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Droplet Production And Transport In Microfluidic Networks With Pressure Driven Flow Control
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Book Synopsis Droplet Production and Transport in Microfluidic Networks with Pressure Driven Flow Control by : Tomasz Glawdel
Download or read book Droplet Production and Transport in Microfluidic Networks with Pressure Driven Flow Control written by Tomasz Glawdel and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 297 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Droplet based microfluidics is a developing technology with great potential towards improving large scale combinatorial studies that require high throughput and accurate metering of reagents. Each droplet can be thought of as a miniature microreactor where complex reactions can be performed on the micro-scale by mixing, splitting and combining droplets. This thesis investigates the operation and control of droplet microfluidic devices operating using constant pressure sources to pump fluids where feedback from the droplets influences the overall performance of the device. For this purpose, a model system consisting of a single T-junction droplet generator and a single network node is used to understand how pressure source control effects droplet generation and transport through microfluidic networks.
Book Synopsis Droplet Microfluidics by : Eric Brouzes
Download or read book Droplet Microfluidics written by Eric Brouzes and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2021-05-06 with total page 114 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Droplet microfluidics has dramatically developed in the past decade and has been established as a microfluidic technology that can translate into commercial products. Its rapid development and adoption have relied not only on an efficient stabilizing system (oil and surfactant), but also on a library of modules that can manipulate droplets at a high-throughput. Droplet microfluidics is a vibrant field that keeps evolving, with advances that span technology development and applications. Recent examples include innovative methods to generate droplets, to perform single-cell encapsulation, magnetic extraction, or sorting at an even higher throughput. The trend consists of improving parameters such as robustness, throughput, or ease of use. These developments rely on a firm understanding of the physics and chemistry involved in hydrodynamic flow at a small scale. Finally, droplet microfluidics has played a pivotal role in biological applications, such as single-cell genomics or high-throughput microbial screening, and chemical applications. This Special Issue will showcase all aspects of the exciting field of droplet microfluidics, including, but not limited to, technology development, applications, and open-source systems.
Book Synopsis Theoretical Microfluidics by : Henrik Bruus
Download or read book Theoretical Microfluidics written by Henrik Bruus and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2007-09-27 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Microfluidics is a young and rapidly expanding scientific discipline, which deals with fluids and solutions in miniaturized systems, the so-called lab-on-a-chip systems. It has applications in chemical engineering, pharmaceutics, biotechnology and medicine. As the lab-on-a-chip systems grow in complexity, a proper theoretical understanding becomes increasingly important. The basic idea of the book is to provide a self-contained formulation of the theoretical framework of microfluidics, and at the same time give physical motivation and examples from lab-on-a-chip technology. After three chapters introducing microfluidics, the governing equations for mass, momentum and energy, and some basic flow solutions, the following 14 chapters treat hydraulic resistance/compliance, diffusion/dispersion, time-dependent flow, capillarity, electro- and magneto-hydrodynamics, thermal transport, two-phase flow, complex flow patterns and acousto-fluidics, as well as the new fields of opto- and nano-fluidics. Throughout the book simple models with analytical solutions are presented to provide the student with a thorough physical understanding of order of magnitudes and various selected microfluidic phenomena and devices. The book grew out of a set of well-tested lecture notes. It is with its many pedagogical exercises designed as a textbook for an advanced undergraduate or first-year graduate course. It is also well suited for self-study.
Author :Liqing Ren Publisher :National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada ISBN 13 :9780612917774 Total Pages : pages Book Rating :4.9/5 (177 download)
Book Synopsis Transport Phenomena in Microfluidic Devices [microform] by : Liqing Ren
Download or read book Transport Phenomena in Microfluidic Devices [microform] written by Liqing Ren and published by National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada. This book was released on 2004 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Both experimental and numerical studies about the transport phenomena in microfluidic devices are presented in this thesis. The transport phenomena of interest are pressure driven flow and electroosmotic driven flow with a Reynolds number on the order of unit, and the associated mass transport phenomena. The studied microfluidic devices include fused silicon capillaries, in-house made glass microchannels and a glass chip with a crossing-linked microchannel etched into its surface. The hydraulic diameter ranges from 20 mum to 200 mum. The on-chip sample injection processes are studied both experimentally and numerically. Fluorescent dyes are employed here as the sample and the sample injection (loading and dispensing) processes on a microfluidic chip are visualized using an in-house developed laser visualization system and techniques. The experimentally measured sample injection process is compared with the numerical simulation results. Reasonable agreements were found between the model predictions and experimental measurements. The model is further developed in order to improve the simulation accuracy and save significant computation time as compared with the previous model. A general model capable of simulating general on-chip injection processes is finally developed to make the numerical analysis tools complete. This general model considers the electrical conductivity difference present at microfluidic applications, which is not considered normally due to its complexity. The electroosomotic flow is commonly applied in microfluidic devices as a pump, therefore, the flow rate determination is of particular interest. An experimental setup and corresponding data acquisition system are developed to measure electroosmotic flow rate by employing solution displacement process and current monitoring technique. A theoretical model is developed to improve the accuracy of this technique. A numerical model is developed to simulate this displacing process and to obtain flow rate. Good agreements between numerical simulations and experimental measurements verified the developed model. The electrokinetic transport phenomena of pressure driven flow in microchannels are studied based on a simultaneous solution to the developed pressure driven flow model. It is found that the flow characteristics of microchannels differ significantly from that in macrosized devices showing high viscous effects. The numerical results are compared with the experimental measurements and good agreement verified the developed model.
Book Synopsis Designing Droplet Microfluidic Networks by : Andreas Grimmer
Download or read book Designing Droplet Microfluidic Networks written by Andreas Grimmer and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-07-04 with total page 145 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book describes automatic methods for the design of droplet microfluidic networks. The authors discuss simulation and design methods which support the design process of droplet microfluidics in general, as well as design methods for a dedicated droplet routing mechanism, namely passive droplet routing. The methods discussed allow for simulating a microfluidic design on a high-abstraction level, which facilitates early validation of whether a design works as intended, automatically dimensioning a microfluidic design, so that constraints like flow conditions are satisfied, and automatically generating meander designs for the respective needs and fabrication settings. Dedicated methods for passive droplet routing are discussed and allow for designing application-specific architectures for a given set of experiments, as well as generating droplet sequences realizing the respective experiments. Together, these methods provide a comprehensive “toolbox" for designers working on droplet microfluidic networks in general and an integrated design flow for the passive droplet routing mechanism in particular. Provides both a comprehensive “toolbox" for designers working on droplet microfluidic networks in general and an integrated design flow for the passive droplet routing mechanism in particular; Describes for the first time CAD methods for droplet microfluidic networks, along with the first integrated design process; Includes open source implementations, in order to reach the largest possible user group within the domain of microfluidics.
Book Synopsis Planar Microfluidic Devices for Control of Pressure-driven Flow by : Jeremy Adam Frank
Download or read book Planar Microfluidic Devices for Control of Pressure-driven Flow written by Jeremy Adam Frank and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 436 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Droplet-Based Microfluidic Systems by : Kosuke Iwai
Download or read book Droplet-Based Microfluidic Systems written by Kosuke Iwai and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 104 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The combination of microfabrication and microfluidics has enabled a variety of opportunities in making new tools for biological and diagnostic applications. For example, microdroplets-based systems have attracted lots of attentions in recent years due to potential advantages in controlled environments with fast reaction time, high-throughput and low noises. This work presents a number of advanced microfluidic systems in process, control and manipulation of microdroplets, including finger-powered pumps to generate microdroplets, continuous-flow rupture reactors for the rupture and content retrieval of microdroplets, and magnetic microcapsules for drug delivery applications. Prototype `finger-powered' pumping systems have been designed and constructed and integrated with passive fluidic diodes to pump microfluidics, including the formation of microdroplets. No electrical power is needed for pumping by using a human finger as the actuation force to generate pressure heads. Both multilayer soft lithography and injection molding processes have been successfully utilized to make the pumping systems. Experimental results revealed that the pressure head generated from a human finger could be tuned based on the geometric characteristics of the system, with a maximum observed pressure of 7.6±0.1 kPa. In addition to the delivery of multiple, distinct fluids into microfluidic channels, the finger-powered pumping system is also employed to achieve rapid formation of both water-in-oil droplets (106.9±4.3 [mu]m in diameter) and oil-in-water droplets (75.3±12.6 [mu]m in diameter), as well as the encapsulation of endothelial cells in microdroplets without using any external or electrical controllers. To advance the technology of microdroplets in microfluidic systems, the technique to rupture microdroplets via the continuous-flow micropost array railing systems has been developed. The key step is to transport water-in-oil microdroplets with surfactant into the pure oil microchannel to wash away the surfactant and allow the washed microdroplets to transport to the next water microchannel and rupture at the oil-water interface boundary. Microdroplets-based nanoparticle synthesis systems have been fabricated to demonstrate synthesis and retrieval of iron oxide nanoparticles without the need of an external centrifuge machine. In a second demonstration, a rapid solution alteration system for the bead-in-droplet microreactors has been demonstrated via the continuous flow micropost array railing technique. The prototype system has accomplished: (i) the retrieval of microbeads in water-in-oil droplets by the 'rupture' of the droplets, (ii) transfer of the released microbeads into a second solution, and (iii) the formation of new water-in-oil droplets containing the original microbeads and a different, second droplet solution. In these experiments, a total of four different microdroplets generation systems have been fabricated and different designs and operation conditions result in different sizes of microdroplets, including 41.1 [mu]m for the basic microdroplets rupture demonstration, 67.5 [mu]m for nanoparticle synthesis experiments, 61.1 [mu]m in the original solution, and 38.6 [mu]m for the new solution in the bead-in- droplets alternation experiments. In the last example, a new class of magnetic microcapsules with aqueous core and polymer shell containing magnetic nanoparticles has been demonstrated for possible drug delivery applications. The combination of multi-layer flow-focusing methodology and an optofluidic polymerization process is employed to form double emulsions of water-in-photocurable polymer microdroplets. A subsequently polymerization process cure the magnetic polymer shells and encapsulates drug materials in the core. Experimentally, remote manipulations of the magnetic microcapsules by applying an external magnetic field have been achieved. As such, the proposed microcapsules have the potential to overcome a number of hurdles associated with current state-of-art technologies: (1) magnetic shells can be guided by DC magnetic field for location control; (2) magnetic particles can be heated by AC magnetic field to break or change the porosity of the shells for active drug release control; and (3) encapsulated microdroplets can prevent the possible degradation and contamination of the drug materials during the transportation processes.
Book Synopsis Transport Phenomena in Microfluidic Systems by : Pradipta Kumar Panigrahi
Download or read book Transport Phenomena in Microfluidic Systems written by Pradipta Kumar Panigrahi and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2016-02-15 with total page 554 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fully comprehensive introduction to the rapidly emerging area of micro systems technology Transport Phenomena in Micro Systems explores the fundamentals of the new technologies related to Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS). It deals with the behavior, precise control and manipulation of fluids that are geometrically constrained to a small, typically sub-millimeter, scale, such as nl, pl, fl, small size, low energy consumption, effects of the micro domain and heat transfer in the related devices. The author describes in detail and with extensive illustration micro fabrication, channel flow, transport laws, magnetophoresis, micro scale convection and micro sensors and activators, among others. This book spans multidisciplinary fields such as material science and mechanical engineering, engineering, physics, chemistry, microtechnology and biotechnology. Brings together in one collection recent and emerging developments in this fast-growing area of micro systems Covers multidisciplinary fields such as materials science, mechanical engineering, microtechnology and biotechnology, et al Comprehensive coverage of analytical models in microfluidics and MEMS technology Introduces micro fluidics applications include the development of inkjet printheads, micro-propulsion, and micro thermal technologies Presented in a very logical format Supplies readers with problems and solutions
Book Synopsis Pressure-driven Microfluidics by : Václav Tesař
Download or read book Pressure-driven Microfluidics written by Václav Tesař and published by Artech House Publishers. This book was released on 2007 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Engineers interested in working in the emerging area of microfluidics need to have a solid understanding of how fluid flow in microchannels and devices is driven by pressure differences. This cutting-edge resource provides practitioners with that essential knowledge, offering comprehensive and up-to-date details.
Book Synopsis Microfluidics for Biotechnology by : Jean Berthier
Download or read book Microfluidics for Biotechnology written by Jean Berthier and published by Artech House. This book was released on 2010 with total page 503 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The application of microfluidics to biotechnology is an exciting new area that has already begun to revolutionize how researchers study and manipulate macromolecules like DNA, proteins and cells in vitro and within living organisms. Now in a newly revised and expanded second edition, the Artech House bestseller, Microfluidics for Biotechnology brings you to the cutting edge of this burgeoning field. Among the numerous updates, the second edition features three entirely new chapters on: non-dimensional numbers in microfluidics; interface, capillarity and microdrops; and digital, two-phase and droplet microfluidics.Presenting an enlightening balance of numerical approaches, theory, and experimental examples, this book provides a detailed look at the mechanical behavior of the different types of micro/nano particles and macromolecules that are used in biotechnology. You gain a solid understanding of microfluidics theory and the mechanics of microflows and microdrops. The book examines the diffusion of species and nanoparticles, including continuous flow and discrete Monte-Carlo methods.This unique volume describes the transport and dispersion of biochemical species and particles. You learn how to model biochemical reactions, including DNA hybridization and enzymatic reactions. Moreover, the book helps you master the theory, applications, and modeling of magnetic beads behavior and provides an overview of self-assembly and magnetic composite. Other key topics include the electric manipulation of micro/nanoparticles and macromolecules and the experimental aspects of biological macromolecule manipulation.
Book Synopsis Hydraulic Power System Analysis by : Arthur Akers
Download or read book Hydraulic Power System Analysis written by Arthur Akers and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2006-04-17 with total page 401 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The excitement and the glitz of mechatronics has shifted the engineering community's attention away from fluid power systems in recent years. However, fluid power still remains advantageous in many applications compared to electrical or mechanical power transmission methods. Designers are left with few practical resources to help in the design and
Book Synopsis Microscale Fluids Engineering for Droplet Microfluidics and Drag Reduction by : Pooyan Tirandazi
Download or read book Microscale Fluids Engineering for Droplet Microfluidics and Drag Reduction written by Pooyan Tirandazi and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 151 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Understanding the dynamics of fluids has enabled humans to devise strategies for a myriad of global challenges on a wide range of scales, from nanotechnology to space exploration. By designing and developing systems for manipulating fluid flows, researchers not only constantly optimize many of the conventional approaches to older engineering tasks, but also establish novel methods to tackle new and unsolved problems in science and technology. The advent of microfabrication and microfluidics along with improvements in numerical methodologies and computational power have equipped researchers with unprecedented resources to address these problems. In this work, I aim to investigate two areas where fluids engineering plays a critical role: droplet generation in microfluidic systems and fluid drag reduction of microtextured surfaces. In the first part, I study a relatively new area - droplet generation in microchannels using a high-speed gas phase flow. The use of microdroplets has become ubiquitous in many Lab-on-a-Chip applications ranging from material synthesis to biochemical sensing and testing. Droplet-microfluidics offers a promising approach for controlled generation and manipulation of uniform fluid entities. Despite the versatility and unparalleled control of the droplet formation and transport, the range of droplet microfluidic applications could be greatly expanded by enhancing the per-channel throughput and improving the interaction of droplets and jets with the continuous flow and the microchannel. I investigate a new class of droplet-based systems that uses a high-speed gaseous flow to generate uniform liquid droplets in a flow-focusing geometry. The interaction of the liquid and gas inside the microchannel creates distinct flow patterns. By characterizing the operation extent of resulting flow maps, I then focus on the Dripping and Jetting modes of droplet formation. To improve the performance of the droplet generation, I design and fabricate a three-dimensional microchannel architecture to facilitate formation of a contact-less liquid jet within the air flow inside the microchannel. Droplet generation frequency in this non-planar microchannel increase by at least one order of magnitude in comparison to conventional liquid-liquid droplet systems. The high-speed nature of the flows in this system, however, poses new challenges, namely inertial and compressibility effects on precise control of the jets and droplets. I use numerical simulations to further investigate the flow dynamics and determine the local pressure and velocity of the air inside the microchannel. The knowledge gained from this discussion of the fundamentals and physics is subsequently leveraged in applications that can benefit from this system. I propose a novel technique to use droplets as isolated micro-reactors for absorbing and detecting airborne targets and provide a proof-of-concept for sensing gaseous ammonia using sample digitization with microdroplets. In addition, I present the potential of using gas-liquid droplets as a template for polymer particle fabrication by showing experimental results that demonstrate the generation of calcium alginate microgels purely in air. At the end of this part, I discuss the current challenges in each application and suggest possible solutions towards effective implementation of this system for next generation microfluidic systems in particle synthesis and biochemical diagnostics. In the second part, I revisit a relatively old problem - understanding the dynamics of the laminar flow over textured surfaces for drag reduction applications. Inspired by the natural skins of certain plants and animals, introducing surface corrugations is a proven strategy to reduce the fluid drag and create a superhydrophobic effect, which has potential environmental and economic benefits. I examine the effects of periodic transverse grooves on the laminar boundary layer flow for mid- to high-Reynolds numbers (1000-25000). The width-to-depth aspect ratio of the grooves (AR) is a critical parameter that determines flow behavior near the grooves. Using finite element simulations, I study the local and temporal pressure and velocity fields in rectangular grooves for a wide range of aspect ratios (0.2
Book Synopsis The MEMS Handbook by : Mohamed Gad-el-Hak
Download or read book The MEMS Handbook written by Mohamed Gad-el-Hak and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2001-09-27 with total page 1386 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The revolution is well underway. Our understanding and utilization of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) are growing at an explosive rate with a worldwide market approaching billions of dollars. In time, microdevices will fill the niches of our lives as pervasively as electronics do right now. But if these miniature devices are to fulfill their mammoth potential, today's engineers need a thorough grounding in the underlying physics, modeling techniques, fabrication methods, and materials of MEMS. The MEMS Handbook delivers all of this and more. Its team of authors-unsurpassed in their experience and standing in the scientific community- explore various aspects of MEMS: their design, fabrication, and applications as well as the physical modeling of their operations. Designed for maximum readability without compromising rigor, it provides a current and essential overview of this fledgling discipline.
Download or read book Microfluidics written by Yu Song and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2018-05-07 with total page 576 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first book offering a global overview of fundamental microfluidics and the wide range of possible applications, for example, in chemistry, biology, and biomedical science. As such, it summarizes recent progress in microfluidics, including its origin and development, the theoretical fundamentals, and fabrication techniques for microfluidic devices. The book also comprehensively covers the fluid mechanics, physics and chemistry as well as applications in such different fields as detection and synthesis of inorganic and organic materials. A useful reference for non-specialists and a basic guideline for research scientists and technicians already active in this field or intending to work in microfluidics.
Book Synopsis Micro- and Nanoscale Fluid Mechanics by : Brian J. Kirby
Download or read book Micro- and Nanoscale Fluid Mechanics written by Brian J. Kirby and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2010-07-26 with total page 536 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This text focuses on the physics of fluid transport in micro- and nanofabricated liquid-phase systems, with consideration of gas bubbles, solid particles, and macromolecules. This text was designed with the goal of bringing together several areas that are often taught separately - namely, fluid mechanics, electrodynamics, and interfacial chemistry and electrochemistry - with a focused goal of preparing the modern microfluidics researcher to analyse and model continuum fluid mechanical systems encountered when working with micro- and nanofabricated devices. This text serves as a useful reference for practising researchers but is designed primarily for classroom instruction. Worked sample problems are included throughout to assist the student, and exercises at the end of each chapter help facilitate class learning.
Book Synopsis Studying Droplet Behavior and Capillary Flow in Open Microfluidic Channels by : Jing Jei Lee
Download or read book Studying Droplet Behavior and Capillary Flow in Open Microfluidic Channels written by Jing Jei Lee and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation discusses advancements in open channel microfluidics, the design and fabrication of open channels and capillary pumps, and methods to manipulate open channels. An open droplet-based microfluidics platform is demonstrated with promising future applications. Additionally, an expression to measure the velocity of capillary flow in an open channel and design guidelines for an efficient capillary pump are presented.Chapter 1 discusses the field of microfluidics and the advantages of such platforms. The fundamentals of open microfluidics is presented along with the benefits of open channel systems. Capillary flow is discussed, and the necessary considerations for fabrication of channels to ensure that the fluid in the system is driven by capillary means is provided. Droplet-based microfluidics is a large subfield of microfluidics, which is briefly reviewed, and a need for further fundamental and applied work using droplet-based systems which are completely driven by capillary flow is discussed. Finally, capillary pumps provide a solution to the inherent decrease of velocity (and flow rate) observed in channels driven by capillary flow. Chapter 2 introduces droplet-based microfluidics where droplets are formed in an open channel that is completely driven by capillary means. Our work represents the first time that this phenomenon was observed and studied. The interaction that exists between a droplet and the surrounding phase is described in detail. Chapter 3 explores fundamental microfluidic features in open channels: droplet splitting, multiple droplets, and droplet merging. An example of an open platform that enables users to manipulate droplets on the same chip is presented. Chapter 4 investigates capillary flow in an open channel, and an expression to measure velocity derived from the Lucas-Washburn-Rideal law is presented. The capillary flow in bifurcations and networks of open channels are studied. Chapter 5 investigates the theory of open capillary pumps to alleviate the inherent decrease of velocity and flow rate during capillary flow. Design guidelines of an efficient open capillary pump are discussed. Chapter 6 concludes the thesis with an overall perspective of the field and other experimental proposals to improve the overall design of open channels and capillary pumps and to enable applications with the platform.
Book Synopsis Control of Emulsion Drop Production in Flow Focusing Microfluidics by : Haejune Kim
Download or read book Control of Emulsion Drop Production in Flow Focusing Microfluidics written by Haejune Kim and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Generating droplets using flow-focusing microfluidics in multiphase flows has reached its limit that it cannot generate submicrometer droplets in size. Flow focusing geometry together with an electric field has been used to make smaller droplets in microchannels. The droplet size was controllable by the flow rate ratio as well as the electric field. The droplets size decreased as the voltage increased. A Taylor cone was formed to generate very fine droplets which were less than 1mB in diameter. The tip made smaller droplets due to the tangential force by the electric field. A small inner flow rate and high electric field were required to form a stable Taylor cone in a DC electric field. The droplet size, however, was not stable at a small water flow rate because the flow rate was not as accuate as required. When I used a modified syringe pump with more accurate flow rate control, I was able to obtain a stable set of data. A small change in droplet size occurred at low voltage. The drop size changed dramatically, when the voltage was high enough. I also observed how an AC electric field affects the droplet size. The droplet size was not solely determined by the voltage. This is because of the imbalance of the supplied flow rate and the emitted flow rate. I also found that the droplet size is related to the tip position of the dispersed phase. The droplet size decreased as the tip stretched more. Typically, the microfluidic device generated monodispese droplets in narrow size distribution. It also generated a bigger droplet followed by a smaller one consecutively at low flow rate ratio of inner and outer fluid flow. To understand this instability of drop formation, a numerical calculation was conducted. The simulation results showed inside of the tip still pointed downstream after it generated a big droplet. Then, the tip generated another smaller droplet while the tip was stretched. Finally, the tip moved back and began a new cycle.
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