Drag Reduction on Non-ionic Surfactants in Aqueous Systems

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 126 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (62 download)

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Book Synopsis Drag Reduction on Non-ionic Surfactants in Aqueous Systems by : Jen-Lin Chang

Download or read book Drag Reduction on Non-ionic Surfactants in Aqueous Systems written by Jen-Lin Chang and published by . This book was released on 1972 with total page 126 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The use of polyoxyethylene alcohol non-ionic surfactants as drag reducing additives in aqueous systems was investigated. Significant drag reduction was obtained with suitable combinations of one percent Alfonic 1214 and salts at 30°C such that the surfactant was near or above its upper critical solubility temperature. Maximum drag reduction was observed at the cloud point. Relative viscosity values also peaked at this point. No upper critical shear stress was attained up to wall shear stresses of 2,000 dynes/cm2 with one percent Alfonic 1214 solutions at their cloud points. At a fixed temperature, the salt concentration required to reach the cloud point is sensitive to the nature of the anion, but is less sensitive to the nature of the cation. Some sensitivity to pH was also observed. The cloud point is not sensitive to the concentration of the surfactant at concentrations below one percent. At 0.5 percent Alfonic 1214, upper critical shear stresses were observed even with solutions at their cloud points. The mechanical degradation is only temporary, however, and drag reduction ability is regained when the shear stress is lowered"--Abstract, leaf ii.

Studies on the Nanostructure, Rheology and Drag Reduction Characteristics of Drag Reducing Cationic Surfactant Solutions

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 413 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (496 download)

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Book Synopsis Studies on the Nanostructure, Rheology and Drag Reduction Characteristics of Drag Reducing Cationic Surfactant Solutions by : Wu Ge

Download or read book Studies on the Nanostructure, Rheology and Drag Reduction Characteristics of Drag Reducing Cationic Surfactant Solutions written by Wu Ge and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 413 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: At concentrations above CMC (critical micellization concentration) or temperatures above CMT (critical micellization temperature) surfactant molecules dissolved in aqueous solution self-assemble into colloidal aggregates such as micelles or vesicles. These colloidal aggregates vary in shape and size depending on a number of system conditions such as surfactant molecular structure, surfactant concentration, salt concentration, temperature, etc. Among the variety of micellar structures in solution, wormlike micelles resembling the long chain molecules of high polymers may reduce friction energy loss in turbulent flow by up to 90% at relatively low surfactant concentrations under appropriate flow and temperature conditions. This phenomenon is termed drag reduction (by surfactant additives) and it has significant potential impacts on fluid transport and on the environment. Among surfactant drag reducing additives, cationic surfactants with organic counterions have received the most attention in the past two decades mainly because of their excellent drag reducing ability, broad availability, low concentration requirements and general insensitivity to ionic metal impurities. Typical cationic surfactants studied for drag reduction are quaternary ammonium salts with one long alkyl chain (carbon number from 14 to 22) and methyl or hydroxyethyl groups in the other positions. They are, however, mildly toxic with poor biodegradability, so there is a need to develop more environmentally friendly surfactant drag reducing additives. Other types of surfactants such as anionics, zwitterionics and nonionics have also been studied. To obtain desired drag reducing properties, previous research has been focused on utilizing synergistic effects that may arise when two surfactant species are mixed. Mixed surfactant systems studied for drag reduction included cationic surfactants of mixed alkyl chain lengths, cationic/anionic, nonionic/nonionic, nonionic/anionic and zwitterionic/anionic surfactant mixtures in aqueous solutions and in water/co-solvent systems. Organic counterions added to dilute cationic surfactant aqueous solutions are effective in inducing and stabilizing wormlike micelle formation at relatively low counterion to surfactant molar ratios, thereby promoting their drag reducing effectiveness. The interactions of the cationic surfactant and organic counterion can be enhanced by tuning either or both of them, structurally and/or by concentration and molar ratio, to tailor-make highly efficient drag reducing systems suitable for different applications. Understanding the important role of organic counterions in the dynamics of the formation of cationic surfactant wormlike micelles and their networks is important. In this work, investigations have been conducted in how changes in the organic counterion chemical structure of a series of p-halobenzoates and counterion to surfactant ratio affect zeta potential, nanostructure, drag reduction and rheological properties. Also, certain mixed aromatic counterion systems were studied which showed excellent synergistic effects on promoting wormlike micellar branched networks and enhancing drag reducing effectiveness. In this work, an enclosed rotating disk apparatus was designed and constructed for screening novel surfactant species synthesized in chemistry laboratories. After correlating its drag reducing results with those obtained through the conventional pipe flow test system, this small scale apparatus is capable of testing materials for drag reduction effectiveness independently. A long range goal of this research is to develop effective low concentration surfactant systems with good drag reduction effectiveness. Guided by the correlations and understandings obtained in the past research, in this work, a number of new surfactants or counterions were selected or synthesized for exploratory drag reduction tests.

An Address to the free electors, of the State of New-York, on the approaching elections

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (817 download)

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Book Synopsis An Address to the free electors, of the State of New-York, on the approaching elections by :

Download or read book An Address to the free electors, of the State of New-York, on the approaching elections written by and published by . This book was released on with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Turbulent Drag Reduction by Surfactant Additives

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Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118181115
Total Pages : 233 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (181 download)

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Book Synopsis Turbulent Drag Reduction by Surfactant Additives by : Feng-Chen Li

Download or read book Turbulent Drag Reduction by Surfactant Additives written by Feng-Chen Li and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2012-01-10 with total page 233 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Turbulent drag reduction by additives has long been a hot research topic. This phenomenon is inherently associated with multifold expertise. Solutions of drag-reducing additives are usually viscoelastic fluids having complicated rheological properties. Exploring the characteristics of drag-reduced turbulent flows calls for uniquely designed experimental and numerical simulation techniques and elaborate theoretical considerations. Pertinently understanding the turbulent drag reduction mechanism necessities mastering the fundamentals of turbulence and establishing a proper relationship between turbulence and the rheological properties induced by additives. Promoting the applications of the drag reduction phenomenon requires the knowledge from different fields such as chemical engineering, mechanical engineering, municipal engineering, and so on. This book gives a thorough elucidation of the turbulence characteristics and rheological behaviors, theories, special techniques and application issues for drag-reducing flows by surfactant additives based on the state-of-the-art of scientific research results through the latest experimental studies, numerical simulations and theoretical analyses. Covers turbulent drag reduction, heat transfer reduction, complex rheology and the real-world applications of drag reduction Introduces advanced testing techniques, such as PIV, LDA, and their applications in current experiments, illustrated with multiple diagrams and equations Real-world examples of the topic’s increasingly important industrial applications enable readers to implement cost- and energy-saving measures Explains the tools before presenting the research results, to give readers coverage of the subject from both theoretical and experimental viewpoints Consolidates interdisciplinary information on turbulent drag reduction by additives Turbulent Drag Reduction by Surfactant Additives is geared for researchers, graduate students, and engineers in the fields of Fluid Mechanics, Mechanical Engineering, Turbulence, Chemical Engineering, Municipal Engineering. Researchers and practitioners involved in the fields of Flow Control, Chemistry, Computational Fluid Dynamics, Experimental Fluid Dynamics, and Rheology will also find this book to be a much-needed reference on the topic.

Rheology of Drag Reducing Fluids

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Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 303040045X
Total Pages : 196 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (34 download)

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Book Synopsis Rheology of Drag Reducing Fluids by : Aroon Shenoy

Download or read book Rheology of Drag Reducing Fluids written by Aroon Shenoy and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-03-25 with total page 196 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: ​This book explains theoretical derivations and presents expressions for fluid and convective turbulent flow of mildly elastic fluids in various internal and external flow situations involving different types of geometries, such as the smooth/rough circular pipes, annular ducts, curved tubes, vertical flat plates, and channels. Understanding the methodology of the analyses facilitates appreciation for the rationale used for deriving expressions of parameters relevant to the turbulent flow of mildly elastic fluids. This knowledge serves as a driving force for developing new ideas, investigating new situations, and extending theoretical analyses to other unexplored areas of the rheology of mildly elastic drag reducing fluids.The book suits a range of functions--it can be used to teach elective upper-level undergraduate or graduate courses for chemical engineers, material scientists, mechanical engineers, and polymer scientists; guide researchers unexposed to this alluring and interesting area of drag reduction; and serve as a reference to all who want to explore and expand the areas dealt with in this book.

Interactions Between Drag Reducing Polymers and Surfactants

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 133 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (613 download)

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Book Synopsis Interactions Between Drag Reducing Polymers and Surfactants by : Ketan Prajapati

Download or read book Interactions Between Drag Reducing Polymers and Surfactants written by Ketan Prajapati and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 133 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Drag reduction in turbulent pipe flow using polymeric and surfactant additives is well known. Although extensive research work has been carried out on the drag reduction behavior of polymers and surfactants in isolation, little progress has been made on the synergistic effects of combined polymers and surfactants. In this work the interactions between drag-reducing polymers and surfactants were studied. The drag-reducing polymers studied were nonionic polyethylene oxide (referred to as PEO) and anionic copolymer of acrylamide and sodium acrylate (referred to as CPAM). The drag-reducing surfactants studied were nonionic ethoxylated alcohol - Alfonic 1412-7 (referred to as EA), cationic surfactant - Octadecyltrimethylammonium chloride in pure powder form (referred to as OTAC-p) and commercial grade cationic surfactant - Octadecyltrimethylammonium chloride in isopropanol solvent - Arquad 18-50 (referred to as OTAC-s). The interactions between polymers and surfactant were reflected in the measurements of the physical properties such as electrical conductivity, surface tension, viscosity and turbidity. The critical micelle concentration (cmc) of the mixed polymer / surfactant system was found to be different from that of the surfactant alone. The viscosity of a polymer solution was significantly affected by the addition of surfactant. Weak interactions were observed for the mixed systems of nonionic polymer - nonionic surfactant and anionic polymer - nonionic surfactant. Due to the wrapping of polymer chains around the developing micelles, a minimum in the viscosity is observed in these two cases. In the case of nonionic polymer / cationic surfactant system, the change in the viscosity was found to depend on the polymer concentration (C) and the critical entanglement concentration (C*). When the polymer concentration (C) was less than C* (C C*), the plot of the viscosity versus surfactant concentration exhibited a minimum. When C C*, a maximum in the viscosity versus surfactant concentration plot was observed. The interactions between nonionic polymer and cationic surfactant were observed to increase with the increase in temperature. A large drop in the viscosity occurred in the case of anionic-polymer / cationic-surfactant system when surfactant was added to the polymer solution. The observed changes in the viscosity are explained in terms of the changes in the extension of polymeric chains resulting from polymer-surfactant interactions. The anionic CPAM chains collapsed upon the addition of cationic OTAC-p, due to charge neutralization. The presence of counterion sodium salicylate (NaSal) stabilized the cationic surfactant monomers in the solution, resulting in micelle formation at a surfactant concentration well below the concentration where complete charge neutralization of anionic polymer occurred. Preliminary results are reported on the pipeline drag reduction behavior of mixed polymer-surfactant system. The results obtained using combinations of CPAM / OTAC-p in pipeline flow are found to be in harmony with the interaction study. Due to the shrinkage of CPAM chains upon the addition of OTAC-p, the drag reducing ability of CPAM is compromised.

Investigations on Drag Reduction by Interactions Between Polymer and Surfactant and Polymer and Polymer

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 254 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (973 download)

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Book Synopsis Investigations on Drag Reduction by Interactions Between Polymer and Surfactant and Polymer and Polymer by : Jia Yang

Download or read book Investigations on Drag Reduction by Interactions Between Polymer and Surfactant and Polymer and Polymer written by Jia Yang and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 254 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A large amount of studies have been carried out on pipeline flow with several kinds of drag reducing agents, especially polymers and surfactants. Drag reducing agents, by definition, are additives which help suppress or eliminate turbulence in a pipeline. The mechanism and methodology of polymer only or surfactant only as drag reducing additives have been fully discovered. Whether mixed drag reducers such as polymer-surfactant or polymer-polymer systems would be effective is still not clear. In our study, polymer-surfactant and polymer-polymer mixed additives are used in order to explore the synergistic effects and interactions in pipeline flow loops. The experimental work was divided into two sections: bench-scale experiments and pilot-scale experiments. In bench-scale experiments, the properties of prepared fluids such as, surface tension, conductivity and shear viscosity were measured. Several comparison methods and calculations were applied to give better understandings of the properties resulting from mixing of polymer with surfactant and polymer with polymer. After analysis of the properties, several combinations of concentrations were selected and solutions were prepared in the main tank of pilot plant and pumped into the pipeline set-up to test the pipeline flow behaviors. Turbulence structure/Reynolds number, pipe diameter, polymer-surfactant concentration were all considered as influencing factors. Critical micelle concentration, critical aggregation concentration, polymer saturation point, the onset of drag reduction, and the interactions between the mixed additives were discussed. A comparison between pipeline results and the predictions of Blasius Equation or Dodge-Metzner Equation were also discussed.. For polymer-surfactant studies, a commonly used polymer additive - carboxylmethylcellulose (referred to as CMC which is anionic) was selected as the drag reducing agent. The performance of this polymer was investigated in the presence of six surfactants respectively - Alcohol ethoxylate (referred to as Alfonic 1412-9 and Alfonic 1412-3 which are nonionic), Aromox DMC (nonionic surfactant), Stepanol WA-100 and Stepwet DF-95 (which mainly consist sodium lauryl sulfates, anionic surfactant) and Amphosol (which is zwitterionic).The experiments were first conducted with pure CMC solution with different concentrations (100ppm, 500ppm, 700ppm and 1000ppm) as a standard. The 500ppm CMC solution was selected as the best polymer concentration with highest drag reduction efficiency. For polymer-surfactant combinations, CMC-Alfonic 1412-9, CMC-Alfonic1412-3, CMC-Stepanol and CMC-Stepwet systems were found to have significant interactions. High surfactant concentration resulted in reduction in %DR. The addition of Aromox increased the drag reduction ability and onset point when concentration was higher than the polymer saturation points. Also, both hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions were thought to have an effect on critical micelle concentration, which led to the fluctuations in the %DR. For polymer-polymer studies, PAM-PEO system at two different polymer concentrations were investigated. Overall, Pure PAM solution had much higher drag reduction ability than pure PEO solutions. Mixing them together, strong interactions occurred when PEO fraction was high (over 50%) which affected %DR and shear viscosity substantially. Power-law constants n and k were also taken into account and found to exhibit opposite trends with the increase of PEO fraction.

Low Temperature Drag Reduction of Non-ionic and Zwitterionic Surfactants

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 76 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (617 download)

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Book Synopsis Low Temperature Drag Reduction of Non-ionic and Zwitterionic Surfactants by : Megan Miller

Download or read book Low Temperature Drag Reduction of Non-ionic and Zwitterionic Surfactants written by Megan Miller and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 76 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Polymer Physics

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Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118062957
Total Pages : 677 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (18 download)

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Book Synopsis Polymer Physics by : Leszek A. Utracki

Download or read book Polymer Physics written by Leszek A. Utracki and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2011-02-14 with total page 677 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Providing a comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art advanced research in the field, Polymer Physics explores the interrelationships among polymer structure, morphology, and physical and mechanical behavior. Featuring contributions from renowned experts, the book covers the basics of important areas in polymer physics while projecting into the future, making it a valuable resource for students and chemists, chemical engineers, materials scientists, and polymer scientists as well as professionals in related industries.

The Influence of Polymer Additives on Velocity and Temperature Fields

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Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3642826326
Total Pages : 450 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (428 download)

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Book Synopsis The Influence of Polymer Additives on Velocity and Temperature Fields by : Bernhard Gampert

Download or read book The Influence of Polymer Additives on Velocity and Temperature Fields written by Bernhard Gampert and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 450 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Symposium on "The Influence of Polymer Additives on Veloc ity and Temperature Fields" was proposed to the General Assem bly of the International Union of Theoretical and Applied Me chanics (IUTAM) by the "Gesellschaft fur Angewandte Mathematik und Mechanik" (GAMM). The Symposium was held under the auspices of IUTAM in association with the "Deutsche Rheologische Ge sellschaft" (DRG) with responsibility for the organization ly ing with B. Gampert (Universitat-GH-Essen). The main aim of this IUTAM Symposium was to consider the funda mental aspects of the phenomena that occur when small amounts of polymers are added to turbulent flows (turbulent drag re duction) and laminar porous media flows. In particular atten tion was devoted to - the influence of molecular parameters of the polymers and solution properties, especially the elongational viscosity, on turbulent flow and laminar porous media flow; the influence of polymers on the turbulence structure in polymer drag reduction

Viscous Drag Reduction in Boundary Layers

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Publisher : AIAA
ISBN 13 : 9781600863783
Total Pages : 542 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (637 download)

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Book Synopsis Viscous Drag Reduction in Boundary Layers by :

Download or read book Viscous Drag Reduction in Boundary Layers written by and published by AIAA. This book was released on 1990 with total page 542 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Handbook of Surface and Colloid Chemistry

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Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1466596686
Total Pages : 702 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (665 download)

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Book Synopsis Handbook of Surface and Colloid Chemistry by : K. S. Birdi

Download or read book Handbook of Surface and Colloid Chemistry written by K. S. Birdi and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2015-06-25 with total page 702 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This new edition of the Handbook of Surface and Colloid Chemistry informs you of significant recent developments in the field. It highlights new applications and provides revised insight on surface and colloid chemistry's growing role in industrial innovations. The contributors to each chapter are internationally recognized experts. Several chapter

The Properties of Some Non-ionic Surfactants

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 272 pages
Book Rating : 4.F/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis The Properties of Some Non-ionic Surfactants by : Victor Earl Sheaffer

Download or read book The Properties of Some Non-ionic Surfactants written by Victor Earl Sheaffer and published by . This book was released on 1964 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Giant Micelles

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Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1420007122
Total Pages : 577 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (2 download)

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Book Synopsis Giant Micelles by : Raoul Zana

Download or read book Giant Micelles written by Raoul Zana and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2007-05-30 with total page 577 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The co-evolution of a strong theoretical framework alongside application of a range of sophisticated experimental tools engendered rapid advancement in the study ofgiant micelles. Beginning with Anacker and Debye's 1951 experimental study of elongated micelles by light scattering and their subsequent theoretical inference that the thermodynamic

Wormlike Micelles

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Publisher : Royal Society of Chemistry
ISBN 13 : 1782629785
Total Pages : 429 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (826 download)

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Book Synopsis Wormlike Micelles by : Cecile A Dreiss

Download or read book Wormlike Micelles written by Cecile A Dreiss and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2017-03-17 with total page 429 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Wormlike micelles are elongated flexible self-assembled structures created from the aggregation of amphiphiles and their resulting dynamic networks have gained attention for a number of uses, particularly in the oil industry. Written by experts, Wormlike Micelles describes the latest developments in the field providing an authoritative guide on the subject. The book starts with an introductory chapter giving an overview of the area and then looks at the three key topics of new wormlike micelle systems, characterization and applications. New systems covered in the first part include reverse wormlike micelles and stimuli-responsive wormlike micelles. The second part explores cutting-edge techniques that have led to advances in the understanding of their structure and dynamics, including direct imaging techniques and the combination of rheology with small-angle neutron scattering techniques. Finally, the book reviews their use in oil and gas well treatments as well as surfactant drag reducing solutions. Aimed at postgraduate students and researchers, this text is essential reading for anyone interested in soft matter systems.

Investigating the Effect of Nonionic Surfactant Molecular Weight on Its Drag Reduction Performance

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 78 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (953 download)

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Book Synopsis Investigating the Effect of Nonionic Surfactant Molecular Weight on Its Drag Reduction Performance by : Nurkhalida Shahari

Download or read book Investigating the Effect of Nonionic Surfactant Molecular Weight on Its Drag Reduction Performance written by Nurkhalida Shahari and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 78 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The major problems in transportation by pipeline are about pumping power losses due to the turbulent mode of transportation. This research is proposed to improve oil flow by using nonionic surfactant as drag reducing agent. Triton X series, one of nonionic surfactant group was selected for this study. By using three types of surfactant, Triton X- 15, Triton X-45 and Triton X-114, the effect of molecular weight between Triton X was investigated. Other variable studied are concentration (300ppm, 800ppm, 1200ppm and 1800ppm) and Reynolds number. Rotation speed of RDA used is 50rpm- 3000rpm. During the experiment, the torque reading for additive- free oil and oil with additive was recorded and used to calculate percentage of drag reduction. The data was analyzed further by plotting drag reduction versus Reynolds numbers, drag reduction versus concentration and torque versus speed. The maximum drag reduction obtained is almost 29% which occurs for oil with Triton -15 at concentration 1500ppm. As conclusion, when the concentration increases, the drag reduction increase and decreasing the molecular weight will result the increasing of drag reduction. Lastly, for all the experimental cases, the percentage of drag reduction values decreases by increasing the Reynolds number.

Phase Behavior, Microstructure and Transitions in Self-assembled Colloidal Systems

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 636 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (319 download)

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Book Synopsis Phase Behavior, Microstructure and Transitions in Self-assembled Colloidal Systems by : Xiangbing Li

Download or read book Phase Behavior, Microstructure and Transitions in Self-assembled Colloidal Systems written by Xiangbing Li and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 636 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: