Disparity In Black Officer Promotions

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Disparity in Black Officer Promotions

Author : Benjamin James McClellan
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 87 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (123 download)

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Book Synopsis Disparity in Black Officer Promotions by : Benjamin James McClellan

Download or read book Disparity in Black Officer Promotions written by Benjamin James McClellan and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 87 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "People of color generally, and Blacks specifically, are underrepresented in the US Army's officer corps, especially in the general officer grades. Studies show that Black officers have both a lower promotion rate and a higher attrition rate when compared to White officers. Underrepresentation exacerbates Black officer accessions, employment, promotion, and retention. This quantitative study explored implicit racial bias among a diverse group of US Army officers to determine if a negative racial bias exists against Black US Army officers. The study used a Racial Implicit Association Test (IAT) to measure the strength of racial preference. Findings from the data indicate there is a strong implicit preference for Whites and a less favorable preference for Blacks among US Army officers. The presence of implicit racial bias in military decision-making, specifically in employment, promotions, and retention, raises concerns about achieving equality within all military branches. The study concluded that there is a need for a more stringent Equal Employment Opportunity policy within the military. Cultural and policy changes, diversity training, bias mitigation techniques, and application of Title VII are needed to decrease the adverse effects of continued implicit racial bias. Such changes would improve the current policy, increase equality, and decrease the harm caused to the careers of Black officers"--Author's abstract.

Promotions Among the Ranks

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 39 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (442 download)

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Book Synopsis Promotions Among the Ranks by :

Download or read book Promotions Among the Ranks written by and published by . This book was released on 1909 with total page 39 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Author's abstract: The purpose of the paper is to review the promotion trends of black officers in the Air Force. Recently the Air Force and other military services have been receiving extensive scrutiny and complaints about unfair promotion systems. A 1994 congressional investigation concluded that racial discrimination still existed in the military. Black military personnel complained that they received deficient evaluations and lacked prominent promotable positions. Many allegations by other groups revealed charges brought against supervisors and senior leaders, accusing them of cronysm, preferential treatment, as well as tampering and influencing boards. A review of the promotions trends for the past two decades indicated that black officers' promotion rates are disproportionate to white candidates and board averages. Additionally, senior military officers expressed their opinions about the promotion disparities among black officers. The conclusion from the review was there is a vast disparity of promotion board results in the Air Force as they relate to black officers. However, top Air Force military leaders have taken notable and spontaneous actions to eradicate the problem by revamping the evaluation process and establishing strong policies.

Promotions Among the Ranks: A Focus on Black Military Officers

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (946 download)

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Book Synopsis Promotions Among the Ranks: A Focus on Black Military Officers by :

Download or read book Promotions Among the Ranks: A Focus on Black Military Officers written by and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The purpose of the paper is to review the promotion trends of black officers in the Air Force. Recently the Air Force and other military services have been receiving extensive scrutiny and complaints about unfair promotion systems. A 1994 congressional investigation concluded that racial discrimination still existed in the military. Black military personnel complained that they received deficient evaluations and lacked prominent promotable positions. Many allegations by other groups revealed charges brought against supervisors and senior leaders, accusing them of cronyism, preferential treatment, as well as tampering and influencing boards. A review of the promotions trends for the past two decades indicated that black officers promotion rates are disproportionate to white candidates and board averages. Additionally, senior military officers expressed their opinions about the promotion disparities among black officers. The conclusion from the review was there is a vast disparity of promotion board results in the Air Force as they relate to black officers. However, top Air Force military leaders have taken notable and spontaneous actions to eradicate the problem by revamping the evaluation process and establishing strong policies.

Communities in Action

Author : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309452961
Total Pages : 583 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (94 download)

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Book Synopsis Communities in Action by : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine

Download or read book Communities in Action written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2017-04-27 with total page 583 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the United States, some populations suffer from far greater disparities in health than others. Those disparities are caused not only by fundamental differences in health status across segments of the population, but also because of inequities in factors that impact health status, so-called determinants of health. Only part of an individual's health status depends on his or her behavior and choice; community-wide problems like poverty, unemployment, poor education, inadequate housing, poor public transportation, interpersonal violence, and decaying neighborhoods also contribute to health inequities, as well as the historic and ongoing interplay of structures, policies, and norms that shape lives. When these factors are not optimal in a community, it does not mean they are intractable: such inequities can be mitigated by social policies that can shape health in powerful ways. Communities in Action: Pathways to Health Equity seeks to delineate the causes of and the solutions to health inequities in the United States. This report focuses on what communities can do to promote health equity, what actions are needed by the many and varied stakeholders that are part of communities or support them, as well as the root causes and structural barriers that need to be overcome.

Pulled Over

Author : Charles R. Epp
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
ISBN 13 : 022611404X
Total Pages : 273 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (261 download)

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Book Synopsis Pulled Over by : Charles R. Epp

Download or read book Pulled Over written by Charles R. Epp and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2014-04-04 with total page 273 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In sheer numbers, no form of government control comes close to the police stop. Each year, twelve percent of drivers in the United States are stopped by the police, and the figure is almost double among racial minorities. Police stops are among the most recognizable and frequently criticized incidences of racial profiling, but, while numerous studies have shown that minorities are pulled over at higher rates, none have examined how police stops have come to be both encouraged and institutionalized. Pulled Over deftly traces the strange history of the investigatory police stop, from its discredited beginning as “aggressive patrolling” to its current status as accepted institutional practice. Drawing on the richest study of police stops to date, the authors show that who is stopped and how they are treated convey powerful messages about citizenship and racial disparity in the United States. For African Americans, for instance, the experience of investigatory stops erodes the perceived legitimacy of police stops and of the police generally, leading to decreased trust in the police and less willingness to solicit police assistance or to self-censor in terms of clothing or where they drive. This holds true even when police are courteous and respectful throughout the encounters and follow seemingly colorblind institutional protocols. With a growing push in recent years to use local police in immigration efforts, Hispanics stand poised to share African Americans’ long experience of investigative stops. In a country that celebrates democracy and racial equality, investigatory stops have a profound and deleterious effect on African American and other minority communities that merits serious reconsideration. Pulled Over offers practical recommendations on how reforms can protect the rights of citizens and still effectively combat crime.

Policing Against Black People

Author : Institute of Race Relations
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780850010336
Total Pages : 173 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (13 download)

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Book Synopsis Policing Against Black People by : Institute of Race Relations

Download or read book Policing Against Black People written by Institute of Race Relations and published by . This book was released on 1987 with total page 173 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Locking Up Our Own

Author : James Forman, Jr.
Publisher : Farrar, Straus and Giroux
ISBN 13 : 0374712905
Total Pages : 321 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (747 download)

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Book Synopsis Locking Up Our Own by : James Forman, Jr.

Download or read book Locking Up Our Own written by James Forman, Jr. and published by Farrar, Straus and Giroux. This book was released on 2017-04-18 with total page 321 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: WINNER OF THE PULITZER PRIZE FOR GENERAL NON-FICTON ONE OF THE NEW YORK TIMES BOOK REVIEWS' 10 BEST BOOKS LONG-LISTED FOR THE NATIONAL BOOK AWARD FINALIST, CURRENT INTEREST CATEGORY, LOS ANGELES TIMES BOOK PRIZES "Locking Up Our Own is an engaging, insightful, and provocative reexamination of over-incarceration in the black community. James Forman Jr. carefully exposes the complexities of crime, criminal justice, and race. What he illuminates should not be ignored." —Bryan Stevenson, author of Just Mercy and founder of the Equal Justice Initiative "A beautiful book, written so well, that gives us the origins and consequences of where we are . . . I can see why [the Pulitzer prize] was awarded." —Trevor Noah, The Daily Show Former public defender James Forman, Jr. is a leading critic of mass incarceration and its disproportionate impact on people of color. In Locking Up Our Own, he seeks to understand the war on crime that began in the 1970s and why it was supported by many African American leaders in the nation’s urban centers. Forman shows us that the first substantial cohort of black mayors, judges, and police chiefs took office amid a surge in crime and drug addiction. Many prominent black officials, including Washington, D.C. mayor Marion Barry and federal prosecutor Eric Holder, feared that the gains of the civil rights movement were being undermined by lawlessness—and thus embraced tough-on-crime measures, including longer sentences and aggressive police tactics. In the face of skyrocketing murder rates and the proliferation of open-air drug markets, they believed they had no choice. But the policies they adopted would have devastating consequences for residents of poor black neighborhoods. A former D.C. public defender, Forman tells riveting stories of politicians, community activists, police officers, defendants, and crime victims. He writes with compassion about individuals trapped in terrible dilemmas—from the men and women he represented in court to officials struggling to respond to a public safety emergency. Locking Up Our Own enriches our understanding of why our society became so punitive and offers important lessons to anyone concerned about the future of race and the criminal justice system in this country.

The Black Officer Corps

Author : Isaac Hampton
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 0415531896
Total Pages : 256 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (155 download)

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Book Synopsis The Black Officer Corps by : Isaac Hampton

Download or read book The Black Officer Corps written by Isaac Hampton and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The U.S. Armed Forces started integrating its services in 1948, and with that push, more African Americans started rising through the ranks to become officers, although the number of black officers has always been much lower than African Americans' total percentage in the military. Astonishingly, the experiences of these unknown reformers have largely gone unexamined and unreported, until now. The Black Officer Corps traces segments of the African American officers' experience from 1946-1973. From generals who served in the Pentagon and Vietnam, to enlisted servicemen and officers' wives, Isaac Hampton has conducted over seventy-five oral history interviews with African American officers. Through their voices, this book illuminates what they dealt with on a day to day basis, including cultural differences, racist attitudes, unfair promotion standards, the civil rights movement, Black Power, and the experience of being in ROTC at Historically Black Colleges. Hampton provides a nuanced study of the people whose service reshaped race relations in the U.S. Armed Forces, ending with how the military attempted to control racism with the creation of the Defense Race Relations Institute of 1971. The Black Officer Corps gives us a much fuller picture of the experience of black officers, and a place to start asking further questions.

The Political Roots of Racial Tracking in American Criminal Justice

Author : Nina M. Moore
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1107022975
Total Pages : 405 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (7 download)

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Book Synopsis The Political Roots of Racial Tracking in American Criminal Justice by : Nina M. Moore

Download or read book The Political Roots of Racial Tracking in American Criminal Justice written by Nina M. Moore and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2015-01-26 with total page 405 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book examines the role of the public and policy makers in enabling the race problem in the American criminal justice system.

The Impacts of Racism and Bias on Black People Pursuing Careers in Science, Engineering, and Medicine

Author : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309679540
Total Pages : 107 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (96 download)

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Book Synopsis The Impacts of Racism and Bias on Black People Pursuing Careers in Science, Engineering, and Medicine by : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine

Download or read book The Impacts of Racism and Bias on Black People Pursuing Careers in Science, Engineering, and Medicine written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2020-12-18 with total page 107 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Despite the changing demographics of the nation and a growing appreciation for diversity and inclusion as drivers of excellence in science, engineering, and medicine, Black Americans are severely underrepresented in these fields. Racism and bias are significant reasons for this disparity, with detrimental implications on individuals, health care organizations, and the nation as a whole. The Roundtable on Black Men and Black Women in Science, Engineering, and Medicine was launched at the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine in 2019 to identify key levers, drivers, and disruptors in government, industry, health care, and higher education where actions can have the most impact on increasing the participation of Black men and Black women in science, medicine, and engineering. On April 16, 2020, the Roundtable convened a workshop to explore the context for their work; to surface key issues and questions that the Roundtable should address in its initial phase; and to reach key stakeholders and constituents. This proceedings provides a record of the workshop.

Under the Skin

Author : Linda Villarosa
Publisher : Anchor
ISBN 13 : 0385544898
Total Pages : 289 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (855 download)

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Book Synopsis Under the Skin by : Linda Villarosa

Download or read book Under the Skin written by Linda Villarosa and published by Anchor. This book was released on 2022-06-14 with total page 289 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: PULITZER PRIZE FINALIST • "A stunning exposé of why Black people in our society 'live sicker and die quicker'—an eye-opening game changer."—Oprah Daily From an award-winning writer at the New York Times Magazine and a contributor to the 1619 Project comes a landmark book that tells the full story of racial health disparities in America, revealing the toll racism takes on individuals and the health of our nation. In 2018, Linda Villarosa's New York Times Magazine article on maternal and infant mortality among black mothers and babies in America caused an awakening. Hundreds of studies had previously established a link between racial discrimination and the health of Black Americans, with little progress toward solutions. But Villarosa's article exposing that a Black woman with a college education is as likely to die or nearly die in childbirth as a white woman with an eighth grade education made racial disparities in health care impossible to ignore. Now, in Under the Skin, Linda Villarosa lays bare the forces in the American health-care system and in American society that cause Black people to “live sicker and die quicker” compared to their white counterparts. Today's medical texts and instruments still carry fallacious slavery-era assumptions that Black bodies are fundamentally different from white bodies. Study after study of medical settings show worse treatment and outcomes for Black patients. Black people live in dirtier, more polluted communities due to environmental racism and neglect from all levels of government. And, most powerfully, Villarosa describes the new understanding that coping with the daily scourge of racism ages Black people prematurely. Anchored by unforgettable human stories and offering incontrovertible proof, Under the Skin is dramatic, tragic, and necessary reading.

Pushing Cool

Author : Keith Wailoo
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
ISBN 13 : 022679427X
Total Pages : 411 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (267 download)

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Book Synopsis Pushing Cool by : Keith Wailoo

Download or read book Pushing Cool written by Keith Wailoo and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2021-11-02 with total page 411 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Spanning a century, Pushing Cool reveals how the twin deceptions of health and Black affinity for menthol were crafted—and how the industry’s disturbingly powerful narrative has endured to this day. Police put Eric Garner in a fatal chokehold for selling cigarettes on a New York City street corner. George Floyd was killed by police outside a store in Minneapolis known as “the best place to buy menthols.” Black smokers overwhelmingly prefer menthol brands such as Kool, Salem, and Newport. All of this is no coincidence. The disproportionate Black deaths and cries of “I can’t breathe” that ring out in our era—because of police violence, COVID-19, or menthol smoking—are intimately connected to a post-1960s history of race and exploitation. In Pushing Cool, Keith Wailoo tells the intricate and poignant story of menthol cigarettes for the first time. He pulls back the curtain to reveal the hidden persuaders who shaped menthol buying habits and racial markets across America: the world of tobacco marketers, consultants, psychologists, and social scientists, as well as Black lawmakers and civic groups including the NAACP. Today most Black smokers buy menthols, and calls to prohibit their circulation hinge on a history of the industry’s targeted racial marketing. In 2009, when Congress banned flavored cigarettes as criminal enticements to encourage youth smoking, menthol cigarettes were also slated to be banned. Through a detailed study of internal tobacco industry documents, Wailoo exposes why they weren’t and how they remain so popular with Black smokers.

Hands Up, Don’t Shoot

Author : Jennifer E Cobbina
Publisher : NYU Press
ISBN 13 : 1479862320
Total Pages : 242 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (798 download)

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Book Synopsis Hands Up, Don’t Shoot by : Jennifer E Cobbina

Download or read book Hands Up, Don’t Shoot written by Jennifer E Cobbina and published by NYU Press. This book was released on 2020-05-12 with total page 242 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Understanding the explosive protests over police killings and the legacy of racism Following the high-profile deaths of eighteen-year-old Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri, and twenty-five-year-old Freddie Gray in Baltimore, Maryland, both cities erupted in protest over the unjustified homicides of unarmed black males at the hands of police officers. These local tragedies—and the protests surrounding them—assumed national significance, igniting fierce debate about the fairness and efficacy of the American criminal justice system. Yet, outside the gaze of mainstream attention, how do local residents and protestors in Ferguson and Baltimore understand their own experiences with race, place, and policing? In Hands Up, Don’t Shoot, Jennifer Cobbina draws on in-depth interviews with nearly two hundred residents of Ferguson and Baltimore, conducted within two months of the deaths of Brown and Gray. She examines how protestors in both cities understood their experiences with the police, how those experiences influenced their perceptions of policing, what galvanized Black Lives Matter as a social movement, and how policing tactics during demonstrations influenced subsequent mobilization decisions among protesters. Ultimately, she humanizes people’s deep and abiding anger, underscoring how a movement emerged to denounce both racial biases by police and the broader economic and social system that has stacked the deck against young black civilians. Hands Up, Don’t Shoot is a remarkably current, on-the-ground assessment of the powerful, protestor-driven movement around race, justice, and policing in America.

Measuring Racial Discrimination

Author : National Research Council
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309091268
Total Pages : 335 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (9 download)

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Book Synopsis Measuring Racial Discrimination by : National Research Council

Download or read book Measuring Racial Discrimination written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2004-07-24 with total page 335 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many racial and ethnic groups in the United States, including blacks, Hispanics, Asians, American Indians, and others, have historically faced severe discriminationâ€"pervasive and open denial of civil, social, political, educational, and economic opportunities. Today, large differences among racial and ethnic groups continue to exist in employment, income and wealth, housing, education, criminal justice, health, and other areas. While many factors may contribute to such differences, their size and extent suggest that various forms of discriminatory treatment persist in U.S. society and serve to undercut the achievement of equal opportunity. Measuring Racial Discrimination considers the definition of race and racial discrimination, reviews the existing techniques used to measure racial discrimination, and identifies new tools and areas for future research. The book conducts a thorough evaluation of current methodologies for a wide range of circumstances in which racial discrimination may occur, and makes recommendations on how to better assess the presence and effects of discrimination.

Unequal Treatment

Author : Institute of Medicine
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 030908265X
Total Pages : 781 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (9 download)

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Book Synopsis Unequal Treatment by : Institute of Medicine

Download or read book Unequal Treatment written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2009-02-06 with total page 781 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Racial and ethnic disparities in health care are known to reflect access to care and other issues that arise from differing socioeconomic conditions. There is, however, increasing evidence that even after such differences are accounted for, race and ethnicity remain significant predictors of the quality of health care received. In Unequal Treatment, a panel of experts documents this evidence and explores how persons of color experience the health care environment. The book examines how disparities in treatment may arise in health care systems and looks at aspects of the clinical encounter that may contribute to such disparities. Patients' and providers' attitudes, expectations, and behavior are analyzed. How to intervene? Unequal Treatment offers recommendations for improvements in medical care financing, allocation of care, availability of language translation, community-based care, and other arenas. The committee highlights the potential of cross-cultural education to improve provider-patient communication and offers a detailed look at how to integrate cross-cultural learning within the health professions. The book concludes with recommendations for data collection and research initiatives. Unequal Treatment will be vitally important to health care policymakers, administrators, providers, educators, and students as well as advocates for people of color.

Career Diplomacy

Author : Harry Kopp
Publisher : Georgetown University Press
ISBN 13 : 162616469X
Total Pages : 300 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (261 download)

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Book Synopsis Career Diplomacy by : Harry Kopp

Download or read book Career Diplomacy written by Harry Kopp and published by Georgetown University Press. This book was released on 2017-09-01 with total page 300 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ronald Neumann, former US ambassador and president of the American Academy of Diplomacy, called the second edition of Career Diplomacy a "must-read for those seeking understanding of today's foreign service." In this third edition Kopp and Naland, both of whom had distinguished careers in the field, provide an authoritative and candid account of the foreign service, exploring the five career tracks--consular, political, economic, management, and public diplomacy--through their own experience and through interviews with over one hundred current and former foreign service officials. The book includes significant revisions and updates from the previous edition, such as: Obama administration's use of the foreign service; a thorough discussion of the relationship of the foreign service and the Department of State to other agencies, and to the combatant commands; an expanded analysis of hiring procedures; commentary on challenging management issues in the Department of State, including the proliferation of political appointments, the rapid growth in the number of high-level positions, and the difficulties of running an agency with employees in two personnel systems (civil service and foreign service); and a fresh examination of the changing nature and demographics of the foreign service. Includes a glossary, bibliography, and list of websites and blogs on the subject.

Opting Out

Author : Maya A. Beasley
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
ISBN 13 : 0226040127
Total Pages : 236 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (26 download)

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Book Synopsis Opting Out by : Maya A. Beasley

Download or read book Opting Out written by Maya A. Beasley and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2012-07-24 with total page 236 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Why has the large income gap between blacks and whites persisted for decades after the passage of civil rights legislation? More specifically, why do African Americans remain substantially underrepresented in the highest-paying professions, such as science, engineering, information technology, and finance? A sophisticated study of racial disparity, Opting Out examines why some talented black undergraduates pursue lower-paying, lower-status careers despite being amply qualified for more prosperous ones. To explore these issues, Maya A. Beasley conducted in-depth interviews with black and white juniors at two of the nation’s most elite universities, one public and one private. Beasley identifies a set of complex factors behind these students’ career aspirations, including the anticipation of discrimination in particular fields; the racial composition of classes, student groups, and teaching staff; student values; and the availability of opportunities to network. Ironically, Beasley also discovers, campus policies designed to enhance the academic and career potential of black students often reduce the diversity of their choices. Shedding new light on the root causes of racial inequality, Opting Out will be essential reading for parents, educators, students, scholars, and policymakers.