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Does Affirmative Action Incentivize Schooling Evidence From India
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Book Synopsis Does Affirmative Action Incentivize Schooling? Evidence from India by : Gaurav Khanna
Download or read book Does Affirmative Action Incentivize Schooling? Evidence from India written by Gaurav Khanna and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 53 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Affirmative action raises the likelihood of getting into college or obtaining a government job for minority groups in India. I study how this change in future prospects affects schooling incentives, and find that minority group students are incentivized to stay in school longer. This approach is novel in that it focuses on the incentives affirmative action provides to those who are not yet eligible for benefits per se. Data from state commission reports allow me to use a regression discontinuity (RD) and difference-in-discontinuities analysis, estimated along a socio-economic index. These results are supported at the national level by a difference-in-differences design, and using variation in state-level policies. Together these estimators consistently show that affirmative action policies incentivize about 0.8 additional years of education for the average minority group student, and 1.2 more years of education for a student from a marginal minority sub-group. Given the debates about the effectiveness of such policies, it is particularly important for both researchers and policymakers to account for incentive effects when evaluating affirmative action programs.
Book Synopsis Spillovers in Affirmative Action by : Arpita Bhattacharjee
Download or read book Spillovers in Affirmative Action written by Arpita Bhattacharjee and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper empirically investigates if making access to college easier with affirmative action can incentivize students to continue enrolment in secondary school and complete high-school. In 2008, the central government in India implemented the legislation for 27 percent of seats to be reserved for Other Backward Classes (OBC), a disadvantaged caste-group, in all colleges funded by the central government. Exploiting the quasi-experimental nature of this policy, I use a difference-in-differences (DID) empirical strategy to estimate the differential effects on schooling outcomes of OBC students as compared to other social groups. The results show that college enrolments for OBC increased by an additional 2.9 percentage points more than the comparison groups, and high-school completion rates increased by an additional 5.1 percentage points. There was a significant differential change in school enrolments of 6.2 percentage points for 15-17 year olds, and of 2.1 percentage points for 13-15 year olds, and no statistically significant difference for younger students enrolled below the secondary level. These estimates are consistently higher in the urban sample for all outcomes evaluated.
Book Synopsis Affirmative Action, Right to Education, and Allied Indian Laws by : Shubham Raj
Download or read book Affirmative Action, Right to Education, and Allied Indian Laws written by Shubham Raj and published by GRIN Verlag. This book was released on 2017-09-27 with total page 15 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Seminar paper from the year 2016 in the subject Law - Public Law / Constitutional Law / Basic Rights, Damodaram Sanjivayya National Law University, language: English, abstract: Whenever the term “Affirmative action” is used, it is understood that what is being referred to is ‘positive discrimination’ or ‘reservation’, in simplest of the meanings. If one goes by its general meaning, it would mean any act done in furtherance of “fair treatment”. And with the present large awakening era our country is going through, it is time for the meaning of affirmative action to be widened and not be confined only to ‘reservation’. Affirmative action is every step taken, every action done and every statute enacted enabling every underprivileged, prejudiced, deprived person belonging to a minority group or the like, to stand equally. And, especially in case of affirmative action in education, not only shall these actions fall under the definition of ‘affirmative action’ but should also include the duties and roles of the students, parents, teachers and of society as a whole discharged in order to achieve “education for all”, as aimed for by the UNESCO. It is affirmative action when the poor family sends its ward to the nearest school for education instead of forcing him/her to get engaged with the family business. It is affirmative action when a child struggles with his parents for permission to let him go to the school, it is affirmative action when a teacher finds joy in imparting education to the children and the society encourages the school going children and the education.
Book Synopsis A Comparative Analysis of Systems of Education Law by : Charles J. Russo
Download or read book A Comparative Analysis of Systems of Education Law written by Charles J. Russo and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on with total page 404 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Affirmative Action in Education Leads to Complacency Or Complementarity? Evidence from Affirmative Action in Education Inclusion in Uttar Pradesh, India by : Amod Kumar
Download or read book Affirmative Action in Education Leads to Complacency Or Complementarity? Evidence from Affirmative Action in Education Inclusion in Uttar Pradesh, India written by Amod Kumar and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Globally, democratic and welfare-oriented governments resort to affirmative action to bridge the equity gap arising from various historic and structural exclusions (race, color, gender, caste, socio-economic status, sexuality, nationality or historical discrimination). Affirmative action is required to improve equality of opportunity in different fields such as health, education, agriculture, economic development and transportation. There are two contrasting views with regards to impact of affirmative action at household level. The first view is that it leads to increased effort by beneficiaries i.e., a beneficiary further complements the efforts of government by investing additional effort or resources (complementarity). However, the second view claims that affirmative actions make beneficiaries complacent, and instead of increased effort there is a tendency to relax and offset their own efforts. Some critics have even extended the argument that affirmative action is counterproductive in that investments are wasted on gambling, alcohol, or other temptation goods. Here in this study we present evidence from one such affirmative action policy in the field of education in Uttar Pradesh. The section 12.1.c of the Right to Education Act 2009 in India mandates private schools to reserve 25 percent of their entry level seats (pre-primary or class I) for children from disadvantaged groups or economically weaker sections. By taking stratified random samples of winners and non- winners of RTE 12.1.c lottery applicants and analyzing their household level data, this study finds that affirmative action leads to complementarity of efforts by parents as opposed to complacency or reduced efforts. This study has wide ranging implications for the policies on affirmative action in India.
Book Synopsis Handbook of the Economics of Education by :
Download or read book Handbook of the Economics of Education written by and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2023-01-18 with total page 614 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Handbook of the Economics of Education describes the research frontier in key topical areas and sets the agenda for further work. Modern analysis in the economics of education has made tremendous strides in understanding fundamental issues related to the production of human capital and the impact of varying institutional features of education systems. By bringing together some of the world’s leading scholars, this volume provides a unique view of scholarship in the area. The international perspectives of the editors – Hanushek at Stanford, Machin at LSE, and Woessmann at Munich – leads to a volume with something for all researchers. Topics range from the economics of early childhood education to inequality in society to cash transfers in developing countries. Identification and evaluation of the state of the art. Clear descriptions of the meaning of existing research and the most likely avenues for the future Insights into how policy interventions in education can help or hurt human capital outcomes
Book Synopsis Affirmative Action in Education by : Marianne Bertrand
Download or read book Affirmative Action in Education written by Marianne Bertrand and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 49 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many countries mandate affirmative action in university admissions for traditionally disadvantaged groups. Little is known about either the efficacy or costs of these programs. This paper examines affirmative action in engineering colleges in India for quot;lower-castequot; groups. We find that it successfully targets the financially disadvantaged: the marginal upper-caste applicant comes from a more advantaged background than the marginal lower-caste applicant who displaces him. Despite much lower entrance exam scores, the marginal lower-caste entrant does benefit: we find a strong, positive economic return to admission. These findings contradict common arguments against affirmative action: that it is only relevant for richer lower-caste members, or that those who are admitted are too unprepared to benefit from the education. However, these benefits come at a cost. Our point estimates suggest that the marginal upper-caste entrant enjoys nearly twice the earnings level gain as the marginal lower-caste entrant. This finding illustrates the program's redistributive nature: it benefits the poor, but costs resources in absolute terms. One reason for this lower level gain is that a smaller fraction of lower-caste admits end up employed in engineering or advanced technical jobs. Finally, we find no evidence that the marginal upper-caste applicant who is rejected due to the policy ends up with more negative attitudes towards lower castes or towards affirmative action programs. On the other hand, there is some weak evidence that the marginal lower-caste admits become stronger supporters of affirmative action programs.
Book Synopsis Affirmative Action in the United States and India by : Thomas E. Weisskopf
Download or read book Affirmative Action in the United States and India written by Thomas E. Weisskopf and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2004-01-22 with total page 305 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Two of the most important national experiences with policies of positive discrimination are the cases of 'Affirmative Action' in the United States and 'Reservation Policies' in India.
Book Synopsis From Hierarchy to Ethnicity by : Alexander Lee
Download or read book From Hierarchy to Ethnicity written by Alexander Lee and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2020-02-27 with total page 287 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From Hierarchy to Ethnicity discusses the origins of politicized caste identities in twentieth-century India, and how they evolved over time.
Book Synopsis Affirmative Action in Undergraduate Education by : Peter Arcidiacono
Download or read book Affirmative Action in Undergraduate Education written by Peter Arcidiacono and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The use of race in college admissions is one of the most contentious issues in US higher education. We survey the literature on the impact of racial preferences in college admissions on both minority and majority students. With regard to minority students, particular attention is paid to the scope of preferences as well as how preferences affect graduation, choice of major, and labor market earnings. We also examine how schools respond to bans on racial preferences and the effects these responses have on racial diversity at elite schools. With regard to majority students, we examine the evidence on the returns to attending a more racially diverse school, as well as how racial preferences affect friendship formation. Finally, we supplement studies of affirmative action in the United States with evidence from India, which provides a much more straightforward environment in which to study affirmative action owing to the use of quotas and admissions rules based solely on exam scores.
Book Synopsis Diversity Challenged by : Gary Orfield
Download or read book Diversity Challenged written by Gary Orfield and published by Harvard Education Press. This book was released on 2001 with total page 324 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Civil Rights Projects, Harvard University.
Book Synopsis Affirmative Action in Higher Education in India by : Verónica C. Frisancho Robles
Download or read book Affirmative Action in Higher Education in India written by Verónica C. Frisancho Robles and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Affirmative action policies in higher education are used in many countries to try to socially advance historically disadvantaged minorities. Although the underlying social objectives of these policies are rarely criticized, there is intense debate over the actual impact of such preferences in higher education on educational performance and labor outcomes. Most of the work uses U.S. data where clean performance indicators are hard to find. Using a remarkably detailed dataset on the 2008 graduating class from the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) in Delhi we evaluate the impact of affirmative action policies in higher education on minority students focusing on three central issues in the current debate: targeting, catch up, and mismatch. In addition, we present preliminary evidence on labor market discrimination. We find that admission preferences effectively target minority students who are poorer than the average displaced non-minority student. Moreover, by analyzing the college performance of minority and non-minority students as they progress through college, we find that scheduled caste and scheduled tribe students, especially those in more selective majors, fall behind their same-major peers which is the opposite of catching up. We also identify evidence in favor of the mismatch hypothesis: once we control for selection into majors, minority students who enroll in more selective majors as a consequence of admission preferences end up earning less than their same-caste counterparts in less selective majors. Finally, although there is no evidence of discrimination against minority students in terms of wages, we find that scheduled caste and scheduled tribe students are more likely to get worse jobs, even after controlling for selection.
Book Synopsis Affirmative Action Matters by : Laura Dudley Jenkins
Download or read book Affirmative Action Matters written by Laura Dudley Jenkins and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2014-04-04 with total page 242 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Affirmative Action Matters focuses specifically on affirmative action policies in higher education admissions, the sphere that has been the most controversial in many of the nations that have such policies. It brings together distinguished scholars from diverse nations to examine and discuss the historical, political and philosophical contexts of affirmative action and clarify policy developments to further the meaningful equality of educational opportunity. This unique volume includes both well established and emerging policies from the Americas, Europe, Africa, and Asia, policies which developed under a variety of political systems and target a range of underrepresented groups, based on race, ethnicity, gender, class, social background, or region. Accessible and thought provoking case studies of affirmative action demonstrate that such policies are expanding to different countries and target populations. While some countries, such as India, have affirmative action policies that predate those in the United States, affirmative action is a recent development in countries such as Brazil and France. Legal or political pressures to move away from explicitly race-based policies in several countries have complicated affirmative action and make this assessment of international alternatives particularly timely. New or newly modified policies target a variety of disadvantaged groups, based on geography, class, or caste, in addition to race or sex. International scholars in six countries spanning five continents offer insights into their own countries’ experiences to examine the implications of policy shifts from race toward other categories of disadvantage, to consider best practices in student admission policies, and to assess the future of affirmative action.
Book Synopsis Affirmative Action in Higher Education in India and the US by : Asha Gupta
Download or read book Affirmative Action in Higher Education in India and the US written by Asha Gupta and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 18 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The 21st century has brought new challenges and opportunities for higher education. In the wake of the transition from elitist to mass education, universities worldwide are under pressure to enhance access and equity, on the one hand, and to maintain high standards of quality and excellence, on the other. Today the notion of equity not only implies greater access to higher education, but also opportunities for progress. In recent debates on higher education, the notions of equity and access go beyond minority to diversity. Affirmative action, too, has become race-exclusive and gender-neutral. The following paper makes an attempt to understand the nuances of a caste-based reservation policy in higher education in light of recent controversies, court verdicts, a subsequent amendment to the constitution in India; and affirmative action policies, court verdicts, and alternatives to affirmative action in certain universities in the US. The objective is to bring out commonalities and contrasts between the two countries in terms of legal, political, socio-cultural, economic, and psychological perspectives.
Book Synopsis Evidence about the Potential Role for Affirmative Action in Higher Education by : Braz Camargo
Download or read book Evidence about the Potential Role for Affirmative Action in Higher Education written by Braz Camargo and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 30 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In two recent cases involving the University of Michigan (Gratz v. Bollinger and Gruttinger v. Bollinger), the Supreme Court examined whether race should be allowed to play an explicit role in the admission decisions of schools. The arguments made in support of affirmative action admission policies in these cases and others raise two fundamental questions. First, do students actually have incorrect beliefs about individuals from different races at the time of college entrance? Second, if students do have incorrect beliefs at the time of college entrance, can diversity on a college campus change these beliefs? While a small literature has recently shed some light on the second question, no previous work has been able to provide direct evidence about the first one. In this paper we examine the first question by taking advantage of unique data collected specifically for this purpose.
Book Synopsis Education and Health Impacts of an Affirmative Action Policy on Minorities in India by : Robin Dhakal
Download or read book Education and Health Impacts of an Affirmative Action Policy on Minorities in India written by Robin Dhakal and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 143 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Article 334 of the Constitution of India (1950) stipulates that certain electoral districts in each state should be reserved for minority groups, namely the “Scheduled Caste”(SC) and the Scheduled Tribe”(ST), through the reservation of seats in the states' legislative assemblies. Even though the original article stated that the reservation policy would be in place for just twenty years, it has been amended several times and is still in effect. This dissertation examines the impact of the policy on the education and health outcomes of the SC population. Variations in seat quotas are generated by the timing of elections in different states and the states fluctuating SC populations. The first paper on education uses data from 25 Indian States and 3 Union Territories for the years 1990-2011 to form a panel dataset to estimate the impact of the quota system on both enrollment and dropout rates among SC students in all levels of schooling. I use the fixed effect regression to test the mechanisms through which an elected SC legislator could have an influence on the education outcomes for the SC population in the represented state. I then use the resulting variables as my controls to identify the causal relationship using the dynamic panel data model. I find that a SC legislator has the potential to influence the number of schools built, as well as the amount of education and welfare expenditure allocated to the SC population. Moreover, I find that the SC political reservation has a positive and statistically significant impact on the SC enrollment rates and a negative and significant impact on the dropout rates, in all levels of schooling. Likewise, I use the NFHS-3 dataset and the Cox Proportional Hazard Model to estimate the hazard rates (risks of dying) of children under the age of 12 months (IMR) and under the age of 60 months (U5MR) as influenced by different SC quota share quintiles. I find that the 50-60% quota-share quintile has the biggest impact in reducing the IMR and U5MR among the SC children.
Book Synopsis Politics of Inclusion by : Zoya Hasan
Download or read book Politics of Inclusion written by Zoya Hasan and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2011-09-07 with total page 382 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Post-Mandal, the demand for reservations by various groups has become a consistent feature of Indian politics. Yet, the focus remains on caste, with little attention paid to the under-representation of religious minorities in India. The book takes up the case of relative disadvantage and interogates the multiple and overlapping dimensions of deprivation. Hasan argues that, in view of the comparative evidence avaiable, presently excluded and disadvantaged groups should also qualify for affirmative action. This book will interest students and scholars of Indian politics, sociology, and history.
