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Dodeka Book Of The Prophets
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Book Synopsis The Old Testament by : Rolf Rendtorff
Download or read book The Old Testament written by Rolf Rendtorff and published by Fortress Press. This book was released on 1991-01-01 with total page 324 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Old Testament is a collection of writings which came into being over a period of more than a thousand years in the history of the people of Israel and which reflect the life of the people in this period. Therefore, there is a reciprocal relationship between the writings or "books" of the Old Testament and the life of Israel in its history. The understanding of the texts presupposes insights into the historical context and the development of the life of Israelite society, while at the same time the texts themselves are the most important, indeed for the most part the only, source for it. This "Introduction" attempts to take account of this reciprocal relationship. The first part deals with the history of Israel. However, its approach differs from most accounts of this history. It takes the Old Testament texts themselves as a starting point and first of all outlines the picture of historical developments and associations which the texts present. An attempt is then made, on this basis, to reconstruct historical developments by introducing material from outside the Bible. This method of working leads to close connections between the second and third parts, because it has to take account of the nature and original purpose of the texts and their function within the biblical books as they are now. The second part attempts to present the texts collected in the Old Testament as expressions of the life of Israel. The third part discusses the books of the Old Testament in their present form.
Author :Scriptural Research Institute Publisher :Scriptural Research Institute ISBN 13 :1989852661 Total Pages :186 pages Book Rating :4.9/5 (898 download)
Book Synopsis Dodeka: Book of the Prophets by : Scriptural Research Institute
Download or read book Dodeka: Book of the Prophets written by Scriptural Research Institute and published by Scriptural Research Institute. This book was released on 1901 with total page 186 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the mid-3rd century BC, King Ptolemy II Philadelphus of Egypt ordered a translation of the ancient Hebrew scriptures for the Library of Alexandria, which resulted in the creation of the Septuagint, as well as several other books of Jewish and Samaritan scriptures, including the Book of Enoch, Book of Job, Testaments of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, and the Dodeka. The Dodeka was not part of the collection of texts the Jews fleeing Egypt carried with them from the Jewish Temple in Elephantine, and is therefore believed to have been translated into Greek later, circa 180 BC. It would eventually be added to the Septuagint as the Book of Dodeka circa 140 BC, and then much later be divided into its twelve constituent books by the early Christians in the 3rd-century AD, subsequently called the twelve minor prophets. The books comprising the Dodeka all date from between 900 and 500 BC, and represent the works of twelve ancient prophets, which in the original Greek translation, represented several different gods. These were not Jewish prophets, but Israelite prophets, mostly living the age before King Josiah banned the old gods, in approximately 625 BC. Most of the books in the Dodeka were written before King Josiah's reforms. The books of Hosea, Amos, and Micah are set during the 8th-century BC, when the kingdom of Samaria fought a series of wars against its more powerful northern neighbor Assyria, ultimately being conquered by the Neo-Assyrian Empire circa 722 BC. The books of Joel, Obadiah, and Jonah follow, although their exact settings are not clear. The books of Nahum, Habakkuk, and Zephaniah follow, set in the 7th-century BC, as the Kingdom of Judea struggled for its survival between the powers of the time, Assyria to the north, Egypt to the south, and Babylon to the east, ultimately falling to the Neo-Babylonian Empire circa 586 BC. There is a gap in the prophets during the era when Babylon ruled Judea, and they continue with the books of Haggai, and the first half of Zachariah, set in the late-6th-century, after the Persians have conquered the Babylonian Empire. Combining the various Elohim that are appear to have been the text the Greeks translated, including Shaddai (Shaddayin), On (Aven), Dagon, Tirath (Tirosh), Yitzhar, Reshef (Blight), Mot, Hades (Sheol), and Abaddon (Destruction), Ba'al Hadad, Ba'al Hammon, Qetesh Asherah, Sydyk, and Shemesh, it strongly suggests that the text was heavily edited in the Hasmonean era when Yahweh Sabaoth replaced Lord El. Unfortunately, the existing Dead Sea Scrolls shed little light on the situation as they date to the era the edits would have taken place, but are in the script that should only show the edited version. Nevertheless, they are so damaged almost none of the questions about the differences between the Dodeka and Masoretic Texts could be resolved, even if they were in the Canaanite script.
Book Synopsis Septuagint: Esther (Vaticanus Version) by : Scriptural Research Institute
Download or read book Septuagint: Esther (Vaticanus Version) written by Scriptural Research Institute and published by Digital Ink Productions. This book was released on 2019-11-24 with total page 117 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The oldest surviving physical copy of Esther is found in the Codex Vaticanus, which dates to circa 350 AD. The version of Ether in the Codex Vaticanus is generally accepted as being the original version added to the Septuagint sometime in the 2ⁿᵈ century BC, however, it claims to have not been translated in Alexandria, like the rest of the Septuagint. There are two other early copies of the common version of Esther found in the Codex Vaticanus, the copy in the Codex Sinaiticus from circa 350 AD, Codex Alexandrinus from circa 450 AD. The term ‘king of the gods’ is found in chapter 4 of the Vaticanus version of Esther, however, does not make sense in the theology that developed in later Judaism, in which there was only one God, indicating the early date of the original composition. The title ‘king of the gods’ was used by Esther in the book, who use the title to refer to the god of the Israelite. While Esther was described as being the Queen (or royal consort) in the texts, she was also described as being a devote worshiped of the Israelite god, and ‘King of the gods’ was not a Zoroastrian title of Ahura Mazda either, as Zoroastrianism was also monotheistic, meaning that this title has to be traced back to the Israelite religion.
Author :Scriptural Research Institute Publisher :Scriptural Research Institute ISBN 13 :1990289010 Total Pages :46 pages Book Rating :4.9/5 (92 download)
Book Synopsis Septuagint: Baruch by : Scriptural Research Institute
Download or read book Septuagint: Baruch written by Scriptural Research Institute and published by Scriptural Research Institute. This book was released on 1901 with total page 46 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Book of Baruch was likely added to the Septuagint sometime before 165 BC, as it does not appear to have been influenced by the Hasmonean redaction found in the Masoretic Texts and the Dead Sea Scrolls. It was ignored entirely by Simon the Zealot, likely because there was no way to get around the fact that Baruch’s God was the Sun. While Baruch agrees with Jeremiah, that child sacrifice was wrong, they do not worship the same god. In his letter to the Moabites, Jeremiah refers to the god Baitylos (Βαιθηλ / בֵּ֥ית אֵ֖ל) as the god that the Israelites had put falsely their faith in, as the Moabites had placed their faith in Chomesh. This letter had to have been written after the destruction of Jerusalem, either in Judah, before the survivors took refuge in Egypt, or in Egypt. Based on the words of Jeremiah, in chapter 31 (Masoretic 48), it appears that Baitylos was the supreme god of the Samaritans before the Assyrians conquered them. However, Baruch, writing five years after the destruction of Jerusalem, praises Baitylos, and describes the Sun, which he then states is their God. This is the old religion that had been banned by Josiah. Baitylos is a variant of the name of the god Bethel, generally used to distinguish him from the town that Jacob named after him. Baitylos was widely worshiped in Canaan during the New Kingdom era, when Egypt ruled the land, and the centuries that followed. Shrines to Baitylos have been found at meteorite impact site across Canaan, Anatolia, and the Aegean, suggesting a widespread cult in the late-Bronze Age. The worship of Baitylos continued throughout the Phoenician territories even after the Romans had conquered them, and was denounced by the Christian theologian Augustine of Hippo in the early-5th century AD.
Book Synopsis Septuagint: 3ʳᵈ Kingdoms by : Scriptural Research Institute
Download or read book Septuagint: 3ʳᵈ Kingdoms written by Scriptural Research Institute and published by Digital Ink Productions. This book was released on 2019-12-13 with total page 153 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the mid 3ʳᵈ century BC, King Ptolemy II Philadelphus of Egypt ordered a translation of the ancient Israelite scriptures for the Library of Alexandria. This translation later became known as the Septuagint, based on the description of the translation by seventy translators in the Letter of Aristeas. The four books of the Kingdoms are generally believed to have been written during the time of Ezra the scribe, compiled from the now-lost books of the Chronicles of the Kingdoms of Samaria and Judah. The authors of the Kingdoms repeatedly refer to the Chronicles as sources for more detailed information, suggesting the books of the Kingdoms were an abridged version and certainly written from a specific theological perspective missing from the Chronicles. There are loanwords in both the Greek and Hebrew translations of 3ʳᵈ Kingdoms that indicate the book, and presumably, all four of the Kingdoms were once written in Cuneiform, from which they were translated into Aramaic. The Aramaic translation appears to have been done in Babylonia, as it uses Mesopotamian terminology instead of Canaanite. This may indicate that the Kingdoms were originally compiled in Babylonia by Judahite captives, presumably from the Phoenician (Paleo-Hebrew) books of the Chronicles. The four books of the Kingdoms are believed to have been translated into Greek from the Aramaic text and added to the Septuagint around 200 BC when a large number of refugees fled from the war in Judea and settled in Egypt. The four books of the Kingdoms would later become two books in the Masoretic Texts, the books of Samuel and Kings. Subsequent Latin and English translations of the Masoretic Text labeled these books as 1ˢᵗ and 2ⁿᵈ Samuel, and 1ˢᵗ and 2ⁿᵈ Kings. The Septuagint’s 3ʳᵈ Kingdoms, is the book called 1ˢᵗ Kings in most Catholic and Protestant bibles, and 3ʳᵈ Kingdoms in Orthodox and Coptic bibles.
Author :Scriptural Research Institute Publisher :Scriptural Research Institute ISBN 13 :199028924X Total Pages :230 pages Book Rating :4.9/5 (92 download)
Book Synopsis Septuagint: Daniel (Chisianus Version) by : Scriptural Research Institute
Download or read book Septuagint: Daniel (Chisianus Version) written by Scriptural Research Institute and published by Scriptural Research Institute. This book was released on 1901 with total page 230 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Old Greek translation was the version originally in the Septuagint, however, the authenticity and accuracy of any and all versions of the Book of Daniel have always been in doubt. The Codex Chisianus (also known as the Chigi Manuscript 88) is accepted as being the closest to the Old Greek translation. It claims to be a copy of the Christian scholar Origen of Alexandria's recension from circa 240 AD, and as the Syriac translation of Origen's recension from 616 and 617 AD, the Syro-Hexaplar Codex, is virtually identical, they are both accepted as Origen's work. Origen rejected both the shorter version of Daniel found in the Hebrew and Aramaic translation that the Jews of his day were using, as well as Theodotion's translation, which was largely based on the Hebrew and Aramaic text, and claimed the Old Greek translation was the closest to the original text of Daniel. In 1931, a damaged papyrus from the 3rd-century AD was found, now known as Papyrus 967, which contains a Greek translation of Daniel that is similar to the Codex Chisianus and Syro-Hexaplar Codex's version of Daniel, but does not seem to be Origen's work, supporting his recension as being the 'Old Greek' version. While the content of the Codex Chisianus, Syro-Hexaplar Codex, and Papyrus 967 are essentially the same, Papyrus 967 deviates from the others by having Daniel's visions found in chapters 7 and 8 earlier in the book, before Masoretic chapter 5, likely moved due to confusion over the identities of the two kings named Belshazzar. This translation follows the oldest documented chapter structure of Daniel, starting with the chapter of Susanna, and incorporating the Old Greek versions of Masoretic chapters 7 and 8 earlier in the book, as found in Papyrus 967. Overall, Daniel may be one of the most abused of the ancient authors, as several authors appear to have added to or redacted his work during the Persian Era. The surviving copies of Daniel are such a mess that they are generally dismissed as a work of fiction by most secular historians that research them, as they do not correspond to any version of Babylonian, Median, and Persian history, although being set in the Neo-Babylonian and Early Persian Eras. Ironically, the early sections of the Book of Daniel could only have been written in the Neo-Babylonian and early Persian eras, as the redactions that took place to the earlier sections of text only make sense in the political reality of the Early-Persian Empire.
Author :Scriptural Research Institute Publisher :Scriptural Research Institute ISBN 13 :1989604315 Total Pages :177 pages Book Rating :4.9/5 (896 download)
Book Synopsis Septuagint: Judith by : Scriptural Research Institute
Download or read book Septuagint: Judith written by Scriptural Research Institute and published by Scriptural Research Institute. This book was released on 2019-11-23 with total page 177 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The origin of the Book of Judith has been debated for thousands of years, and is often assumed to have been written in Greek as anti-Hellenic propaganda during the Maccabean Revolt. It isn’t clear why an anti-Hellenic book would have been written in Greek by an Aramaic-speaking people, however, no ancient copies of it survive in Hebrew, Aramaic, or Phoenician (Samaritan / Judahite). There are Hebrew translations, however, they are dated to the middle ages, 1000 years after the oldest surviving copies of the Judith found in the Septuagint. The Greek translations are remarkably consistent compared to the radically different versions of the Book of Tobit in the surviving copies of the Septuagint. The name of the king in the book of Judith is named Nebuchadnezzar, which was the name of the king of Babylon, between 605 and 562 BC. However, other than the name of the king, no other elements of the story indicate the story originated with the Babylonians. Nebuchadnezzar did not fight the Medes, and could not have killed the king of Media, as the two countries were close allies at the time, and under King Cyaxares the Median Empire reached its peak. Nebuchadnezzar didn’t launch a war against the Elamites, who in fact fell under the control of Cyaxares’s Median Empire. As the name Nebuchadnezzar was used to replace Achiacharos (Αχιαχαρος) in the book of Tobit, when the Sinaiticus version was simplified into the Vaticanus version, it’s likely that the name Nebuchadnezzar was simply used to replaces an older name as well. There are several indicators in the book that point to the original king being Ashurbanipal, the king of Assyria between 668 and 627 BC. Ashurbanipal did fight two wars against Elam, and virtually annihilated the Elamites in the second war. Ashurbanipal also invaded Media, and during the fighting the Median king Phraortes was killed, allowing Ashurbanipal to claim victory, even though he didn’t consolidate his victory and integrate Media back into the Assyrian Empire. When Ashurbanipal had launched the invasion of Media, in his 17ᵗʰ year, he ordered the local kings from across his empire to send troops to the war, but almost all refused, which was a general insurrection. Therefore, while committed to the war against Media, after defeating the Medians, he was eager to return to Assyria, and restore order to his empire.
Author :Scriptural Research Institute Publisher :Scriptural Research Institute ISBN 13 :1989852505 Total Pages :54 pages Book Rating :4.9/5 (898 download)
Book Synopsis Septuagint: Habakkuk by : Scriptural Research Institute
Download or read book Septuagint: Habakkuk written by Scriptural Research Institute and published by Scriptural Research Institute. This book was released on 2020-08-08 with total page 54 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Book of Habakkuk is generally considered one of the older surviving books of the Hebrew Scriptures, with most scholars dating it to before the Torah was written, or at least heavily redacted in the time of King Josiah. Most scholars accept that Habakkuk was written by a prophet called Habakkuk around 612 BC, however, virtually nothing is known about him. He was also in the Septuagint's Book of Daniel, however, was cut from the Masoretic version. In the Septuagint's Book of Daniel, Habakkuk was carried by an angel to Babylon to help Daniel, which, although the text was cut from the Masoretic version has influenced the view of Habakkuk's life. His world was very different from the later Kingdom of Judea that emerged in the 2nd-century BC, as the Israelites of his time were still polytheistic, worshiping the Canaanite gods, as well as statues of Iaw (Masoretic Yahweh), the God the Jews and Samaritans would later worship. The Book of Habakkuk is considered unique among the books of the bible, as Habakkuk openly questions his Lord's actions, which in the Masoretic version of the book, means he is questioning God. In the Septuagint's version, his Lord was differentiated from God, and prior to the Hasmonean redaction, appears to have been Qetesh, which was the title of Asherah, the wife of El and mother of Yahweh in the early Israelite religion. Habakkuk describes the rise of the Chaldeans, who, at the time ruled Babylon, and this is accepted as a reference to the rise of the Neo-Babylonian Empire. The Neo-Babylonian empire rose as the Neo-Assyrian empire collapsed, beginning with the revolt of Babylon in 626 BC, and the coronation of Nabopolassar as the king of independent Babylon. In 612 BC, the combined forces of Babylon, the Persians, Medes, and Scythians laid waste to Nineveh, effectively ending the Neo-Assyrian Empire. This is the era that Habakkuk's life is generally dated to, as the Chaldeans (Babylon) was rising, however, this is not the only era suggested. The battles between the Babylonians and the remnants of the Assyrian forces, continued until the Babylonians captured Haran in 609 BC, and their war against the Assyrians ally, Egypt, continued until the Battle of Carchemish in 605 BC when the Babylonians effectively defeated the Egyptians. After 605 BC, the Babylonians dominated Mesopotamia, Syria, and Samaria as far south as the border of Egypt, while the small Kingdom of Judah remained effectively landlocked between Babylonian-occupied Samaria, Amman, Moab, and Edom. In the decades that followed, the Babylonians occupied these smaller kingdoms, destroying the city of Jerusalem in 587 BC, and took the leaders of Judah to Babylonia, where they remained until the Neo-Babylonian empire fell to the Persians decades later.
Author :Scriptural Research Institute Publisher :Scriptural Research Institute ISBN 13 :1989852688 Total Pages :40 pages Book Rating :4.9/5 (898 download)
Book Synopsis Voyage of Wenamen by : Scriptural Research Institute
Download or read book Voyage of Wenamen written by Scriptural Research Institute and published by Scriptural Research Institute. This book was released on 2020 with total page 40 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The story of the Voyage of Wenamen, also called the Report of Wenamen, or the Misadventures of Wenamen, is considered one of the earliest surviving adventure tales. Unlike many of their neighboring cultures, the Egyptians did not write historical narratives, the text must have started as an autobiography of Wenamen circa 1065 BC. The one partially surviving copy appears to have been excerpted from the original autobiography, copied for one of the Meshwesh (Berber) Pharaohs that ruled the late 21ˢᵗ Dynasty after Osorkon the Elder seized the throne in 992 BC. It appears as if only the sections about Canaan were copied, which suggests the Pharaoh in question was looking for information on Canaan, likely as a prelude to an invasion. The surviving text includes the beginning of Wenamen's voyage, but not the beginning of his biography, which would have included his titles and honors and the story of how he became a priest of Amen. The surviving text covers Wenamen's voyage from his departure from Thebes, through his stops in the Egyptian capital of Tanis, and the coastal Canaanite cities of Dor, Tyre, and Byblos, before his ship was blown off course to Cyprus, and the story abruptly ends. The section that covers the stop in Tyre is in the damaged section, in the middle of the story, and only survives in fragments. The abrupt ending of the story is clearly not the end of Wenamen's Biography as it does not include his return to Egypt, which must have taken place or his story would never have been known to the Egyptians.
Book Synopsis Septuagint: Tobit by : Scriptural Research Institute
Download or read book Septuagint: Tobit written by Scriptural Research Institute and published by Digital Ink Productions. This book was released on 2019-09-21 with total page 181 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The differences between the Vaticanus and Sinaiticus versions of Tobit are too extensive to treat the books as the same book, however, their story is essentially the same. The two books must have had a common source, however, the Sinaiticus's version is over 20% longer than the Vaticanus's version, and appears to be an older version of Tobit. One of the reasons that the Book of Tobit is interpreted as fiction, is the existence of historical errors and anachronisms found in the Vaticanus version, which includes the Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar and the Persian king Ahasuerus jointly destroying Nineveh, the capital of the Assyrian Empire. Nineveh was sacked by Babylonian King Nabopolassar in 612 BC, along with Median and Persian allies, led by the Median King Cyaxares, who then integrated the city into his Median Empire. Nabopolassar's son Nebuchadnezzar, who assumed the throne in 605 BC, finally conquered the remnants of the Assyrian forces in Syria at the Battle of Carchemish that same year, however, he did not attack or destroy Nineveh. Meanwhile, the name Ahasuerus was the Aramaic name of Xerxes, the Persian king who ruled between 486 and 465 BC. These anachronisms are not found in the Codex Sinaiticus' version, which does not mention either king, but gives credit to King Achiacharos of Media, which is likely an attempt to transliterate the Median name of King Cyaxares into Aramaic. Cyaxares's Median name was Uvaxshtra, however, it was transliterated several ways into the languages and scripts of the day, including the Assyrian and Babylonian Umakishtar, and the Phrygian Ksuwaksaros, and the Greek Cyaxares from which the modern English name is derived. The Sinaiticus version of Tobit describes King Achiacharos as conquering Nineveh and integrating it into his Median Kingdom, which, was done by King Cyaxares according to the Median, Persian, Babylonian, Egyptian, and Greek records from the era, and so, even if the origin of the name is disputed, the person described in King Cyaxares. There are several differences between the Vaticanus and Sinaiticus versions that point to the Sinaiticus version being older, and that point to the Vaticanus version being a later translation created in Alexandria, likely from an Aramaic early-Jewish redaction of the original Aramaic version.
Book Synopsis Vision of Ezra by : Scriptural Research Institute
Download or read book Vision of Ezra written by Scriptural Research Institute and published by Digital Ink Productions. This book was released on 2023-09-23 with total page 31 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Vision of Ezra appears to be either a prequel to the Greek Apocalypse, or possibly another reworking of material that served as a basis for both works. In the Vision, Ezra is taken on a tour of the underworld by angels of Tartarus and then is taken to heaven where he begs for mercy for those in the underworld. The text appears to have been written by a Coptic Christian or Gnostic, as the underworld is largely inspired by the ancient Egyptian underworld. There are several unique underworld elements in the Vision that support a Coptic origin, including dogs attacking the dead, two great lions, and an immense worm, all at the western horizon. While dogs devouring corpses is not unique to Egypt, it was a significant concern in Egypt. Dogs were so closely associated with the dead that the embalming god Anubis was pictured with a jackal’s head. In the ancient Egyptian religion, two great lions protected the sun as it traveled through the underworld each night. Depictions of the sun on the horizon, guarded by the two lions are common, although different Egyptian cults believed that the lions were different specific lions deities. The oldest version was likely the Heliopolitan theology, which taught they were Shu and Tefnut, the first created by Atum, the creator. In the Heliopolitan theology, Shu and Tefnut, which means ‘dryness’ and ‘moisture,’ were the two primordial elements that the universe was made from, who in turn created Geb (Earth) and Nut (the sky). They were also viewed as being the first male and female, something akin to Adam and Eve. They were often depicted as either a set of humans, lions, or a hybrid of humans and lions. Later in Egyptian history, alternative lion deities were said to guard the sun in the underworld, including Sekhmet and Maahes, who were also depicted as human-lion hybrids. It is unlikely that a non-Egyptian Christian would have conceptualized the underworld with two lions guarding it. The immortal ‘worm’ whose size could not be reckoned is either a unique element in Christian texts, or a mistranslation from a language in which the same word is used for ‘worm’ and ‘serpent.’ The Latin vermis, which means ‘worm,’ is most-likely a mistranslation of the Coptic word fnt, which means both ‘worm’ and ‘snake.’ While the terms for snake and worm are the same in many languages, they were not in Greek or Latin, supporting the text originated in another language, such as Coptic. The giant serpent in the underworld was Ôảpp in ancient Egyptian beliefs, who lived in the far western region of the underworld, near the place the sun set each evening. During the early Iron Age, he became known as Ảpảp, a demonic serpent of the underworld in Egyptian beliefs. The Greeks interpreted him as Apophis, an underworld serpent god. In the early Christian era, he was interpreted as Aphoph by Coptic Christians, the worm/serpent from the Garden of Eden who was sent to live eternally in the underworld. It is unlikely someone other than an early Coptic Christian would have written a vision of the underworld that included this giant worm/serpent.
Author :Scriptural Research Institute Publisher :Scriptural Research Institute ISBN 13 :1990289126 Total Pages :59 pages Book Rating :4.9/5 (92 download)
Book Synopsis Ugaritic Texts: Ba'al Defeats Mot by : Scriptural Research Institute
Download or read book Ugaritic Texts: Ba'al Defeats Mot written by Scriptural Research Institute and published by Scriptural Research Institute. This book was released on 1901 with total page 59 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ba‘al Defeats Mot, also called the Death of Ba‘al, is the final section of the Ba‘al Cycle, a collection of ancient stories about the Canaanite god Hadad. The term Ba‘al in the Ugaritic Texts, meaning ‘lord’ or ‘master,’ is the equivalent of the Akkadian belu, Canaanite b‘l, Sabaean bʿl, Aramaic baʿla, Hebrew bʿl, Syriac baʿla, Arabic baʿl, and Ge‘ez bal. The Ba‘al Cycle is generally divided into several sections, based on the groupings of the tablets that were discovered, however, this series of translations is divided into just two sections, Victorious Ba‘al, and Ba‘al Defeats Mot. These divisions are always subjective. Some translators divide the central section regarding the building of Ba‘al’s Temple on Mount Zaphon from the preceding battle with Yam. Others also separate the intermediate section involving Ba‘al’s discussion with Anat, however, this series is divided based on the apparent shift in source material between the early section and the later section. The earliest section, as well as the conclusion of the second section, appears to be a translation from ancient Egyptian and includes Egyptian loanwords, as well as numerous references to the houses of the gods, which seems to be a reference to the system of decans used in Egypt from the Old Kingdom onward, to tell time at night. The 36 ancient Egyptian decans, or houses of stars, are accepted as the basis of pre-Babylonian astrological systems throughout Eurasia, including the systems used in India, China, and Japan. The numerous Egyptian loanwords are accounted for as the Ugaritic text being a translation of an Egyptian work, which appears to be what the postscript was referring to. The main section of Ba‘al Defeats Mot appears to have been translated from an old Akkadian text that retold a Hurrian and Hattic story about two gods descending into the underworld. Many Akkadian, Hattic, and Hurrian loanwords are found in the text, which are generally missing from the earlier section, as well as the conclusion. The major exception being the messenger Ủgar, who was a Hurrian psychopomp, like the Canaanite Horon, and Greek Charon. As the city of Ugarit was named after him, this name clearly predates the text itself, and so it cannot be used to date the text. Nevertheless, does indicate that the city was originally a Hurrian settlement before becoming Semitic, which helps to explain why the older second section, appears to be a translation of an Akkadian retelling of a Hurrian story. Additionally, Luwian names are found in the second section, which places the origin of the Akkadian source text to sometime between when the Luwians settled in western Anatolia, generally dated to circa 2000 BC, and when the Hittites absorbed the Hattians around 1700 BC. As the text appears to have then been translated into Egyptian, before Ugaritic, it may trace the route the Hyksos took to Egypt, via the Luwian, Hattic, and Hurrian lands.
Author :Scriptural Research Institute Publisher :Scriptural Research Institute ISBN 13 :1990289193 Total Pages :54 pages Book Rating :4.9/5 (92 download)
Book Synopsis Ugaritic Texts: Pertaining to Aqhat by : Scriptural Research Institute
Download or read book Ugaritic Texts: Pertaining to Aqhat written by Scriptural Research Institute and published by Scriptural Research Institute. This book was released on 1901 with total page 54 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Pertaining to Aqhat, also called the Danel Epic, or The Tale of Aqhat, is a collection of three tablets recovered from archaeological digs in the 1920s and 1930s at the ruins of Ugarit, a bronze-age city in northwest Syria, at the foot of the mountain Jebel Aqra on the modern Syrian-Turkish border. They date to Late-Bronze Era, specifically estimated to sometime around 1350 BC based on the mention of The Legend of King Keret on the colophon of the Tablet containing section 1. They tell part of the story of an ancient Canaanite king or judge named Danel, and his son Aqhat. The Ugaritic Danel is accepted as being the Danel that the anent Israelite prophet Ezekiel mentioned along with Noah and Job, suggesting all three have roots in the ancient religions of Canaan. Only part of the story of Danel and Aqhat has been found, on three tablets, all of which are broken, leaving a fragmentary story which is, unfortunately, is missing its ending. Danel is spelled as Dnỉl in Ugaritic, which is similar to the later Aramaic spelling of Dny'l, and essentially identical to the Hebrew name of Dn'l. The Greeks translated both the name of the ancient saga that Ezekiel mentioned, and the later Israelite prophet from after the time of Ezekiel as Daniêl at the Library of Alexandria, which has resulted in the Ugaritic king's name being rendered as Daniel in some translations. The three sections of text that survive on the tablets are all damaged, and were originally published in the order they were translated, but not the order that the story takes place in. As the texts are about Danel, the translations were named after him, resulting in the names 1 Danel, 2 Danel, and 3 Danel. However, while Danel may have been the protagonist, the original name of the story in the texts was Pertaining to Aqhat in Ugaritic, as the story was about Aqhat. This has resulted in the texts also being dubbed 1 Aqhat, 2 Aqhat, and 3 Aqhat, however, they were still not in the correct order, and so the revised translation in Hittite Myths and Instructions (1950) reordered them as Aqhat A (2 Danel/Aqhat), Aqhat B (3 Danel/Aqhat), and Aqhat C (1 Danel/Aqhat). This order has generally been followed ever since, and is the order followed here, however, the three sections of the texts are simply called sections 1, 2, and 3.
Book Synopsis Apocalypses of Ezra by : Scriptural Research Institute
Download or read book Apocalypses of Ezra written by Scriptural Research Institute and published by Digital Ink Productions. This book was released on 2020-04-07 with total page 393 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the early centuries of the Christian era, a number of texts called the Apocalypse of Ezra were in circulation among Jews, Christians, Gnostics, and related religious groups. The original is believed to have been written in Judahite or Aramaic, and is commonly known as the Jewish Apocalypse of Ezra, as Ezra is believed to have been an ancient Judahite. This translation is referred to as the Judahite Apocalypse of Ezra, as the book has nothing to do with modern Judaism. This version of the Apocalypse was translated into Greek sometime before 200 AD and circulated widely within the early Christian churches. In the book, it is claimed that the prophet Ezra wrote 904 books, and its popularity seems to have inspired many Christian-era Apocalypses of Ezra, presumably beginning with the ‘Latin’ Apocalypse of Ezra which claimed to be the ‘second book of the prophet Ezra.’ This prophet Ezra is not the scribe Ezra from the books of Ezra, but a prophet named Shealtiel who lived a couple of centuries earlier. In the apocalypse, he is called Ezra by the angel Uriel, which translates a ‘helper’ or ‘assistant.’ The shorter Latin Apocalypse of Ezra has become fused with the Judahite Apocalypse of Ezra in most Catholic and Protestant translations, however, scholars divide the Catholic versions of 4ᵗʰ Esdras (Protestant 2ⁿᵈ Esdras) into three sections, with only the core twelve chapters that correspond to the Orthodox and Ethiopian versions of the book labeled as 4ᵗʰ Ezra. The opening two chapters, which are only found in the Catholic version, are labeled as 5ᵗʰ Ezra, while the last 2 chapters found in the Catholic version, as well as fragments surviving in an ancient Greek translation, are labeled 6ᵗʰ Ezra. 5ᵗʰ Ezra and 6ᵗʰ Ezra appear to have originally been one document, which is commonly called the Latin Apocalypse of Ezra, although it was almost certainly not written in Latin. There is another Greek Apocalypse of Ezra that has been reconstructed by scholars with a high level of certainty based on ancient fragments and quotes, however, it is a separate text from the Judahite or Latin Apocalypses of Ezra, and appears to be a Christian-era composite of various Ezra related materials. The Vision of Ezra appears to be either a prequel to the Greek Apocalypse or possibly another reworking of material that served as a basis for both works. In the Vision, Ezra is taken on a tour of the underworld by angels of Tartarus and then is taken to heaven where he begs for mercy for those in the underworld. The text appears to have been written by a Coptic Christian or Gnostic, as the underworld is largely inspired by the ancient Egyptian underworld. There are several unique underworld elements in the Vision that support a Coptic origin, including dogs attacking the dead, two great lions, and an immense worm, all at the western horizon. Like the Catholic Apocalypse of Ezra, the Syriac Apocalypse of Ezra appears to have been reworked in the High Middle Ages. Another version of the apocalypse has survived in Arabic, but is attributed to Daniel instead of Ezra, an is commonly known as the Arabic Apocalypse of Daniel. The Arabic version is shorter and appears to be older, likely dating to earlier than the time of Muhammad, while the Syriac version has been reworked into an anti-Islamic apocalypse, likely between 1229 and 1244. The longer Syriac apocalypse, which must originate much later than the pre-Isamic Arabic apocalypse, nevertheless, has much more content, most of which appears to have been composed in Neo-Babylonian sometime between 597 and 592 BC. The Syriac apocalypse has many Greek loanwords, confirming it was written in Greek, as well as an Arabic word the Syriac translator chose over a Syriac word, suggesting the Syriac translation was done long after Northern Iraq became Arabic speaking. All known copies of the Syriac Apocalypse can be traced to Iraqi Kurdistan, or the old Christian churches of Mosul.
Book Synopsis Biography of Ramesses III by : Scriptural Research Institute
Download or read book Biography of Ramesses III written by Scriptural Research Institute and published by Digital Ink Productions. This book was released on 2020 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ramesses III was the king of Egypt between circa 1186 and 1155 BC, after inheriting the throne from his father Setnakhte, the founder of the 20th Dynasty. Setnakhte had seized power after the previous Pharaoh Queen Twosret died at the end of the 19th dynasty. It is unclear if he was descended from the royal family, however, he refused to recognize the kingship of either Twosret or her predecessor Siptah, implying he was a descendant of Seti II, the last Pharaoh whose rule he recognized. Seti II had only reigned for about 6 years when he died, while Siptah and Twosret only ruled for a total of 8 years. Before their rule, Egypt had been ripped apart by the civil war between Seti II and Amenmesse, which brought chaos to the land that had not been resolved until Setnakhte's short, three-year reign. The Biography of Ramesses III reports that a Syrian named Arsu seized control of the land, which would have happened sometime during the reigns of Siptah or Twosret, between 1197 and 1189 BC. This Syrian invasion happened shortly after the previous uprising across Canaan in 1206 BC, suggesting that the Egyptians never really managed to regain control over the area. According to the Biography of Ramesses III, Setnakhte reunited the land of Egypt, and then Ramesses III restored the earlier prestige of Egypt, conquering all Egypt's enemies, and reopening trade with Punt. While Setnakhte is considered the founder of the 20th dynasty, Ramesses III is considered the founder of the Ramesside Period, the last great era of Egyptian history, in which the restored Egyptian Empire of Ramesses III slowly lost power over the final century of the New Kingdom era, and finally collapsed. The Biography of Ramesses III claims that he defeated the Palestinians and Tjeker of southern Canaan, Libyans of the Saharan Oases, and the Sardinians and Greeks in their isles. While there is no evidence of the Egyptians invading Greece or Sardinia, Sardinian artifacts including weapons have been found in Crete, the Greek mainland, Cyprus, and Sicily, supporting the reports in the Egyptian records that they were in an alliance at the time. Pylos, in southwestern Peloponnese, was destroyed by someone circa 1180 BC after the land was suddenly attacked by a major force. The records found at the site mention defenses being quickly erected that clearly weren't strong enough to defend the city. In the mid-1100s, many sites across Greece were destroyed, and much of the population of Boeotia, Argolis, and Messenia disappeared, supporting the claims that the Egyptians took many of them as captives after the battles. The Biography of Ramesses III is preserved in the longest known papyrus scroll to survive to the present, the 41 meter-long (134.5 foot-long) Papyrus British Museum EA 9999 scroll. The scroll includes 1500 lines of text, mostly lists of gifts that Ramesses III made to the various temples, however, the so-called 'Historical Section' at the end, includes his biography, which is not of the longer and more elaborate biographies from any dynasty to survive to the present. The biography was written at the beginning of Ramesses IV's rule after Ramesses III died, as reported at the end of the biography.
Author :Scriptural Research Institute Publisher :Scriptural Research Institute ISBN 13 :1989852572 Total Pages :187 pages Book Rating :4.9/5 (898 download)
Book Synopsis Septuagint: Joshua by : Scriptural Research Institute
Download or read book Septuagint: Joshua written by Scriptural Research Institute and published by Scriptural Research Institute. This book was released on 2020-08-20 with total page 187 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The general view of both historians and biblical scholars is that the Book of Joshua holds no historical value and is simply a book written during the life of Josiah, or during the Babylonian captivity, or even later by Ezra during the Second Temple Era, however, this is based on analysis of the Masoretic version of the book, which is quite different from the Septuagint's version. In Rabbinical history, as a century and a half have been redacted, Joshua's life is dated to the early 1300s BC, instead of the late 1500s BC. This era does not align with anything found in the archaeological record, and therefore the book reads like fiction. Likewise, the Masoretic version is about a god named Yahweh, a name not known to archaeology until around 800 BC, meaning that the Book of Joshua, if the Masoretic version were the original, would have to have been written after that time. The Septuagint's version is quite different in the details, as the god of the book is Lord God (Adon Elim), the God (El) of the ancient Canaanite religion, who was worshiped in the 2ⁿᵈ millennium BC. Joshua's invasion of Canaan circa 1508 BC, 42 years after the Minoan Eruption, would also place the Israelites at Jericho at around the time the walls were torn down. The ruins of Jericho were identified as the mound at Tell es-Sultan in 1869, and this is still generally accepted as ancient Jericho. The city was a major trading center, and heavily fortified city for thousands of years, until circa 1500 BC when the walls were torn down. The exact date when the walls were torn down is unclear, with estimates ranging from 1700 to 1400 BC, however, 1500 BC is the most widely quoted date. In approximately 1504 BC the Egyptian King Thutmose I led an expedition through Canaan and Syria to the Euphrates River, and it is assumed by many historians that he ripped down the walls of Jericho, however, that is not possible. Thutmose recorded that he found no one to fight him in Canaan, and the local peoples submitted to Egyptian power without conflict. Moreover, later the same year he launched his invasion of Nubia, to the south of Egypt, meaning he simply did not have time to secretly lay siege to Jericho. This pacified Canaan ruled by people who were afraid of the Egyptians is consistent with the account in Joshua, however, the Egyptian 'invasion' is not mentioned in Joshua. Given the history between the Israelites and Egyptians, it is not unlikely it would have been omitted, especially if there was no war, and the Israelites surrendered to the Egyptians without a fight. After 1500 BC the people in Canaan, whoever they were, began fortifying their cities. His heir, Thutmose II, also sent an expedition into Canaan and Syria, and crossed the Euphrates, however, only reported fighting nomads in the Sinai. There are no records of his successor, Queen Hatshepsut invading Canaan. Her heir Thutmose III did send multiple armies through Canaan demanding tribute, however, these campaigns appear to have been mostly peaceful until around 1450 BC, when he marched his army into northern Canaan to invade Syria and occupied all of Canaan in the process. The cities of Kadesh on the Orontes (in modern Syria), and Byblos in modern Lebanon, are mentioned as being major conquests of his campaigns, which laid the foundation for his later attack on the Mitanni Empire in Syria. After Tuthmose's campaign, the region was formally part of the Egyptian Empire for centuries, however, Egyptian records show they generally left the people alone and did not exert much control over the region beyond demanding regular tribute. The Egyptian records show there were many local chieftains during this era, sometimes fighting each other, or a people called the Habiru, which some believe to be an ancient reference to the Hebrews.
Book Synopsis Septuagint: Paralipomena by : Scriptural Research Institute
Download or read book Septuagint: Paralipomena written by Scriptural Research Institute and published by Digital Ink Productions. This book was released on 2023 with total page 393 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The term Paralipomena, which means 'things left out,' is a general translation of Divrei-hayyamim, which means 'things in the days.' The books are a collection of texts from various eras of Israelite history, spanning the era of the old Israelite Kingdoms, circa 1000 BC, through the Persian conquest, of circa 539 BC. Scholars have debated the origin of the books throughout their history, and there is no consensus within Rabbinical literature, Christian literature, or modern scholarship. The general Rabbinical view is that the two books of Paralipomena were written by one author, as Divrei-hayyamim, and then translated into Greek. The dominant early Christian view was that the books were written by Ezra the Scribe, circa 350 BC, however, this view was generally abandoned in Western Europe during the Protestant Reformation. Modern scholarly analysis has no consensus, however, the books do themselves indicate the eras they were compiled, nevertheless, the authors remain unknown. Based on the references within 2ⁿᵈ Paralipomenon to the Egyptian king Osorkon I as a Kushite, parts of the book must have been compiled sometime between 943 and 716 BC, when Egypt was part of the Kushite Empire, while later sections of 2ⁿᵈ Paralipomenon must have been compiled sometime after 539 BC when Cyrus the Great conquered the Babylonian Empire. The surviving Hebrew text of Divrei-hayyamim does, however, contain a reference to the Temple in Jerusalem as the 'Temple of the Gods,' which means the original text of the book has to predate King Josiah's reforms of circa 625 BC, and likely predates King Hezekiah's similar reforms decades earlier. Both Hezekiah and Josiah are recorded as removing the idols of the gods from the temple, which had by all accounts been in the temple since it was built by King Solomon.
