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Do Oil Exports Fuel Defense Spending
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Book Synopsis Do Oil Exports Fuel Defense Spending? by : Clayton K. S. Chun
Download or read book Do Oil Exports Fuel Defense Spending? written by Clayton K. S. Chun and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 64 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many national security analyst have viewed oil-exporting countries with some trepidation. Although these exporting nations supply a vital energy source to the United States and her allies, it comes at a price. A great wealth transfer occurs in this process from oil importers to exporters. In some cases, oil importers face economic woes if energy prices rise sharply. Additionally, some critics might argue that oil exporters now have the financial wherewithal to acquire a military capability that could threaten neighbors or create intra-regional instability with global implications. This monograph explores the impact that oil revenue had on the national defense spending of five oil exporting countries. Despite periods of falling oil revenues, these countries typically did not lower defense spending.
Book Synopsis Do Oil Exports Fuel Defense Spending? by :
Download or read book Do Oil Exports Fuel Defense Spending? written by and published by Strategic Studies Institute. This book was released on with total page 20 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author :Clayton K. S. Chun Publisher :Strategic Studies Institute U. S. Army War College ISBN 13 : Total Pages :64 pages Book Rating :4.3/5 (91 download)
Book Synopsis Do Oil Exports Fuel Defense Spending? by : Clayton K. S. Chun
Download or read book Do Oil Exports Fuel Defense Spending? written by Clayton K. S. Chun and published by Strategic Studies Institute U. S. Army War College. This book was released on 2010 with total page 64 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many national security analyst have viewed oil-exporting countries with some trepidation. Although these exporting nations supply a vital energy source to the United States and her allies, it comes at a price. A great wealth transfer occurs in this process from oil importers to exporters. In some cases, oil importers face economic woes if energy prices rise sharply. Additionally, some critics might argue that oil exporters now have the financial wherewithal to acquire a military capability that could threaten neighbors or create intra-regional instability with global implications. This monograph explores the impact that oil revenue had on the national defense spending of five oil exporting countries. Despite periods of falling oil revenues, these countries typically did not lower defense spending.
Book Synopsis Do Oil Exports Fuel Defense Spending? by : Clayton K. S. Chun
Download or read book Do Oil Exports Fuel Defense Spending? written by Clayton K. S. Chun and published by . This book was released on 2010-02-26 with total page 62 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many national security analysts have viewed oilexporting countries with some trepidation. Although these exporting nations supply a vital energy source to the United States and her allies, it comes at a price. A great wealth transfer occurs in this process from oil importers to exporters. In some cases, oil importers face economic woes if energy prices rise sharply. Additionally, some critics might argue that oil exporters now have the financial wherewithal to acquire a military capability that could threaten neighbors or create intra-regional instability with global implications. If oil revenues are the major factor that determines defense spending levels, then an oilexporting nation's neighbors or other powers need to become more vigilant during times of great energy demand or price increases. Conversely, decreases in oil revenue might presage a reduction in defense spending and a corresponding lessening of tensions. Could oil prices be a significant factor in determining defense spending? If so, then the level of oil revenue may become an important predictor for future defense budgets. But what if nations decide their defense spending will be independent of oil revenues? A more serious situation might ensue if defense spending rises independently of any oil price increase or decrease. During the summer of 2008, oil exporters received record oil profits. Oil importers suffered greatly due to the high energy prices. As the world economy retreated in early 2009, some national security analysts believed that the United States might face fewer problems from oil exporters that bankrolled their defense spending through petroleum sales. Although the premise that falling oil prices would cause a reduction of government expenditures seems attractive, perhaps it might not be valid. Nations that depend on oil sales or raw materials for their major source of government revenue might act much differently from industrialized or developed countries. States that rely on rents from the sale of their raw materials, leases from firms extracting raw materials, royalties, and other payments have motives to control these raw materials. Such rentier economies may have few options to develop wealth other than from raw materials extraction. The governments that oversee these economies could use these revenues to placate or silence critics, create a society that depends on government largesse, or divert profits for the personal enrichment of government officials. If the economy is not fully developed, then the government might be the major source of economic strength and power in the state. The national leadership may feel the need to control the sale of raw materials, like oil, to maintain its position in society. Government officials who control all aspects of the economy, politics, and society may employ this wealth to underwrite large defense budgets to enhance their own security or to create a capability to counter a national security threat. Oil revenues and wealth serve as means to finance current and future defense spending. One method to indicate how defense spending changes with different amounts of oil revenue is simply to measure elasticity of demand. This metric describes the sensitivity of defense spending to changes in oil revenue in a given period. If, during a given period, a nation's defense spending rises or falls by a greater percentage than the percentage rise or fall respectively of oil revenue receipts, then defense spending is said to be elastic. Conversely, if during the same period a nation's defense spending rises or falls by a lower percentage than the percentage rise or fall respectively of oil revenue receipts, then defense spending is said to be insensitive to oil revenues, or inelastic.
Book Synopsis Oil, the State, and War by : Emma Ashford
Download or read book Oil, the State, and War written by Emma Ashford and published by Georgetown University Press. This book was released on 2022 with total page 366 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Introduction : A Petrostate Typology -- Applying the Typology : Petrostates at War --Resource Arms Racing : Oil Wealth and Military Power -- Proxies and Altriusm : The Light and Dark of Oil Wealth -- Institutions, Intelligence, and Personalization : The Resource Curse and Foreign Policy -- Crude Power : The Oil Weapon in Practice -- Under the Umbrella : Soft Oil Power and Hegemonic Protection C -- Conclusion : Peak Petrostate? -- Appendix A: Methods and Measurements -- Appendix B: Oil and Conflict -- Appendix C: Military Spending and Arms Sales -- Appendix D: Soft Power, Sanctions, and Oil.
Download or read book The Vega Factor written by Kent Moors and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2011-04-12 with total page 324 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How oil volatility is affecting the global political scene, and where the oil market is heading The world is rapidly moving towards an oil environment defined by volatility. The Vega Factor: Oil Volatility and the Next Global Crisis takes an in-depth look at the most important topics in the industry, including strategic risk, why traditional pricing mechanisms will no longer govern the market, and how the current government approaches have only worsened an already bad situation. Details the industry's players, including companies, traders, and governments Describes the priorities that will need to be revised, and the policies needed to achieve stability Explains how today's oil market is fundamentally different from the pre-crisis market Oil prices affect everyone. The Vega Factor explains the new international oil environment of increasing consolidation and decreasing competition, and reveals how consumers and investors can navigate price volatility and new government policies.
Book Synopsis Islamic Republic of Iran’s Foreign Policy in the South Caucasus by : Shabnam Dadparvar
Download or read book Islamic Republic of Iran’s Foreign Policy in the South Caucasus written by Shabnam Dadparvar and published by Cambridge Scholars Publishing. This book was released on 2023-10-09 with total page 516 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book delves into the connections between the Islamic Republic of Iran and the countries of the southern Caucasus region following the 1979 revolution. It focuses on their political, economic, and cultural interactions and elaborates on Iran's foreign policy principles, discourses, and significant decision-making institutions. It also addresses the process of nation-state building in the southern Caucasus, the challenges involved, and the geopolitical and strategic importance of this area for Iran. Factors influencing the relations are scrutinised, alongside an evaluation of the proposed accession of the Republic of Azerbaijan into Iran, based on insights from Hashemi Rafsanjani's diary. The work further investigates the legal framework of the Caspian Sea and Aras River, examines the strategic implications of the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict for Iran and other relevant actors, and analyses the repercussions of the Ukraine war on transportation routes. This book will help researchers of the Middle East and the Caucasus better understand Iran's relations with the region.
Download or read book Oil & War written by Robert Goralski and published by William Morrow. This book was released on 1987 with total page 392 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The full story of the role that oil played in the origins and outcome of World War II.
Book Synopsis Petro-Aggression by : Jeff D. Colgan
Download or read book Petro-Aggression written by Jeff D. Colgan and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2013-01-31 with total page 327 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Oil is the world's single most important commodity and its political effects are pervasive. Jeff D. Colgan extends the idea of the resource curse into the realm of international relations, exploring how countries form their foreign policy preferences and intentions. Why are some but not all oil-exporting 'petrostates' aggressive? To answer this question, a theory of aggressive foreign policy preferences is developed and then tested, using both quantitative and qualitative methods. Petro-Aggression shows that oil creates incentives that increase a petrostate's aggression, but also incentives for the opposite. The net effect depends critically on its domestic politics, especially the preferences of its leader. Revolutionary leaders are especially significant. Using case studies including Iraq, Iran, Libya, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela, this book offers new insight into why oil politics has a central role in global peace and conflict.
Book Synopsis Brown & Sharpe and the Measure of American Industry by : Gerald M. Carbone
Download or read book Brown & Sharpe and the Measure of American Industry written by Gerald M. Carbone and published by McFarland. This book was released on 2017-04-18 with total page 286 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Joseph Brown, founder of Brown & Sharpe, was a skilled clockmaker who invented new machines, and new ways to make things. Samuel Darling, an eccentric inventor from Maine, joined up and brought with him his engine for marking precise graduations on measuring instruments. Lucian Sharpe, with his son Henry and grandson Henry, Jr., guided the company for more than a century--and along with it the global machine tools industry. The men and women of Brown & Sharpe produced and marketed a dazzling array of measuring devices, machine tools and precision machinery. They truly helped shape Rhode Island, the nation and the modern world. The history of Brown & Sharpe covers more than 150 years of technological development, labor history and public policy, culminating in history's longest strike.
Download or read book Street Gangs written by Max G. Manwaring and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 68 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The primary thrust of the monograph is to explain the linkage of contemporary criminal street gangs (that is, the gang phenomenon or third generation gangs) to insurgency in terms f the instability it wreaks upon government and the concomitant challenge to state sovereignty. Although there are differences between gangs and insurgents regarding motives and modes of operations, this linkage infers that gang phenomena are mutated forms of urban insurgency. In these terms, these "new" nonstate actors must eventually seize political power in order to guarantee the freedom of action and the commercial environment they want. The common denominator that clearly links the gang phenomenon to insurgency is that the third generation gangs' and insurgents' ultimate objective is to depose or control the governments of targeted countries. As a consequence, the "Duck Analogy" applies. Third generation gangs look like ducks, walk like ducks, and act like ducks - a peculiar breed, but ducks nevertheless! This monograph concludes with recommendations for the United States and other countries to focus security and assistance responses at the strategic level. The intent is to help leaders achieve strategic clarity and operate more effectively in the complex politically dominated, contemporary global security arena.
Book Synopsis Energy Abstracts for Policy Analysis by :
Download or read book Energy Abstracts for Policy Analysis written by and published by . This book was released on 1987 with total page 762 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Externalities of transportation fuels by : Dileep K. Birur
Download or read book Externalities of transportation fuels written by Dileep K. Birur and published by RTI Press. This book was released on 2013-07-31 with total page 50 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This research report examines the economic and environmental externalities associated with the US transportation sector. The United States currently accounts for about 25 percent of world oil consumption, about 50 percent of which is imported. Achieving energy security by reducing dependence on imported oil has been the foremost challenge of several major energy-importing countries, including the United States. In this study, we explored the costs associated with energy security/cost of dependence on oil and estimated the environmental externalities associated with different types of transportation fuels based on a set of economic, environmental, and life-cycle analysis models. Our assessment of estimations on oil dependence costs indicates that several elements constitute the true cost of oil and not many studies have attempted to include all of these costs for various reasons. For analyzing the environmental externalities, we used a life-cycle analysis model; the FASOM-GHG model of agriculture and forestry; APEEP—an integrated assessment model to calculate the marginal damage of emissions; GTAP-BIO—a computable general equilibrium model to estimate land use changes; and the OSIRIS model to estimate the species extinctions based on deforestation. This study on assessing the externalities could provide a quantitative basis for policy initiatives pertaining to America’s future transportation infrastructure. This study suggests that there is a need to consider economic, environmental, and other societal costs within a holistic framework to assess relative costs and benefits and suitability of alternative transportation fuels that could play a role in meeting our future energy needs.
Book Synopsis Iran's Rocket and Missile Forces and Strategic Options by : Anthony H. Cordesman
Download or read book Iran's Rocket and Missile Forces and Strategic Options written by Anthony H. Cordesman and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2015-01-23 with total page 239 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Iran’s rocket and missile forces serve a wide range of Iranian strategic objectives. These forces range from relatively short-range artillery rockets that support its ground forces and limit the need for close air support to long-range missiles that can reach any target in the region and the development of booster systems that might give Iran the ability to strike at targets throughout Europe and even in the United States. Iran’s forces and systems are steadily evolving. While the lethality of most current systems is limited by a reliance on conventional warheads, poor accuracy, and uncertain reliability, Iran is developing steadily improved guidance systems, attempting to improve the lethality of its conventional warheads, and has at least studied arming its missiles with nuclear warheads.
Book Synopsis Japan’s Decision For War In 1941: Some Enduring Lessons by : Dr. Jeffrey Record
Download or read book Japan’s Decision For War In 1941: Some Enduring Lessons written by Dr. Jeffrey Record and published by Pickle Partners Publishing. This book was released on 2015-11-06 with total page 105 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Japan’s decision to attack the United States in 1941 is widely regarded as irrational to the point of suicidal. How could Japan hope to survive a war with, much less defeat, an enemy possessing an invulnerable homeland and an industrial base 10 times that of Japan? The Pacific War was one that Japan was always going to lose, so how does one explain Tokyo’s decision? Did the Japanese recognize the odds against them? Did they have a concept of victory, or at least of avoiding defeat? Or did the Japanese prefer a lost war to an unacceptable peace? Dr. Jeffrey Record takes a fresh look at Japan’s decision for war, and concludes that it was dictated by Japanese pride and the threatened economic destruction of Japan by the United States. He believes that Japanese aggression in East Asia was the root cause of the Pacific War, but argues that the road to war in 1941 was built on American as well as Japanese miscalculations and that both sides suffered from cultural ignorance and racial arrogance. Record finds that the Americans underestimated the role of fear and honor in Japanese calculations and overestimated the effectiveness of economic sanctions as a deterrent to war, whereas the Japanese underestimated the cohesion and resolve of an aroused American society and overestimated their own martial prowess as a means of defeating U.S. material superiority. He believes that the failure of deterrence was mutual, and that the descent of the United States and Japan into war contains lessons of great and continuing relevance to American foreign policy and defense decision-makers.
Book Synopsis SOVSIM, a Model of the Soviet Economy by :
Download or read book SOVSIM, a Model of the Soviet Economy written by and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page 60 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis SOVSIM, a Model of the Soviet Economy by : National Foreign Assessment Center (U.S.)
Download or read book SOVSIM, a Model of the Soviet Economy written by National Foreign Assessment Center (U.S.) and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page 60 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
