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Discovering Mechanisms During Spermatogonial Differentiation That Prepare Male Germ Cells For Meiosis
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Book Synopsis Discovering Mechanisms During Spermatogonial Differentiation that Prepare Male Germ Cells for Meiosis by : Taylor Anthony Johnson
Download or read book Discovering Mechanisms During Spermatogonial Differentiation that Prepare Male Germ Cells for Meiosis written by Taylor Anthony Johnson and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Spermatogenesis, the male germ cell maturation process, allows men to become and remain fertile for decades. Male fertility relies on fate decisions of different types of spermatogonia - spermatogonial stem cells maintain the germline long-term, undifferentiated progenitor spermatogonia divide and await the differentiation signal (retinoic acid, RA), and differentiating spermatogonia proceed forward into meiosis as spermatocytes to ultimately become sperm. Spermatogonial differentiation and meiotic initiation are indispensable transitions in spermatogenesis that remain poorly understood. The three studies within this dissertation, using a combination of in vivo and in vitro approaches, detail spermatogonial requirements in these two transitions. The first study (chapter two) scrutinizes and redefines a presumed dogma - the requirement of RA for the spermatogonia-to-spermatocyte (mitotic-to-meiotic) transition. The second study (chapter three) deciphers the differential responsiveness of spermatogonia to RA in the adult testis. The third study (chapter four) introduces a novel RNA binding protein required for the commitment to and completion of spermatogonial differentiation. The collective findings from these three studies both enrich our understanding of spermatogonial biology and propose avenues for treatments that can enhance or discontinue spermatogonial differentiation.
Book Synopsis Investigating Mechanisms Regulating Mammalian Spermatogonial Differentiation and Meiotic Initiation by : Oleksandr Kirsanov
Download or read book Investigating Mechanisms Regulating Mammalian Spermatogonial Differentiation and Meiotic Initiation written by Oleksandr Kirsanov and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Spermatogonia differentiation and meiotic initiation are complex processes essential for male fertility. Despite knowing for nearly 60 years that retinoic acid (RA) is instrumental for successful production of functional sperm, molecular mediators that regulate spermatogonial differentiation and prepare male germ cells for meiosis are poorly defined. The work presented here is organized into chapters and demonstrates my efforts to develop new tools to study germ cell development and to employ these tools to investigate the role and the developmental timeframes of RA activity during differentiation and meiotic initiation. In chapter 1, I examine published studies on development of germ cells starting at establishment of male germline in fetus to production of functional sperm in adult and highlight significant gaps in knowledge that are addressed with my work. In chapter 2, I describe negative effects of Everolimus, a pharmaceutical compound commonly used to treat cancer, on male fertility in mice. In chapter 3, I identify a new fluorescent reporter mouse model used to isolate large, highly enriched, precise population of germ cell at specific stages of their development and present a new culture system to study male germ cells in vitro. In chapter 4, I test the requirement for RA signaling during spermatogenesis.
Book Synopsis Roles of Pramex1 and Pramel1 During Spermatogenesis by : Mingyao Yang
Download or read book Roles of Pramex1 and Pramel1 During Spermatogenesis written by Mingyao Yang and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Spermatozoa serves as the vehicle for transmitting the male's genetic contribution to the succeeding generation. Producing substantial and functional spermatozoa is essential for male fertility. Mammalian spermatogenesis is a highly coordinated and continuous process in which spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) undergo differentiation to produce functional spermatozoa. Precise gene regulation in germ cells directs their development, guaranteeing the ongoing production of a significant quantity of spermatozoa throughout the reproductive lifespan. Many mysteries surrounding gene regulation mechanisms during spermatogenesis remain unresolved. Spermatogenesis encompasses three pivotal transitions in germ cells: the shift from undifferentiated to differentiating state among spermatogonia, meiosis involving spermatocytes, and the transformation of spermatids through spermiogenesis. Retinoic acid (RA) signaling is vital in governing all three transitions of germ cells during spermatogenesis. RA is periodically synthesized by Sertoli cells and germ cells and regulates genes associated with germ cell differentiation, meiosis, proliferation, and apoptosis. Members of the PRAME (Preferentially expressed antigen in melanoma, also known as PRAME nuclear receptor transcriptional regulator) family are identified as repressors of RA signaling. This family constitutes a significant group that exhibits broad expression during germline development. PRAME members have conserved leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domains, which are folded into a horseshoe shape in their tertiary structure, facilitating protein--protein interactions in various molecular recognition processes, including signal transduction. The LRR domains of PRAME have the capability to engage with RA receptors (RARs), thus suppressing RAR signaling transduction in both cancer and embryonic stem cells (ESCs). However, the functional roles of the PRAME family during spermatogenesis are poorly understood. Furthermore, the interaction between these members of the PRAME family during spermatogenesis has not been investigated. To address these questions, we have directed our attention towards two members of the mouse Prame gene family, Prame like, X-linked 1 (Pramex1) (ID: 75829) and Prame like 1 (Pramel1) (ID:83491), and their involvement in spermatogenesis and oogenesis. To investigate their functional roles, we generated and characterized six different lines of Prame transgenic mice, including conditional Pramex1 knockout (cKO), Pramex1 global KO (gKO), Pramel1 cKO, Pramel1 gKO, Id4-eGfp+Pramel1 gKO and Pramex1/ Pramel1 double KO (dKO) mice. The study of these models provided valuable insights into the functions of the PRAME family during gametogenesis. Our hypothesis was that these two genes were involved in gametogenesis through repressing RA signaling pathway, and collectively contribute to the process of germ cell formation. The primary objectives of this project were to unravel the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the roles of these two members during gametogenesis, as well as to explore their collaborative interactions. We found that ablation of Pramex1 in the mutant mice causes apoptosis of pachytene spermatocytes during spermatogenesis, having negative effects on 5~7% of seminiferous tubules, with a Sertoli cell-only (SCO) phenotype during the first round of spermatogenesis in young testes. We speculated that these cellular defects resulted from the disruption of the RA signaling due to the depletion of Pramex1. Due to these cellular defects, the Pramex1 cKO mice had a 12% reduction in testis size and sperm count. However, the Pramex1 cKO mice were fertile even with these reproductive phenotypes observed in the young and mature males. The Pramex1 cKO females appeared to be normal with no observed abnormal phenotypes. Unlike the Pramex1 conditional deletion, which did not affect male fecundity, Pramel1 deficiency led to a 43% increase in fecundity of juvenile males and an 18% decrease in fecundity of mature Pramel1 gKO males. The enhanced fecundity in young Pramel1 gKO males resulted from a 32% increase in sperm production during the first round of spermatogenesis. Conversely, the reduction in fecundity in mature mice resulted from fewer germ cells being processed in subsequent rounds of spermatogenesis. For the second round of spermatogenesis, we discovered that Pramel1 global deficiency led to apoptosis of the initial progenitor cells, characterized as ID4-eGFPMid cells by using the Id4-eGfp+Pramel1 gKO line. Apoptosis of progenitor induced the formation of the SCO phenotype in about 7% of seminiferous tubules in the Pramel1 gKO mice. The SCO phenotype was rescued through the administration of the RA inhibitor, WIN18,446, indicating that PRAMEL1 serves as a repressor of RA signaling during spermatogonia development. Furthermore, our data indicated that Pramel1 not only affects progenitors in young males, but also contributed to the maintenance of undifferentiated spermatogonial populations in mature mice, as demonstrated by the heat-stress experiment. Overall, our results revealed that PRAMEL1 acts as a fine tuner in RA signaling to ensure the proper establishment of the first, second and subsequent rounds of spermatogenesis. Results obtained from the Pramex1 and Pramel1 mutant mice indicated that both genes play minor roles during spermatogenesis. We hypothesize that the individual members of the Prame family act as fine-tuners of RA signaling, and collectively, the family represses RA signaling to regulate gametogenesis. Interestingly, when either Pramex1 or Pramel1 was knocked out in their single knockout (sKO) mice, we observed a compensatory upregulation of the other gene. To confirm the compensatory ability of the two members, we further determined the impact of the double deletion of Pramex1/Pramel1 on gametogenesis by using a Pramex1/Pramel1 dKO mice model. In the case of sKO mice, the male mice had a relatively mild phenotypes except for the 7% SCO tubules, while the female mice remained unaffected. When we examined the dKO mice, we discovered more severe defects, suggesting that the two genes aligned with a genetic model exhibiting synergistic genetic enhancement. The double deletion similarly led to a reduction in fecundity by approximately 50% in both male and female gametogenesis. The reduced fecundity of male dKO mice was attributed to their (12-50%) smaller testis size, a (12-58%) decrease in sperm production, and a 47% reduction in litter size compared to WT mice. Moreover, the dKO juvenile and mature males exhibited a larger SCO region, an increased number of apoptotic cells, but fewer undifferentiated spermatogonia compared to sKOs and WT mice. Similarly, the diminished fecundity observed in dKO females was evident in a 57% smaller litter size, which could be attributed to a 51% decrease in the total oocyte count in the ovaries compared to WT females. We believed that the synergistic genetic enhancement of these two genes was a result of their mutual genetic compensatory ability. We also revealed that their compensatory ability was driven by their shared function of finely repressing RA signaling during gametogenesis. Our RA treatment experiment determined that the RA inhibitor effectively rescued the defects observed in sKOs and dKO mice. Besides, we confirmed that the PRAMEX1 also interacted with RAR[alpha], similar to PRAMEL1. In summary, our study sheds light on the compensatory ability played by Pramex1 and Pramel1 under the regulation of RA signaling, suggesting a collective contribution among the Prame members for gametogenesis. In conclusion, this study delved into the functional roles and genetic interactions of the mouse Pramex1 and Pramel1 during gametogenesis. These investigations revealed the important roles of Pramex1 and Pramel1 in germ cell development. Furthermore, we elucidated the mechanisms by which the two genes (Pramex1 and Pramel1) both suppress RA signaling. Remarkably, these two genes demonstrated synthetic genetic enhancement during gametogenesis through their complementary ability in their shared pathway, repressing RA signaling. The discoveries from this project offer valuable insights into the Prame gene family, indicating that these genes collectively play crucial roles during gametogenesis.
Book Synopsis The Sertoli Cell by : Lonnie Dee Russell
Download or read book The Sertoli Cell written by Lonnie Dee Russell and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 840 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Germline Stem Cells by : Steven X. Hou
Download or read book Germline Stem Cells written by Steven X. Hou and published by Humana Press. This book was released on 2014-10-15 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this comprehensive and cutting-edge book, leading experts explore the parameters that define germline stem cells and the mechanisms that regulate the cell behavior in order to better isolate, characterize and maintain them. The volume begins by providing protocols for germline stem cell identification and regulation in model organisms, and concludes with detailed chapters covering current techniques involving in vitro culture and the applications of the cells.
Book Synopsis Infertility in the Male by : Larry I. Lipshultz
Download or read book Infertility in the Male written by Larry I. Lipshultz and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2009-09-24 with total page 691 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The new edition of this canonical text on male reproductive medicine will cement the book's market-leading position. Practitioners across many specialties - including urologists, gynecologists, reproductive endocrinologists, medical endocrinologists and many in internal medicine and family practice – will see men with suboptimal fertility and reproductive problems. The book provides an excellent source of timely, well-considered information for those training in this young and rapidly evolving field. While several recent books provide targeted 'cookbooks' for those in a male reproductive laboratory, or quick reference for practising generalists, the modern, comprehensive reference providing both a background for male reproductive medicine as well as clinical practice information based on that foundation has been lacking until now. The book has been extensively revised with a particular focus on modern molecular medicine. Appropriate therapeutic interventions are highlighted throughout.
Book Synopsis Endocrinology of the Testis and Male Reproduction by : Manuela Simoni
Download or read book Endocrinology of the Testis and Male Reproduction written by Manuela Simoni and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-09-18 with total page 1364 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a comprehensive overview of endocrinology of the male reproductive system, explaining how it works and how, sometimes, it fails to work. World-class specialists present state of the art knowledge on all aspects, including anatomy, physiology, molecular biology, genetics, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations of testicular diseases, endocrine aspects of andrological and sexual diseases, and therapy. Extensive consideration is given to sexual development, testicular function, the clinical approach to disorders of male reproduction, male hypogonadism, sexual dysfunction, and male infertility. In addition, sociodemographic, psychological, and ethical aspects of male reproductive disorders are discussed. The book is intended as a major reference for endocrinologists, andrologists, and sexologists, as well as basic and clinical scientists. It is published as part of the SpringerReference program, which delivers access to living editions constantly updated through a dynamic peer-review publishing process.
Book Synopsis Fertility Preservation in Male Cancer Patients by : John P. Mulhall
Download or read book Fertility Preservation in Male Cancer Patients written by John P. Mulhall and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2013-02-21 with total page 365 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Written by international authorities, this book is aimed at clinicians dealing with male patients rendered infertile by cancer therapy.
Book Synopsis Sertoli Cell Biology by : Michael D. Griswold
Download or read book Sertoli Cell Biology written by Michael D. Griswold and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2014-11-19 with total page 488 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sertoli Cell Biology, Second Edition summarizes the progress since the last edition and emphasizes the new information available on Sertoli/germ cell interactions. This information is especially timely since the progress in the past few years has been exceptional and it relates to control of sperm production in vivo and in vitro. Fully revised Written by experts in the field Summarizes 10 years of research Contains clear explanations and summaries Provides a summary of references over the last 10 years
Book Synopsis Textbook of Clinical Embryology by : Kevin Coward
Download or read book Textbook of Clinical Embryology written by Kevin Coward and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2013-10-31 with total page 408 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The success of Assisted Reproductive Technology is critically dependent upon the use of well optimized protocols, based upon sound scientific reasoning, empirical observations and evidence of clinical efficacy. Recently, the treatment of infertility has experienced a revolution, with the routine adoption of increasingly specialized molecular biological techniques and advanced methods for the manipulation of gametes and embryos. This textbook – inspired by the postgraduate degree program at the University of Oxford – guides students through the multidisciplinary syllabus essential to ART laboratory practice, from basic culture techniques and micromanipulation to laboratory management and quality assurance, and from endocrinology to molecular biology and research methods. Written for all levels of IVF practitioners, reproductive biologists and technologists involved in human reproductive science, it can be used as a reference manual for all IVF labs and as a textbook by undergraduates, advanced students, scientists and professionals involved in gamete, embryo or stem cell biology.
Book Synopsis Principles and Practice of Fertility Preservation by : Jacques Donnez
Download or read book Principles and Practice of Fertility Preservation written by Jacques Donnez and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2011-02-03 with total page 569 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The specialty of fertility preservation offers patients with cancer, who are rendered infertile by chemo- and radiotherapy, the opportunity to realize their reproductive potential. This gold-standard publication defines the specialty. The full range of techniques and scientific concepts is covered in detail, and the author team includes many of the world's leading experts in the field. The book opens with introductions to fertility preservation in both cancer and non-cancer patients, followed by cancer biology, epidemiology and treatment, and reproductive biology and cryobiology. Subsequent sections cover fertility preservation strategies in males and females, including medical/surgical procedures, ART, cryopreservation and transplantation of both ovarian tissue and the whole ovary, and in-vitro follicle growth and maturation. Concluding chapters address future technologies, as well as ethical, legal and religious issues. Richly illustrated throughout, this is a key resource for all clinicians specializing in reproductive medicine, gynecology, oncology, hematology, endocrinology and infertility.
Book Synopsis Molecular Signaling in Spermatogenesis and Male Infertility by : Rajender Singh
Download or read book Molecular Signaling in Spermatogenesis and Male Infertility written by Rajender Singh and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2019-11-06 with total page 338 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Spermatogenesis involves the coordination of a number of signaling pathways, which culminate into production of sperm. Its failure results in male factor infertility, which can be due to hormonal, environmental, genetic or other unknown factors. This book includes chapters on most of the signaling pathways known to contribute to spermatogenesis. Latest research in germ cell signaling like the role of small RNAs in spermatogenesis is also discussed. This book aims to serve as a reference for both clinicians and researchers, explaining possible causes of infertility and exploring various treatment methods for management through the basic understanding of the role of molecular signaling. Key Features Discusses the signaling pathways that contribute to successful spermatogenesis Covers comprehensive information about Spermatogenesis at one place Explores the vital aspects of male fertility and infertility Explains the epigenetic regulation of germ cell development and fertility Highlights the translational opportunities in molecular signaling in testis
Book Synopsis Biologic Markers in Reproductive Toxicology by : National Research Council
Download or read book Biologic Markers in Reproductive Toxicology written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1989-02-01 with total page 424 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Does exposure to environmental toxicants inhibit our ability to have healthy children who develop normally? Biologic markersâ€"indicators that can tell us when environmental factors have caused a change at the cellular or biochemical level that might affect reproductive abilityâ€"are a promising tool for research aimed at answering that important question. Biologic Markers in Reproductive Toxicology examines the potential of these markers in environmental health studies; clarifies definitions, underlying concepts, and possible applications; and shows the benefits to be gained from their use in reproductive and neurodevelopmental research.
Book Synopsis Genetics of Human Infertility by : P.H. Vogt
Download or read book Genetics of Human Infertility written by P.H. Vogt and published by Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers. This book was released on 2017-09-12 with total page 178 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Infertility affects more than one in ten couples worldwide and is related to highly heterogeneous pathologies sometimes only discernible in the germ line. Its complex etiology often, but not always, includes genetic factors besides anatomical defects, immunological interference, and environmental aspects. Nearly 30% of infertility cases are probably caused only by genetic defects. Thereby experimental animal knockout models convincingly show that infertility can be caused by single or multiple gene defects. Translating those basic research findings into clinical studies is challenging, leaving genetic causes for the vast majority of infertility patients unexplained. Nevertheless, a large number of candidate genes have been revealed by sophisticated molecular methods. This book provides a comprehensive overview on the subject of infertility written by the leading authorities in this field. It covers topics including basic biological, cytological, and molecular studies, as well as common and uncommon syndromes. It is a must-read for human geneticists, endocrinologists, epidemiologists, zoologists, and counsellors in human genetics, infertility, and assisted reproduction.
Book Synopsis Pediatric and Adolescent Oncofertility by : Teresa K. Woodruff
Download or read book Pediatric and Adolescent Oncofertility written by Teresa K. Woodruff and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-01-17 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Reflecting the increasing interest in fertility management for pediatric and adolescent patients and fulfilling an urgent need to have a comprehensive guide to the management of these individuals, this is the first book of its kind to present a comprehensive discussion of pediatric and adolescent oncofertility. It carefully examines the impact of pediatric cancer and cancer therapy on fertility and presents both current and emerging fertility preservation techniques for both males and females, such as cryopreservation. Fertility concerns beyond cancer are also discussed, including disorders of sexual differentiation, gender dysphoria and thalassemia. Practical chapters on pediatric oncofertility in the clinic round out the book, covering setting up a practice, counseling and consent, disclosure and insurance considerations. Concluding chapters document fertility preservation techniques and outcomes internationally, with contributions from Portuguese, Brazilian and Japanese authors. Timely and wide-ranging, Pediatric and Adolescent Oncofertility is an ideal resource for reproductive medicine specialists, pediatric oncologists, and primary care physicians treating pediatric and adolescent cancer patients looking to protect fertility options.
Download or read book The Testis written by Henry G. Burger and published by Raven Press (ID). This book was released on 1989 with total page 616 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Encyclopedia of Reproduction written by and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2018-06-29 with total page 3905 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Encyclopedia of Reproduction, Second Edition, Six Volume Set comprehensively reviews biology and abnormalities, also covering the most common diseases in humans, such as prostate and breast cancer, as well as normal developmental biology, including embryogenesis, gestation, birth and puberty. Each article provides a comprehensive overview of the selected topic to inform a broad spectrum of readers, from advanced undergraduate students, to research professionals. Chapters also explore the latest advances in cloning, stem cells, endocrinology, clinical reproductive medicine and genomics. As reproductive health is a fundamental component of an individual’s overall health status and a central determinant of quality of life, this book provides the most extensive and authoritative reference within the field. Provides a one-stop shop for information on reproduction that is not available elsewhere Includes extensive coverage of the full range of topics, from basic, to clinical considerations, including evolutionary advances in molecular, cellular, developmental and clinical sciences Includes multimedia and interactive teaching tools, such as downloadable PowerPoint slides, video content and interactive elements, such as the Virtual Microscope