamentals of PEM fuel cell technology, electrolytes, membranes, modeling, conductivity, recent trends, and future applications - Addresses commercialization, public policy, and the environmental impacts of PEMFC in dedicated chapters - Presents state-of-the-art PEMFC research alongside the underlying concepts

Materials for Sustainable Energy

Author : Vincent Dusastre
Publisher : World Scientific
ISBN 13 : 9814317640
Total Pages : 360 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (143 download)

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Book Synopsis Materials for Sustainable Energy by : Vincent Dusastre

Download or read book Materials for Sustainable Energy written by Vincent Dusastre and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2011 with total page 360 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The search for cleaner, cheaper, smaller and more efficient energy technologies has to a large extent been motivated by the development of new materials. The aim of this collection of articles is therefore to focus on what materials-based solutions can offer and show how the rationale design and improvement of their physical and chemical properties can lead to energy-production alternatives that have the potential to compete with existing technologies. In terms of alternative means to generate electricity that utilize renewable energy sources, the most dramatic breakthroughs for both mobile (i.e., transportation) and stationary applications are taking place in the fields of solar and fuel cells. And from an energy-storage perspective, exciting developments can be seen emerging from the fields of rechargeable batteries and hydrogen storage.

Electrocatalysts for Low Temperature Fuel Cells

Author : Thandavarayan Maiyalagan
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 3527803890
Total Pages : 618 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (278 download)

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Book Synopsis Electrocatalysts for Low Temperature Fuel Cells by : Thandavarayan Maiyalagan

Download or read book Electrocatalysts for Low Temperature Fuel Cells written by Thandavarayan Maiyalagan and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2017-05-08 with total page 618 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Meeting the need for a text on solutions to conditions which have so far been a drawback for this important and trend-setting technology, this monograph places special emphasis on novel, alternative catalysts of low temperature fuel cells. Comprehensive in its coverage, the text discusses not only the electrochemical, mechanistic, and material scientific background, but also provides extensive chapters on the design and fabrication of electrocatalysts. A valuable resource aimed at multidisciplinary audiences in the fields of academia and industry.

PEM Water Electrolysis

Author : Dmitri Bessarabov
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0081028318
Total Pages : 140 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (81 download)

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Book Synopsis PEM Water Electrolysis by : Dmitri Bessarabov

Download or read book PEM Water Electrolysis written by Dmitri Bessarabov and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2018-08-04 with total page 140 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: PEM Water Electrolysis, a volume in the Hydrogen Energy and Fuel Cell Primers series presents the most recent advances in the field. It brings together information that has thus far been scattered in many different sources under one single title, making it a useful reference for industry professionals, researchers and graduate students. Volumes One and Two allow readers to identify technology gaps for commercially viable PEM electrolysis systems for energy applications and examine the fundamentals of PEM electrolysis and selected research topics that are top of mind for the academic and industry community, such as gas cross-over and AST protocols. The book lays the foundation for the exploration of the current industrial trends for PEM electrolysis, such as power to gas application and a strong focus on the current trends in the application of PEM electrolysis associated with energy storage. - Presents the fundamentals and most current knowledge in proton exchange membrane water electrolyzers - Explores the technology gaps and challenges for commercial deployment of PEM water electrolysis technologies - Includes unconventional systems, such as ozone generators - Brings together information from many different sources under one single title, making it a useful reference for industry professionals, researchers and graduate students alike

Conjugated Polymer Nanostructures for Energy Conversion and Storage Applications

Author : Srabanti Ghosh
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 3527345574
Total Pages : 38 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (273 download)

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Book Synopsis Conjugated Polymer Nanostructures for Energy Conversion and Storage Applications by : Srabanti Ghosh

Download or read book Conjugated Polymer Nanostructures for Energy Conversion and Storage Applications written by Srabanti Ghosh and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2021-06-01 with total page 38 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A timely overview of fundamental and advanced topics of conjugated polymer nanostructures Conjugated Polymer Nanostructures for Energy Conversion and Storage Applications is a comprehensive reference on conjugated polymers for energy applications. Distinguished academic and editor Srabanti Ghosh offers readers a broad overview of the synthesis, characterization, and energy-related applications of nanostructures based on conjugated polymers. The book includes novel approaches and presents an interdisciplinary perspective rooted in the interfacing of polymer and synthetic chemistry, materials science, organic chemistry, and analytical chemistry. This book provides complete descriptions of conjugated polymer nanostructures and polymer-based hybrid materials for energy conversion, water splitting, and the degradation of organic pollutants. Photovoltaics, solar cells, and energy storage devices such as supercapacitors, lithium ion battery electrodes, and their associated technologies are discussed, as well. Conjugated Polymer Nanostructures for Energy Conversion and Storage Applications covers both the fundamental topics and the most recent advances in this rapidly developing area, including: The design and characterization of conjugated polymer nanostructures, including the template-free and chemical synthesis of polymer nanostructures Conjugated polymer nanostructures for solar energy conversion and environmental protection, including the use of conjugated polymer-based nanocomposites as photocatalysts Conjugated polymer nanostructures for energy storage, including the use of nanocomposites as electrode materials The presentation of different and novel methods of utilizing conjugated polymer nanostructures for energy applications Perfect for materials scientists, polymer chemists, and physical chemists, Conjugated Polymer Nanostructures for Energy Conversion and Storage Applications also belongs on the bookshelves of organic chemists and any other practicing researchers, academics, or professionals whose work touches on these highly versatile and useful structures.

Nanotechnology in Fuel Cells

Author : Huaihe Song
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0323897916
Total Pages : 473 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (238 download)

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Book Synopsis Nanotechnology in Fuel Cells by : Huaihe Song

Download or read book Nanotechnology in Fuel Cells written by Huaihe Song and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2022-02-23 with total page 473 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nanotechnology in Fuel Cells focuses on the use of nanotechnology in macroscopic and nanosized fuel cells to enhance their performance and lifespan. The book covers the fundamental design concepts and promising applications of nanotechnology-enhanced fuel cells and their advantages over traditional fuel cells in portable devices, including longer shelf life and lower cost. In the case of proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), nano-membranes could provide 100 times higher conductivity of hydrogen ions in low humidity conditions than traditional membranes. For hydrogen fuel cell, nanocatalysts (Pt hybrid nanoparticles) could provide 12 times higher catalytic activity. This is an important reference source for materials scientists and engineers who are looking to understand how nanotechnology is being used to create more efficient macro- and nanosized fuel cells. - Outlines how fuel cells can be nanoengineered to enhance their performance and lifespan - Covers a variety of fuel cell types, including proton-exchange membrane fuel cells and hydrogen-based fuel cells - Assesses the major challenges of nanoengineering fuel cells at an industrial scale

Advanced Electrochemical Materials in Energy Conversion and Storage

Author : Junbo Hou
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1000544885
Total Pages : 395 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (5 download)

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Book Synopsis Advanced Electrochemical Materials in Energy Conversion and Storage by : Junbo Hou

Download or read book Advanced Electrochemical Materials in Energy Conversion and Storage written by Junbo Hou and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2022-03-30 with total page 395 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book focuses on novel electrochemical materials particularly designed for specific energy applications. It presents the relationship between materials properties, state-of-the-art processing, and device performance and sheds light on the research, development, and deployment (RD&D) trend of emerging materials and technologies in this field. Features: Emphasizes electrochemical materials applied in PEM fuel cells and water splitting Summarizes anode, cathode, electrolyte, and additive materials developed for lithium-ion batteries and reviews other batteries, including lithium-air, lithium-sulfur, sodium- and potassium-ion batteries, and multivalent-ion batteries Discusses advanced carbon materials for supercapacitors Highlights catalyst design and development for CO2RR and fundamentals of proton facilitated reduction reactions With a cross-disciplinary approach, this work will be of interest to scientists and engineers across chemical engineering, mechanical engineering, materials science, chemistry, physics, and other disciplines working to advance electrochemical energy conversion and storage capabilities and applications.

Nanocarbon Electrochemistry

Author : Nianjun Yang
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119468302
Total Pages : 385 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (194 download)

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Book Synopsis Nanocarbon Electrochemistry by : Nianjun Yang

Download or read book Nanocarbon Electrochemistry written by Nianjun Yang and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2019-11-14 with total page 385 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Provides a comprehensive introduction to the field of nanocarbon electrochemistry The discoveries of new carbon materials such as fullerene, graphene, carbon nanotubes, graphene nanoribbon, carbon dots, and graphdiyne have triggered numerous research advances in the field of electrochemistry. This book brings together up-to-date accounts of the recent progress, developments, and achievements in the electrochemistry of different carbon materials, focusing on their unique properties and various applications. Nanocarbon Electrochemistry begins by looking at the studies of heterogeneous electron transfer at various carbon electrodes when redox-active molecules are reversibly and specifically adsorbed on the carbon electrode surface. It then covers electrochemical energy storage applications of various carbon materials, particularly the construction and performance of supercapacitors and batteries by use of graphene and related materials. Next, it concentrates on electrochemical energy conversion applications where electrocatalysis at 0D, 1D, 2D, and 3D carbon materials nanocarbon materials is highlighted. The book finishes with an examination of the contents of electrogenerated chemiluminescence and photoelectrochemical pollutant degradation by use of diamond and related carbon materials. Covers the fundamental properties of different carbon materials and their applications across a wide range of areas Provides sufficient background regarding different applications, which contributes to the understanding of specialists and non-specialists Examines nanoelectrochemistry of adsorption-coupled electron transfer at carbon electrodes; graphene and graphene related materials; diamond electrodes for the electrogenerated chemiluminescence; and more Features contributions from an international team of distinguished researchers Nanocarbon Electrochemistry is an ideal book for students, researchers, and industrial partners working on many diverse fields of electrochemistry, whether they already make frequent use of carbon electrodes in one form of another or are looking at electrodes for new applications.

High Temperature Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells

Author : Qingfeng Li
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319170821
Total Pages : 561 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (191 download)

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Book Synopsis High Temperature Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells by : Qingfeng Li

Download or read book High Temperature Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells written by Qingfeng Li and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-10-15 with total page 561 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is a comprehensive review of high-temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). PEMFCs are the preferred fuel cells for a variety of applications such as automobiles, cogeneration of heat and power units, emergency power and portable electronics. The first 5 chapters of the book describe rationalization and illustration of approaches to high temperature PEM systems. Chapters 6 - 13 are devoted to fabrication, optimization and characterization of phosphoric acid-doped polybenzimidazole membranes, the very first electrolyte system that has demonstrated the concept of and motivated extensive research activity in the field. The last 11 chapters summarize the state-of-the-art of technological development of high temperature-PEMFCs based on acid doped PBI membranes including catalysts, electrodes, MEAs, bipolar plates, modelling, stacking, diagnostics and applications.

Nanocarbons for Energy Conversion: Supramolecular Approaches

Author : Naotoshi Nakashima
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319929178
Total Pages : 564 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (199 download)

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Book Synopsis Nanocarbons for Energy Conversion: Supramolecular Approaches by : Naotoshi Nakashima

Download or read book Nanocarbons for Energy Conversion: Supramolecular Approaches written by Naotoshi Nakashima and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-08-13 with total page 564 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book focuses on nanocarbons (carbon nanotubes, graphene, nanoporous carbon, and carbon black) and related materials for energy conversion, including fuel cells (predominately proton exchange membrane fuel cells [PEMFC]), Li-ion batteries, and supercapacitors. Written by a group of internationally recognized researchers, it offers an in-depth review of the structure, properties, and functions of nanocarbons, and summarizes recent advances in the design, fabrication and characterization of nanocarbon-based catalysts for energy applications. As such, it is an invaluable resource for graduate students, academics and industrial scientists interested in the areas of nanocarbons, energy materials for fuel cells, batteries and supercapacitors as well as materials design, and supramolecular science.

Recent Advances in Graphene Research

Author : Pramoda Kumar Nayak
Publisher : BoD – Books on Demand
ISBN 13 : 9535126385
Total Pages : 310 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (351 download)

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Book Synopsis Recent Advances in Graphene Research by : Pramoda Kumar Nayak

Download or read book Recent Advances in Graphene Research written by Pramoda Kumar Nayak and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2016-10-12 with total page 310 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book ''Recent Advances in Graphene Research'' provides a state-of-the-art report of the knowledge accumulated in graphene research. It contains 12 chapters divided into three sections. Section 1 ''Fundamentals of Graphene'' deals with quantum hall effect in graphene, electronic properties of carbon nanostructures and spectral statistics of graphene nanoflakes. In Section 2 ''Graphene Synthesis,'' the optimized synthesis procedures of graphene and its derivatives are presented. The application of graphene and its nanostructured-based materials for energy storage, conservation and other extensive applications are described in Section 3 ''Application of Graphene and its Nanostructures''. We believe that this book offers broader prospective to the readers in the recent advances in graphene research, starting from fundamental science to application.

Chalcogenide Materials for Energy Conversion

Author : Nicolas Alonso-Vante
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319896121
Total Pages : 234 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (198 download)

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Book Synopsis Chalcogenide Materials for Energy Conversion by : Nicolas Alonso-Vante

Download or read book Chalcogenide Materials for Energy Conversion written by Nicolas Alonso-Vante and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-04-20 with total page 234 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book addresses electrocatalysis based on chalcogenides, particularly in the nanoscale domain. Special attention is paid to the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). The book provides an introduction to materials synthesis; the basic principles of electrocatalysis; related precious metal versus non-precious metal catalytic center chalcogenides as well as supports; and the role of such supports in stabilizing the catalytic centers. In short: pursuing a bottom-up approach, it covers the properties of this class of electrocatalysts and examines their applications in low-temperature fuel systems such as microfluidic fuel cells for portable devices. Accordingly, it is ideally suited for all professionals and researchers interested in electrochemistry, renewable energy and electrocatalysis, and non-precious metal centers for chemical energy conversion.

Electrocatalysts for Low Temperature Fuel Cells

Author : Thandavarayan Maiyalagan
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 3527341323
Total Pages : 614 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (273 download)

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Book Synopsis Electrocatalysts for Low Temperature Fuel Cells by : Thandavarayan Maiyalagan

Download or read book Electrocatalysts for Low Temperature Fuel Cells written by Thandavarayan Maiyalagan and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2017-09-25 with total page 614 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Meeting the need for a text on solutions to conditions which have so far been a drawback for this important and trend-setting technology, this monograph places special emphasis on novel, alternative catalysts of low temperature fuel cells. Comprehensive in its coverage, the text discusses not only the electrochemical, mechanistic, and material scientific background, but also provides extensive chapters on the design and fabrication of electrocatalysts. A valuable resource aimed at multidisciplinary audiences in the fields of academia and industry.

Modern Electrochemistry 2B

Author : John O'M. Bockris
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 0306480360
Total Pages : 553 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (64 download)

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Book Synopsis Modern Electrochemistry 2B by : John O'M. Bockris

Download or read book Modern Electrochemistry 2B written by John O'M. Bockris and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-05-08 with total page 553 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book had its nucleus in some lectures given by one of us (J. O’M. B. ) in a course on electrochemistry to students of energy conversion at the University of Pennsyl- nia. It was there that he met a number of people trained in chemistry, physics, biology, metallurgy, and materials science, all of whom wanted to know something about electrochemistry. The concept of writing a book about electrochemistry which could be understood by people with very varied backgrounds was thereby engendered. The lectures were recorded and written up by Dr. Klaus Muller as a 293-page manuscript. At a later stage, A. K. N. R. joined the effort; it was decided to make a fresh start and to write a much more comprehensive text. Of methods for direct energy conversion, the electrochemical one is the most advanced and seems the most likely to become of considerable practical importance. Thus, conversion to electrochemically powered transportation systems appears to be an important step by means of which the difficulties of air pollution and the effects of an increasing concentration in the atmosphere of carbon dioxide may be met. Cor- sion is recognized as having an electrochemical basis. The synthesis of nylon now contains an important electrochemical stage. Some central biological mechanisms have been shown to take place by means of electrochemical reactions. A number of American organizations have recently recommended greatly increased activity in training and research in electrochemistry at universities in the United States.

PEM Fuel Cell Testing and Diagnosis

Author : Jiujun Zhang
Publisher : Newnes
ISBN 13 : 0444536892
Total Pages : 391 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (445 download)

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Book Synopsis PEM Fuel Cell Testing and Diagnosis by : Jiujun Zhang

Download or read book PEM Fuel Cell Testing and Diagnosis written by Jiujun Zhang and published by Newnes. This book was released on 2013-01-22 with total page 391 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: PEM Fuel Cell Testing and Diagnosis covers the recent advances in PEM (proton exchange membrane) fuel cell systems, focusing on instruments and techniques for testing and diagnosis, and the application of diagnostic techniques in practical tests and operation. This book is a unique source of electrochemical techniques for researchers, scientists and engineers working in the area of fuel cells. Proton exchange membrane fuel cells are currently considered the most promising clean energy-converting devices for stationary, transportation, and micro-power applications due to their high energy density, high efficiency, and environmental friendliness. To advance research and development of this emerging technology, testing and diagnosis are an essential combined step. This book aids those efforts, addressing effects of humidity, temperature and pressure on fuel cells, degradation and failure analysis, and design and assembly of MEAs, single cells and stacks. - Provides fundamental and theoretical principles for PEM fuel cell testing and diagnosis. - Comprehensive source for selecting techniques, experimental designs and data analysis - Analyzes PEM fuel cell degradation and failure mechanisms, and suggests failure mitigation strategies - Provides principles for selecting PEM fuel cell key materials to improve durability