Donors Of Longmen

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Donors of Longmen

Author : Amy McNair
Publisher : University of Hawaii Press
ISBN 13 : 0824829948
Total Pages : 250 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (248 download)

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Book Synopsis Donors of Longmen by : Amy McNair

Download or read book Donors of Longmen written by Amy McNair and published by University of Hawaii Press. This book was released on 2007-01-01 with total page 250 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Donors of Longmen is the first work in a Western language to re-create the history of the Longmen Grottoes, one of China's great stone sculpture treasure houses. Longmen, a UNESCO World Heritage site located near the old capital of Luoyang in modern Henan Province, consists of thousands of ancient cave chapels and shrines containing Buddhist icons of all sizes that were carved into the towering limestone cliffs from the fifth to the eighth centuries. Beyond its superb sculpture, Longmen also preserves thousands of engraved dedicatory inscriptions by its donors, who included emperors and empresses, aristocrats, court eunuchs, artisans, monks, nuns, lay societies, female palace officials, male civil and military officials, and ordinary lay believers. Based on wide reading of both Asian and Western-language scholarship and careful analysis of the architecture, epigraphy, and iconography of the site, Amy McNair provides a rich and detailed examination of the dynamics of faith, politics, and money at Longmen, beginning with the inception of the site at Guyang Grotto in 493 and concluding with the last major dated project, the forty-eight Amitabhas added to the Great Vairocana Image Shrine in 730. Through her sensitive and well-informed exploration of Longmen's huge repository of remarkable early sculpture, McNair gives voice to a wide array of medieval believers, many of them traditionally excluded from history. Hers will be the definitive work on Longmen for years to come.

Longmen's Stone Buddhas and Cultural Heritage

Author : Dong Wang
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN 13 : 1538141124
Total Pages : 315 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (381 download)

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Book Synopsis Longmen's Stone Buddhas and Cultural Heritage by : Dong Wang

Download or read book Longmen's Stone Buddhas and Cultural Heritage written by Dong Wang and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2020-06-02 with total page 315 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thoroughly researched book provides the first comprehensive history of how a UNESCO World Heritage site on the Central China Plain, Longmen’s caves and the Buddhist statuary of Luoyang, was rediscovered in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Drawing on original research and archival sources in Chinese, English, French, German, Japanese, and Swedish, as well as extensive fieldwork, Dong Wang traces the ties between cultural heritage and modernity, detailing how this historical monument has been understood from antiquity to the present. She highlights the manifold traffic and expanded contact between China and other countries as these nations were reorienting themselves in order to adapt their own cultural traditions to newly industrialized and industrializing societies. Unknown to much of the world, Longmen and its mesmerizing modern history takes readers to the heartland of China, known as “Chinese Babylon” a century ago. With remarkable depth and breadth, this book unravels both a bygone and a continuing human pursuit of artefacts—shared, spiritual, modern, and above all beautiful that have linked so many lives, Chinese and foreign.

Zhipan’s Account of the History of Buddhism in China

Author : Thomas Jülch
Publisher : BRILL
ISBN 13 : 9004680454
Total Pages : 357 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (46 download)

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Book Synopsis Zhipan’s Account of the History of Buddhism in China by : Thomas Jülch

Download or read book Zhipan’s Account of the History of Buddhism in China written by Thomas Jülch and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2023-09-14 with total page 357 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Fozu tongji by Zhipan (ca. 1220–1275) is a key text of Chinese Buddhist historiography. The core of the work is formed by the “Fayun tongsai zhi,” an annalistic history of Buddhism in China, which extends through Fozu tongji, juan 34–48. Thomas Jülch now presents a translation of the “Fayun tongsai zhi” in three volumes. This third volume covers the annalistic display concerning the Song dynasty. Offering elaborate annotations, Jülch succeeds in clarifying the backgrounds to the historiographic contents, which Zhipan presents in highly essentialized style. Regarding the historical matters addressed in the material translated for the present volume, the Fozu tongji is often the earliest source. In several cases, inaccuracies in Zhipan’s account can however still be discerned, and Jülch succeeds in employing other sources to reveal and correct those errors.

The China Collectors

Author : Karl E. Meyer
Publisher : St. Martin's Press
ISBN 13 : 1466879297
Total Pages : 442 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (668 download)

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Book Synopsis The China Collectors by : Karl E. Meyer

Download or read book The China Collectors written by Karl E. Meyer and published by St. Martin's Press. This book was released on 2015-03-10 with total page 442 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Thanks to Salem sea captains, Gilded Age millionaires, curators on horseback and missionaries gone native, North American museums now possess the greatest collections of Chinese art outside of East Asia itself. How did it happen? The China Collectors is the first full account of a century-long treasure hunt in China from the Opium Wars and the Boxer Rebellion to Mao Zedong's 1949 ascent. The principal gatherers are mostly little known and defy invention. They included "foreign devils" who braved desert sandstorms, bandits and local warlords in acquiring significant works. Adventurous curators like Langdon Warner, a forebear of Indiana Jones, argued that the caves of Dunhuang were already threatened by vandals, thereby justifying the removal of frescoes and sculptures. Other Americans include George Kates, an alumnus of Harvard, Oxford and Hollywood, who fell in love with Ming furniture. The Chinese were divided between dealers who profited from the artworks' removal, and scholars who sought to protect their country's patrimony. Duanfang, the greatest Chinese collector of his era, was beheaded in a coup and his splendid bronzes now adorn major museums. Others in this rich tapestry include Charles Lang Freer, an enlightened Detroit entrepreneur, two generations of Rockefellers, and Avery Brundage, the imperious Olympian, and Arthur Sackler, the grand acquisitor. No less important are two museum directors, Cleveland's Sherman Lee and Kansas City's Laurence Sickman, who challenged the East Coast's hegemony. Shareen Blair Brysac and Karl E. Meyer even-handedly consider whether ancient treasures were looted or salvaged, and whether it was morally acceptable to spirit hitherto inaccessible objects westward, where they could be studied and preserved by trained museum personnel. And how should the US and Canada and their museums respond now that China has the means and will to reclaim its missing patrimony?

Countless Sands

Author : Jeffrey Moser
Publisher : University of Hawaii Press
ISBN 13 : 0824898176
Total Pages : 329 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (248 download)

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Book Synopsis Countless Sands by : Jeffrey Moser

Download or read book Countless Sands written by Jeffrey Moser and published by University of Hawaii Press. This book was released on 2024-12-31 with total page 329 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Countless Sands presents engaging analyses of the diverse relationships between Buddhism and the environment that existed in medieval Asia. Recent years have witnessed a surge in publications across the humanities that advance powerful ethical and political arguments to account for the human failure to respond effectively to global climate change. While the contributors to this volume are attuned to this challenge, rather than present explicit political arguments, they pursue a subtler effort to historicize the environment as a site and subject of Buddhist practice while providing research grounded in rigorous analysis of complex and fragmentary sources. The volume thereby mitigates against the Orientalist, East-West binaries that have long informed the invocation of Buddhism in Euro-American environmental discourses. As the chapters collectively demonstrate, there was no singular, consistently “Buddhist” understanding of the natural world, but innumerable, varied engagements preserved in discrete texts, images, and artifacts. Through specific case studies, the authors consider such questions as: How did premodern Buddhists understand what we today call “the environment”? How did they think about their earth? How, when, and where did the various processes of the earth actually impinge on the practices of historical Buddhists? What kinds of “environmental imaginations” informed specific Buddhist practices? In so doing, the authors explore the connections between the ways in which historical Buddhist communities interacted with their environments and how they understood those environments. In the broader field of Buddhist studies, Countless Sands contributes to ongoing efforts to expand the locus of inquiry from textually based investigations of Buddhist doctrine to a broader examination of the complex and varied place of Buddhism in the lives of historical communities. The book furthers this broader process by casting it in environmental terms and will engage readers looking for models of thought-provoking historical analysis on environmental themes.

The Sinicization of Chinese Religions: From Above and Below

Author : Richard Madsen
Publisher : BRILL
ISBN 13 : 9004465189
Total Pages : 188 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (44 download)

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Book Synopsis The Sinicization of Chinese Religions: From Above and Below by : Richard Madsen

Download or read book The Sinicization of Chinese Religions: From Above and Below written by Richard Madsen and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2021-07-19 with total page 188 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: “Sinicization” has become the slogan that guides Chinese official policy towards religion. What does it mean? Where will it lead? This book is one of the first in English that answers these questions.

Surviving Nirvana

Author : Sonya S. Lee
Publisher : Hong Kong University Press
ISBN 13 : 9622091253
Total Pages : 374 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (22 download)

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Book Synopsis Surviving Nirvana by : Sonya S. Lee

Download or read book Surviving Nirvana written by Sonya S. Lee and published by Hong Kong University Press. This book was released on 2010-03-01 with total page 374 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Buddha's nirvana marks the end of the life of a great spiritual figure and the beginning of Buddhism as a world religion. Surviving Nirvana is the first book in the English language to examine how this historic moment was represented and received in the visual culture of China, of which the nirvana image has been a part for over 1,500 years. --Mining a selection of well-documented and well-preserved examples from the sixth to twelfth centuries, Sonya Lee offers a reassessment of medieval Chinese Buddhism by focusing on practices of devotion and image-making that were inspired by the Buddha's "complete extinction." The nirvana image, comprised of a reclining Buddha and a mourning audience, was central to defining the local meanings of the nirvana moment in different times and places. The motif's many guises, whether on a stone-carved stele, inside a pagoda crypt, or as a painted mural in a cave temple, were the product of social interactions, religious institutions, and artistic practices prevalent in a given historical context. They were also cogent responses to the fundamental anxiety about the absence of the Buddha and the prospect of one's salvation. By reinventing the nirvana image to address its own needs, each community of patrons, makers, and viewers sought to recast the Buddha's "death" into an allegory of survival that was charged with local pride and contemporary relevance.- -Thoroughly researched, this study engages methods and debates from the fields of art history, religion, archaeology, architecture, and East Asian history that are relevant to scholars and students alike. The many examples analyzed in the book offer well-defined local contexts to discuss broader historical and theoretical issues concerning representation, patronage, religion and politics, family values, and vision.--Sonya S. Lee is assistant professor of art history and East Asian languages and cultures at University of Southern California.-- -

Buddhist Statecraft in East Asia

Author : Stephanie Balkwill
Publisher : BRILL
ISBN 13 : 9004510222
Total Pages : 201 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (45 download)

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Book Synopsis Buddhist Statecraft in East Asia by : Stephanie Balkwill

Download or read book Buddhist Statecraft in East Asia written by Stephanie Balkwill and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2022-03-28 with total page 201 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Buddhist Statecraft in East Asia explores the long relationship between Buddhism and the state in premodern times and seeks to counter the modern, secularist notion that Buddhism, as a religion, is inherently apolitical. By revealing the methods by which members of Buddhist communities across premodern East Asia related to imperial rule, this volume offers case studies of how Buddhists, their texts, material culture, ideas, and institutions legitimated rulers and defended regimes across the region. The volume also reveals a history of Buddhist writing, protest, and rebellion against the state. Contributors are Stephanie Balkwill, James A. Benn, Megan Bryson, Gregory N. Evon, Geoffrey C. Goble, Richard D. McBride II, and Jacqueline I. Stone.

Yungang

Author : Joy Lidu Yi
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1351402404
Total Pages : 318 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (514 download)

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Book Synopsis Yungang by : Joy Lidu Yi

Download or read book Yungang written by Joy Lidu Yi and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-11-13 with total page 318 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first-ever comprehensive analysis of its kind in any western language, this unique volume provides a social art history of Yungang: a 5th-century rock-cut court cave complex, UNESCO World Heritage site, and one of the greatest Buddhist monuments of all time. Yungang asks why, when, and under what circumstances this impressive cave sanctuary was made, and who played significant roles at various stages. Recent economic changes in China including the expansion of roads have led to unprecedented numbers of objects being unearthed on site and near the cave-chapels. Archaeological discoveries in 2010 have shed significant new light on the architectural configuration of monasteries in the capital and the functions of different sections of the cave complex, as well as monastic life within it. For the first time, it is possible to reconstruct where the monks lived and translated sacred literary texts, and to fully understand that freestanding monasteries are an important component of the rock-cut cave complex. Illustrated throughout with remarkable full-colour photographs, this re-examination of the cave-chapels, which brings together previous scholarship, primary documentation, and more than a decade of first-hand field research, will not only fill in the gaps in our knowledge about Yungang, but also raise, and perhaps answer, new questions in art history.

Cherishing Antiquity

Author : Olivia Milburn
Publisher : BRILL
ISBN 13 : 1684170737
Total Pages : 407 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (841 download)

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Book Synopsis Cherishing Antiquity by : Olivia Milburn

Download or read book Cherishing Antiquity written by Olivia Milburn and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2020-10-26 with total page 407 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cherishing Antiquity describes the commemoration within Chinese literature and culture of the southern kingdom of Wu, which collapsed in 473 BCE. The sudden rise and tragic fall of Wu within the space of just over one century would inspire numerous memorials in and around the city of Suzhou, once the capital of this ancient kingdom. A variety of physical structures, including temples, shrines, steles, and other monuments, were erected in memory of key figures in the kingdom’s history. These sites inspired further literary representations in poetry and prose—musings on the exoticism, glamour, great wealth, and hideous end of the last king of Wu. Through an analysis first of the history of Wu as recorded in ancient Chinese texts and then of its literary legacy, Olivia Milburn illuminates the remarkable cultural endurance of this powerful but short-lived kingdom

Northern Wei (386-534)

Author : Scott Pearce
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0197600395
Total Pages : 385 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (976 download)

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Book Synopsis Northern Wei (386-534) by : Scott Pearce

Download or read book Northern Wei (386-534) written by Scott Pearce and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2023 with total page 385 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This is a study of an Inner Asian people called the *Taghbach (Ch. Tuoba), who half a century after collapse of the Han state (206 BCE-220 CE) began the process of building a new kind of empire in East Asia. Though addressing larger historiographical issues, the book's main purpose is, within the limits of our sources, to see this people in and of themselves, in a detailed narrative that follows them from the emergence of the khan Liwei in the mid-third century, in the highland frontier between Inner Asia and the Chinese world, and ends almost three hundred years later, with the drowning of the dynasty's last matriarch in the Yellow River. Across the centuries, they repeatedly changed their name, nature and location. What remained relatively consistent, however, was their reliance on cavalry armies, filled with loyal men of Inner Asian origin. When that ended, the dynasty ended as well. Underlying the narrative are two main issues. One is that Northern Wei was the first major example of a kind of empire seen often in East Asian histories, the "conquest dynasties," regimes of Inner Asian origin which would over the centuries repeatedly seize control of territories inhabited for the most part by Chinese to create cultural and ethnically complex state systems. The second is historiographical: that this dynasty was renamed and reimagined to fit into the textual tradition of its Chinese subjects. Being our only primary written sources for the dynasty, these texts are here used with care"--

Becoming Guanyin

Author : Yuhang Li
Publisher : Columbia University Press
ISBN 13 : 0231548737
Total Pages : 365 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (315 download)

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Book Synopsis Becoming Guanyin by : Yuhang Li

Download or read book Becoming Guanyin written by Yuhang Li and published by Columbia University Press. This book was released on 2020-02-18 with total page 365 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Winner, 2024 Geiss-Hsu Book Prize for Best First Book, Society for Ming Studies The goddess Guanyin began in India as the bodhisattva Avalokiteśvara, originally a male deity. He gradually became indigenized as a female deity in China over the span of nearly a millennium. By the Ming (1358–1644) and Qing (1644–1911) periods, Guanyin had become the most popular female deity in China. In Becoming Guanyin, Yuhang Li examines how lay Buddhist women in late imperial China forged a connection with the subject of their devotion, arguing that women used their own bodies to echo that of Guanyin. Li focuses on the power of material things to enable women to access religious experience and transcendence. In particular, she examines how secular Buddhist women expressed mimetic devotion and pursued religious salvation through creative depictions of Guanyin in different media such as painting and embroidery and through bodily portrayals of the deity using jewelry and dance. These material displays expressed a worldview that differed from yet fit within the Confucian patriarchal system. Attending to the fabrication and use of “women’s things” by secular women, Li offers new insight into the relationships between worshipped and worshipper in Buddhist practice. Combining empirical research with theoretical insights from both art history and Buddhist studies, Becoming Guanyin is a field-changing analysis that reveals the interplay between material culture, religion, and their gendered transformations.

The Women Who Ruled China

Author : Stephanie Balkwill
Publisher : Univ of California Press
ISBN 13 : 0520401816
Total Pages : 260 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (24 download)

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Book Synopsis The Women Who Ruled China by : Stephanie Balkwill

Download or read book The Women Who Ruled China written by Stephanie Balkwill and published by Univ of California Press. This book was released on 2024-08-06 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A free ebook version of this title is available through Luminos, University of California Press’s Open Access publishing program. Visit www.luminosoa.org to learn more. In the late fifth century, a girl whose name has been forgotten by history was born at the edge of the Chinese empire. By the time of her death, she had transformed herself into Empress Dowager Ling, one of the most powerful politicians of her age and one of the first of many Buddhist women to wield incredible influence in dynastic East Asia. In this book, Stephanie Balkwill documents the Empress Dowager’s rise to power and life on the throne against the broader world of imperial China under the rule of the Northern Wei dynasty, a foreign people from Inner Asia who built their capital deep in the Chinese heartland. Building on largely untapped Buddhist materials, Balkwill shows that the life and rule of the Empress Dowager is a larger story of the reinvention of religious, ethnic, and gender norms in a rapidly changing multicultural society. The Women Who Ruled China recovers the voices of those left out of the mainstream historical record, painting a compelling portrait of medieval Chinese society reinventing itself under the Empress Dowager’s leadership.

Gendering Chinese Religion

Author : Jinhua Jia
Publisher : State University of New York Press
ISBN 13 : 1438453094
Total Pages : 312 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (384 download)

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Book Synopsis Gendering Chinese Religion by : Jinhua Jia

Download or read book Gendering Chinese Religion written by Jinhua Jia and published by State University of New York Press. This book was released on 2014-07-30 with total page 312 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Gendering Chinese Religion marks the emergence of a subfield on women, gender, and religion in China studies. Ranging from the medieval period to the present day, this volume departs from the conventional and often male-centered categorization of Chinese religions into Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism, and popular religion. It makes two compelling arguments. First, Chinese women have deployed specific religious ideas and rituals to empower themselves in various social contexts. Second, gendered perceptions and representations of Chinese religions have been indispensable to the historical and contemporary construction of social and political power. The contributors use innovative ways of discovering and applying a rich variety of sources, many previously ignored by scholars. While each of the chapters in this interdisciplinary work represents a distinct perspective, together they form a coherent dialogue about the historical importance, intellectual possibilities, and methodological protocols of this new subfield.

Protecting the Dharma through Calligraphy in Tang China

Author : Pietro De Laurentis
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1000488586
Total Pages : 479 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (4 download)

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Book Synopsis Protecting the Dharma through Calligraphy in Tang China by : Pietro De Laurentis

Download or read book Protecting the Dharma through Calligraphy in Tang China written by Pietro De Laurentis and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2021-11-29 with total page 479 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is a study of the earliest and finest collated inscription in the history of Chinese calligraphy, the Ji Wang shengjiao xu 集王聖教序 (Preface to the Sacred Teaching Scriptures Translated by Xuanzang in Wang Xizhi’s Collated Characters), which was erected on January 1, 673. The stele records the two texts written by the Tang emperors Taizong (599–649) and Gaozong (628–683) in honor of the monk Xuanzang (d. 664) and the Buddhist scripture Xin jing (Heart Sutra), collated in the semi-cursive characters of the great master of Chinese calligraphy, Wang Xizhi (303–361). It is thus a Buddhist inscription that combines Buddhist authority, political power, and artistic charm in one single monument. The present book reconstructs the multifaceted context in which the stele was devised, aiming at highlighting the specific role calligraphy played in the propagation and protection of Buddhism in medieval China.

Chinese Religious Art

Author : Patricia Eichenbaum Karetzky
Publisher : Lexington Books
ISBN 13 : 0739180606
Total Pages : 395 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (391 download)

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Book Synopsis Chinese Religious Art by : Patricia Eichenbaum Karetzky

Download or read book Chinese Religious Art written by Patricia Eichenbaum Karetzky and published by Lexington Books. This book was released on 2013-12-19 with total page 395 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Chinese Religious Art is a broad survey of the origins and development of the various forms of artistic expression of Chinese religions. The study begins with an overview of ancient archaeology in order to identify nascent religious ideologies in various Neolithic Cultures and early Chinese historical eras including the Shang dynasty (1300-1050 BCE) and Zhou Dynasty(1000-221 BCE) up until the era of the First Emperor (221-210 BCE) Part Two treats Confucianism as a religious tradition examining its scriptures, images, temples and rituals. Adopted as the state ideology in the Han dynasty, Confucian ideas permeated society for over two thousand years. Filial piety, ethical behavior and other principles shaped the pictorial arts. Part Three considers the various schools of Daoist belief and their expression in art. The ideas of a utopian society and the pursuit of immortality characterize this religion from its earliest phase. Daoism has an elaborate pantheon and ritualistic art, as well as a secular tradition best expressed in monochrome ink painting. Part Four covers the development of Buddhist art beginning with its entry into China in the second century. Its monuments—comprised largely of cave temples carved high in the mountains along the frontiers of China and large metropolitan temples —provide evidence of its evolution including the adoption of savior cults of the Buddha of the Western Paradise, the Buddha of the Future, the rise of Ch’an (Zen) and esoteric Buddhism. In their development, these various religious traditions interacted, sharing art, architecture, iconography and rituals. By the twelfth century a stage of syncretism merged all three traditions into a popular religion. All the religions are reviving after their extirpation during the Cultural Revolution. Using historical records and artistic evidence, much of which has not been published, this study examines their individual and shared manner of worshipping the divine forces.

Ritual and Representation in Chinese Buddhism

Author : Karil J. Kucera
Publisher : Cambria Press
ISBN 13 : 1621967131
Total Pages : 414 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (219 download)

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Book Synopsis Ritual and Representation in Chinese Buddhism by : Karil J. Kucera

Download or read book Ritual and Representation in Chinese Buddhism written by Karil J. Kucera and published by Cambria Press. This book was released on 2016-01-28 with total page 414 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Includes 159 color images. Baodingshan consists of a monastic complex and two rock-carved areas, Little Buddha Bend and Great Buddha Bend, located in Dazu in western China and dates from the Southern Song period. The complex is fundamentally different from earlier Buddhist rock-carved sites in China in its construction and layout. Foregoing traditional niche-based iconography for large, deeply cut reliefs reaching dimensions as great as eight meters high by twenty meters wide, within Baodingshan's Great Buddha Bend, the carved works flow from one tableau into another. The site contains both texts and images related to the main schools of Buddhist thought. This book presents an integrated analysis of all of the components of Great Buddha Bend within the greater Baodingshan site, something that was lacking in earlier studies. Written to provide guidance to the site for a wide spectrum of readers-specialists and non-specialists alike-it provides a clear explanation of the major iconographic features of the imagery as well as translations of the numerous accompanying carved Buddhist texts. It also presents the basic tenets of Pure Land, Chan [Zen], Huayan and Esoteric Buddhism in order to explain the features of these sects as seen represented in visual as well as textual form at the site. Lastly, with its focus on ritual use and audience reception from the 12th to the 21st century, this study provides a new model for the discussion and evaluation of other religious sites as entities that organically evolve over time. This study also includes new translations of both the inscribed Buddhist texts and secular inscriptions carved at the site dating from the twelfth through the twenty-first centuries-inscriptions left by educated elite, soldiers, and government officials, highlighting regional issues related to continuity and change made visible at Baodingshan.