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Drivers Of Variation In The Eruptive And Magmatic Processes Of A Persistently Active Volcano Yasur Vanuatu
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Book Synopsis Drivers of Variation in the Eruptive and Magmatic Processes of a Persistently Active Volcano, Yasur, Vanuatu by : Benjamin Clifford Simons
Download or read book Drivers of Variation in the Eruptive and Magmatic Processes of a Persistently Active Volcano, Yasur, Vanuatu written by Benjamin Clifford Simons and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 228 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A study to better understand the shallow conduit processes and eruptive manifestations of Strombolian-style volcanism was conducted at Mt Yasur, on Tanna Island, Vanuatu. It comprised an 11-week, multi-component monitoring deployment that utilized seismometers, gas spectrometry, thermal-IR imagery and visual observations. From this, explosion parameters were quantified and related to global analogues. Strombolian-style explosions occurred at rates of 30 to 129 per hour, reaching heights of 30-520 m, and ranging in style from Types 1, 2a, 2b, and a new style defined as Type 3. Cycles of 10 to 20 days were observed to indicate changes in magma and volatile flux across the whole volcano. Other ~5-day fluctuations at individual vent zones reflected changes in magma and degassing percolation within each upper conduit branch. An overall decline in the strength of activity during the observation period signified a longer cycle only partly observed. Statistical modelling revealed that the two main craters (South and North) are separated deeply, but above the level of the magma reservoir. Two vent zones within South Crater (A and B) are closely connected and display alternating activity with some periods of simultaneous paired explosions. This indicated only shallow separation of conduits above the point of gas-slug formation. The most powerful volcanism occurred during periods of increased background activity and SO2 flux, associated with hot conduit pathways filled with mobile magma. Lower power and low frequency, ash-rich eruptions occurred (Type 2b) if cooling and stagnant magma was present within the conduit. A new explosion type, Type 3, occurred when vents were deeply buried by surface debris and with no background degassing. Precursory low-frequency seismic signals indicate that gas is trapped beneath the surface, and that gas-rupture mechanics for Type 3 differ from other explosion types. Overall proximal hazards are primarily from ejection of lava bombs. Mean explosion heights of 150 m and ~250 m are required to reach the rim and outerflanks (and car park), respectively. On 31% of days, bombs landed on the rim and on 2% of days, they reached the car park. The outcomes of this study included linking the variation in explosion types at steady-state Strombolian-style volcanic activity to the upper conduit magma state and identifying new hazard warning/mitigation strategies.
Book Synopsis Elucidating Magmatic Drivers and Eruptive Behaviours of Persistently Active Volcanoes by : Chris Firth
Download or read book Elucidating Magmatic Drivers and Eruptive Behaviours of Persistently Active Volcanoes written by Chris Firth and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Yasur and Ambrym volcanoes, which are located within the Vanuatu Arc, are amongst the most regularly active in the world, with both experiencing ongoing eruption throughout their historical record. They offer a natural laboratory for understanding magmatic processes that sustain persistent volcanic activity. Furthermore, both volcanoes have experienced higher magnitide eruptions within their history, albeit with different frequency-magnitude relationships.Over a dozen eruptions of VEI 2-3 have been experienced at Ambrym throughout the past century, while at Yasur eruptions of VEI 5 or more have ocurred at intervals of ~10-25 kyr. These allow the relationship between low-magnitude, persistent activity and higher magnitude,explosive and effusive eruptions to be explored. Both of these motivating themes are primarily investigated by petrological and geochemical means, including mineral, tephra and whole rock major element analysis and whole rock trace element and Sr, Nd, Hf and U-series isotope analysis. This geochemical data is reconciled with historical and geological records of eruptive behvaiour to link changes in magmatic processes with variations in eruptive activity.
Book Synopsis Stress Field Control of Eruption Dynamics by : Roberto Sulpizio
Download or read book Stress Field Control of Eruption Dynamics written by Roberto Sulpizio and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2017-10-10 with total page 133 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Increasing evidence supports the claim that stress changes play a fundamental role in triggering volcanic eruptions. Stress changes may vary in origin to include earthquakes, erosion and landslide processes, deglaciation, or tidal effects. The local stress can also change as response of magma influx from deeper reservoirs and an increase of the magma/gas pressure. The stress transfer may be of great importance in reawakening a dormant system. As an example, significant statistical correlation of large earthquakes and eruptions in time and space was suggested in many works. The interaction may be two-fold; where magma intrusions may change the stress at active faults and trigger earthquakes, while tectonic earthquakes may affect the magmatic system and change the eruption activity. The change in local tectonic stress has been claimed as trigger of large ignimbrite eruptions or for controlling the eruptive style of explosive eruptions. Sometimes volcano systems that are nested or closely located may become active in chorus; neighbouring volcanoes may interact in the sense that one volcano triggers its neighbouring volcano. However, although there is ample evidence of concurrence, the processes of interacting volcanoes and near- to far-field tectonic stress are not well understood. Some studies suggest that volcanic eruptions are triggered if compressive stress acts at the magma system and “squeezes” out magma. Other studies suggest that extensional stress fields facilitate magma rise and thus encourage eruptions, or that fluctuating compression and extension during the passing of seismic waves trigger eruptions. This research topic tries to address some of the important open questions in interaction between stress field and volcanic eruption, though both review papers and new contributions.
Book Synopsis Modeling Volcanic Processes by : Sarah A. Fagents
Download or read book Modeling Volcanic Processes written by Sarah A. Fagents and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2021-02-11 with total page 902 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Understanding the physical behavior of volcanoes is key to mitigating the hazards active volcanoes pose to the ever-increasing populations living nearby. The processes involved in volcanic eruptions are driven by a series of interlinked physical phenomena, and to fully understand these, volcanologists must employ various physics subdisciplines. This book provides the first advanced-level, one-stop resource examining the physics of volcanic behavior and reviewing the state-of-the-art in modeling volcanic processes. Each chapter begins by explaining simple modeling formulations and progresses to present cutting-edge research illustrated by case studies. Individual chapters cover subsurface magmatic processes through to eruption in various environments and conclude with the application of modeling to understanding the other volcanic planets of our Solar System. Providing an accessible and practical text for graduate students of physical volcanology, this book is also an important resource for researchers and professionals in the fields of volcanology, geophysics, geochemistry, petrology and natural hazards.
Book Synopsis Geochemical Insights Into Magmatic Processes and Transitioning Eruption Styles from Devil's Rock (Ngwala), Ambae, Vanuatu by : Nathan Collins
Download or read book Geochemical Insights Into Magmatic Processes and Transitioning Eruption Styles from Devil's Rock (Ngwala), Ambae, Vanuatu written by Nathan Collins and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 145 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ambae, the largest basaltic volcano within the New Hebrides Arc, Vanuatu, has displayed variable eruptive behaviour through time, with volcanic activity occurring at both the summit and along the island's prominent rift zone. Rift volcanism on Ambae is characterised by dry strombolian eruptions, typically producing scoria cones until the rift axis terminates at the sea. Here, phreatomagmatic activity is commonplace. Devil's Rock on the SW coast of Ambae contains several examples of where eruptive activity transitions from strombolian to phreatomagmatic. Deposits from these eruptions contain abundant glassy olivine and pyroxene hosted melt inclusions, and groundmass textures covering a wide spectrum of crystallinities, thus providing excellent material to study fundamental questions regarding transitions between strombolian and phreatomagmatic volcanism, and how magma is generated and modified beneath Ambae. Melt inclusion geochemistry reveals that magmas generated beneath Ambae are derived from the partial melting of garnet lherzolite and/ or amphibole bearing clinopyroxenites at pressures less than 3 GPa. These melts preserve high Ba/Nd, Ba/La and [La/Sm]N ratios consistent with significant subduction, slab- fluid and slab- sediment inputs respectively. The slab- sediment derived component is particularly high relative to melts generated elsewhere along the New Hebrides Arc, probably owing to the position of Ambae opposite the subduction of the D'Entrecasteaux Zone where sediment accumulation is greatest. Strong correlations between major and trace element ratios in melt inclusions to indices of differentiation indicates Ambae melt compositions dominantly evolve through fractional crystallisation. The extent of fractional crystallisation in some cases is too great to be explained by the partial melting of a single parental source. Mineral- melt disequilibrium, mineral zoning and resorbed cores within olivine and pyroxene phenocrysts suggests that mixing between separate magma batches of varying levels of differentiation is primarily responsible for producing the observed trends in mineral and melt compositions. These magmatic processes are occurring within a shallow (0.6- 2.0 km) magma chamber near current sea level. Similarities in S concentrations between Devil's Rock melt inclusions and groundmass glass with those erupted from the summit between 2017 and 2018 highlight the possibility that this magmatic reservoir is a common source for summit and rift volcanism on Ambae. The transition between strombolian and phreatomagmatic activity at the Devil's Rock study site is accompanied by minor changes in volatile abundance, however this variation is unlikely to produce such a dramatic change in the nature of magma fragmentation. Instead, it is more likely that this transition is driven by the presence of an external water source and internal magma properties probably only played a minor role. This idea is supported by changes in groundmass crystallinity and porosity between eruption styles which is thought to relate to how slowly magma cooled post- eruption. Similarly, microscopic groundmass and melt inclusion textures show strong modification post- eruption which is attributed to magma cooling rates and volatile degassing on the surface. This has allowed for the identification of at least four separate eruptive phases at the study site, each detailing greater magma- melt interactions through time.
Book Synopsis The Role of Volatiles in the Genesis, Evolution and Eruption of Arc Magmas by : G.F. Zellmer
Download or read book The Role of Volatiles in the Genesis, Evolution and Eruption of Arc Magmas written by G.F. Zellmer and published by Geological Society of London. This book was released on 2015-03-17 with total page 294 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The subduction zone volatile cycle is key to understanding the petrogenesis, transport, storage and eruption of arc magmas. Volatiles control the flux of slab components into the mantle wedge, are responsible for melt generation through lowering the solidi of mantle materials and influence the crystallizing phase assemblages in the overriding crust. Further, the rates and extents of degassing during magma storage and decompression affect magma rheology, ultimately control eruption style and have consequences for the environmental impact of explosive arc volcanism. This book highlights recent progress in constraining the role of volatiles in magmatic processes. Individual book sections are devoted to tracing volatiles from the subducting slab to the overriding crust, their role in subvolcanic processes and eruption triggering, as well as magmatic-hydrothermal systems and volcanic degassing. For the first time, all aspects of the overarching theme of volatile cycling are covered in detail within a single volume.
Book Synopsis The Physics of Explosive Volcanic Eruptions by : Jennifer Susan Gilbert
Download or read book The Physics of Explosive Volcanic Eruptions written by Jennifer Susan Gilbert and published by Geological Society of London. This book was released on 1998 with total page 200 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Physics of Explosive Volcanic Eruptions includes seven review papers that outline our current understanding of several aspects of the physical processes affecting magma during volcanic eruptions. An introductory chapter highlights research areas where our understanding is incomplete, or even completely lacking, and where work needs advancing if our knowledge of volcanic processes is to be substantially improved. The book covers topics on the physical properties of silicic magma, vesiculation processes, conduit flow and fragmentation, gas loss from magmas during eruption, models of volcanic eruption columns, tephra dispersal and pyroclastic density currents.
Book Synopsis Remote Sensing of Volcanoes and Volcanic Processes by : D.M. Pyle
Download or read book Remote Sensing of Volcanoes and Volcanic Processes written by D.M. Pyle and published by Geological Society of London. This book was released on 2014-01-06 with total page 361 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume focuses on how advances in both remote sensing and modelling can be brought together to improve our understanding of the behaviour of active volcanoes. It includes review papers, papers reporting technical advances and case studies showing how the integration of remote-sensing observations with models can be put to good use.
Book Synopsis Remote Sensing of Volcanic Processes and Risk by : Francesca Cigna
Download or read book Remote Sensing of Volcanic Processes and Risk written by Francesca Cigna and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2021-03-17 with total page 430 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Remote sensing data and methods are increasingly being implemented in assessments of volcanic processes and risk. This happens thanks to their capability to provide a spectrum of observation and measurement opportunities to accurately sense the dynamics, magnitude, frequency, and impacts of volcanic activity. This book includes research papers on the use of satellite, aerial, and ground-based remote sensing to detect thermal features and anomalies, investigate lava and pyroclastic flows, predict the flow path of lahars, measure gas emissions and plumes, and estimate ground deformation. The multi-disciplinary character of the approaches employed for volcano monitoring and the combination of a variety of sensor types, platforms, and methods that come out from the papers testify to the current scientific and technology trends toward multi-data and multi-sensor monitoring solutions. The added value of the papers lies in the demonstration of how remote sensing can improve our knowledge of volcanoes that pose a threat to local communities; back-analysis and critical revision of recent volcanic eruptions and unrest periods; and improvement of modeling and prediction methods. Therefore, the selected case studies also demonstrate the societal impact that this scientific discipline can potentially have on volcanic hazard and risk management.
Book Synopsis Volcanic Unrest by : Joachim Gottsmann
Download or read book Volcanic Unrest written by Joachim Gottsmann and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-12-18 with total page 313 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This open access book summarizes the findings of the VUELCO project, a multi-disciplinary and cross-boundary research funded by the European Commission's 7th framework program. It comprises four broad topics: 1. The global significance of volcanic unrest 2. Geophysical and geochemical fingerprints of unrest and precursory activity 3. Magma dynamics leading to unrest phenomena 4. Bridging the gap between science and decision-making Volcanic unrest is a complex multi-hazard phenomenon. The fact that unrest may, or may not lead to an imminent eruption contributes significant uncertainty to short-term volcanic hazard and risk assessment. Although it is reasonable to assume that all eruptions are associated with precursory activity of some sort, the understanding of the causative links between subsurface processes, resulting unrest signals and imminent eruption is incomplete. When a volcano evolves from dormancy into a phase of unrest, important scientific, political and social questions need to be addressed. This book is aimed at graduate students, researchers of volcanic phenomena, professionals in volcanic hazard and risk assessment, observatory personnel, as well as emergency managers who wish to learn about the complex nature of volcanic unrest and how to utilize new findings to deal with unrest phenomena at scientific and emergency managing levels. This book is open access under a CC BY license.
Book Synopsis InSAR Observations of Ground Deformation by : Amy Laura Parker
Download or read book InSAR Observations of Ground Deformation written by Amy Laura Parker and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-10-14 with total page 176 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This doctoral thesis applies measurements of ground deformation from satellite radar using their potential to play a key role in understanding volcanic and magmatic processes throughout the eruption cycle. However, making these measurements is often problematic, and the processes driving ground deformation are commonly poorly understood. These problems are approached in this thesis in the context of the Cascades Volcanic Arc. From a technical perspective, the thesis develops a new way of using regional-scale weather models to assess a priori the influence of atmospheric uncertainties on satellite measurements of volcano deformation, providing key parameters for volcano monitoring. Next, it presents detailed geodetic studies of two volcanoes in northern California: Medicine Lake Volcano and Lassen Volcanic Centre. Finally, the thesis combines geodetic constraints with petrological inputs to develop a thermal model of cooling magma intrusions. The novelty and range of topics covered in this thesis mean that it is a seminal work in volcanic and magmatic studies.
Book Synopsis Volcanic Plumes by : Pasquale Sellitto
Download or read book Volcanic Plumes written by Pasquale Sellitto and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2019-03-21 with total page 252 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Volcanoes release plumes of gas and ash to the atmosphere during episodes of passive and explosive behavior. These ejecta have important implications for the chemistry and composition of the troposphere and stratosphere, with the capacity to alter Earth's radiation budget and climate system over a range of temporal and spatial scales. Volcanogenic sulphur dioxide reacts to form sulphate aerosols, which increase global albedo, e.g., by reducing surface temperatures, in addition to perturbing the formation processes and optical properties of clouds. Released halogen species can also deplete stratospheric and tropospheric ozone. Volcanic degassing, furthermore, played a key role in the formation of Earth’s atmosphere, and volcanic plumes can affect air quality, pose hazards to aviation and human health, as well as damage ecosystems. The chemical compositions and emission rates of volcanic plumes are also monitored via a range of direct-sampling and remote-sensing instrumentation, in order to gain insights into subterranean processes, in the respect of the magmatic bodies these volatiles exsolve from. Given the significant role these gases play in driving volcanic activity, e.g., via pressurisation, the study of volcanic plumes is proving to be an increasingly fruitful means of improving our understanding of volcanic systems, potentially in concert with observations from geophysics and contributions from fluid dynamical modelling of conduit dynamics. This Special Issue is aimed at presenting the state of the art of the multidisciplinary science concerning all aspects of volcanic plumes, of relevance to the volcanology, climatology, atmospheric science, and remote sensing communities.
Book Synopsis Towards Improved Forecasting of Volcanic Eruptions by : Corentin Caudron
Download or read book Towards Improved Forecasting of Volcanic Eruptions written by Corentin Caudron and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2020-04-01 with total page 317 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Volcanotectonics by : Agust Gudmundsson
Download or read book Volcanotectonics written by Agust Gudmundsson and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2020-04-30 with total page 601 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A volcanic eruption occurs when a magma-filled fracture propagates from its source to the surface. Analysing and understanding the conditions that allow this to happen constitute a major part of the scientific field of volcanotectonics. This new volume introduces this cutting-edge and interdisciplinary topic in volcanological research, which incorporates principles and methods from structural geology, tectonics, volcano-deformation studies, physical volcanology, seismology, and physics. It explains and illustrates the physical processes that operate inside volcanoes and which control the frequencies, locations, durations, and sizes of volcanic eruptions. Featuring a clear theoretical framework and helpful summary descriptions of various volcanic structures and products, as well as many worked examples and exercises, this book is an ideal resource for students, researchers and practitioners seeking an understanding of the processes that give rise to volcanic deformation, earthquakes, and eruptions.
Book Synopsis Fire Mountains of the Islands by : R. Wally Johnson
Download or read book Fire Mountains of the Islands written by R. Wally Johnson and published by ANU E Press. This book was released on 2013-12-18 with total page 416 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Volcanic eruptions have killed thousands of people and damaged homes, villages, infrastructure, subsistence gardens, and hunting and fishing grounds in Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands. The central business district of a town was destroyed by a volcanic eruption in the case of Rabaul in 1994. Volcanic disasters litter not only the recent written history of both countries—particularly Papua New Guinea—but are recorded in traditional stories as well. Furthermore, evidence for disastrous volcanic eruptions many times greater than any witnessed in historical times is to be found in the geological record. Volcanic risk is greater today than at any time previously because of larger, mainly sedentary populations on or near volcanoes in both countries. An attempt is made in this book to review what is known about past volcanic eruptions and disasters with a view to determining how best volcanic risk can be reduced today in this tectonically complex and volcanically threatening region.
Book Synopsis Modeling Volcanic Processes by : Sarah A. Fagents
Download or read book Modeling Volcanic Processes written by Sarah A. Fagents and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 421 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An advanced textbook and reference resource examining the physics of volcanic behavior and the state of the art in modeling volcanic processes.
Book Synopsis Volatiles in Magmas by : Michael R. Carroll
Download or read book Volatiles in Magmas written by Michael R. Carroll and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2018-12-17 with total page 536 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Volume 30 of Reviews in Mineralogy introduces in understanding the behavior of magmatic volatiles and their influence on a wide variety of geological phenomena; in doing this it also becomes apparent that there remain many questions outstanding. The range of topics we have tried to cover is broad, going from atomisticscale aspects of volatile solubility mechanisms and attendant effects on melt physical properties, to the chemistry of volcanic gases and the concentrations of volatiles in magmas, to the global geochemical cycles of volatiles. The reader should quickly see that much progress has been made since Bowen voiced his concerns about Maxwell demons, but like much scientific progress, answers to old questions have prompted even greater numbers of new questions. The Voltiles in Magmas course was organized and transpired at the Napa Valley Sheraton Hotel in California, December 2-4, 1994, just prior to the Fall Meetings of the American Geophysical Union in San Francisco.
