Disability Definitions, Diagnoses, and Practice Implications

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Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1351997122
Total Pages : 438 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (519 download)

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Book Synopsis Disability Definitions, Diagnoses, and Practice Implications by : Julie Smart

Download or read book Disability Definitions, Diagnoses, and Practice Implications written by Julie Smart and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2018-09-03 with total page 438 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This introductory text defines and describes disability, while providing concrete practice guidelines and recommendations for students in the fields of counseling, social work, and the helping professions. Various specialty areas are explored in detail, including marriage and family counseling, adolescent counseling, addictions counseling, LGBTQ concerns, multicultural counseling, and career counseling. The first three chapters lay the foundations by discussing the demand for counseling services by individuals with all types of disabilities; presenting clinical, legal, medical/biological, and personal definitions of disability; and describing physical, cognitive, and psychiatric disabilities. Next, author Julie Smart examines core beliefs about disability using a range of first-person accounts from experienced counselors. The last six chapters focus on practice guidelines for various aspects of disability—including ethical considerations, societal issues, social role demands, and individual responses—and consider new possibilities for disability counseling professions. With rich case studies woven throughout, as well as valuable information on client needs, disability categorizations, and key Models of Disability, this essential textbook will be useful not only to counseling students but also to professional counselors, social workers, and psychologists.

Disability

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Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1000947491
Total Pages : 142 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (9 download)

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Book Synopsis Disability by : M. Bonner

Download or read book Disability written by M. Bonner and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2023-05-05 with total page 142 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: What is disability? Why terminate a pregnancy when disabling traits are diagnosed in the foetus? Can disability be part of a person’s identity? These are important questions in the current climate of increased pre-natal screening programmes designed to further reduce the numbers of children born with disabilities. This book looks at disablement from a philosophical perspective by examining these questions through a combination of critical review, discussion and narrative theory. Disability: definitions, value and identity provides practical and concise information for social care workers, counsellors, academics, students, genetics counsellors, and medical and healthcare ethicists. It will also be invaluable for disability pressure groups and policy makers.

The Surgeon General's Call to Action to Improve the Health and Wellness of Persons with Disabilities

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 46 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (613 download)

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Book Synopsis The Surgeon General's Call to Action to Improve the Health and Wellness of Persons with Disabilities by : United States. Public Health Service. Office of the Surgeon General

Download or read book The Surgeon General's Call to Action to Improve the Health and Wellness of Persons with Disabilities written by United States. Public Health Service. Office of the Surgeon General and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 46 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

The Psychological and Social Impact of Chronic Illness and Disability

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Publisher : Springer Publishing Company
ISBN 13 : 0826151116
Total Pages : 665 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (261 download)

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Book Synopsis The Psychological and Social Impact of Chronic Illness and Disability by : Irmo Marini, PhD, DSc, CRC, CLCP

Download or read book The Psychological and Social Impact of Chronic Illness and Disability written by Irmo Marini, PhD, DSc, CRC, CLCP and published by Springer Publishing Company. This book was released on 2023-08-09 with total page 665 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Reflects the most significant and fundamental shifts in the experience of disability in human history With the release of its eighth edition, this bestselling text remains the most comprehensive and current text addressing the psychological and social issues dealt with by persons with disabilities. The new edition is almost completely rewritten and expanded by expert voices in disability and rehabilitation policy, research, and lived experience. It presents many new chapters covering topics such as disability identity, the impact of US laws and policies, the impact of micro-aggressions and discrimination, applications of well-being and positive psychology, and mental health implications of social media usage for people with disabilities. The eighth edition also includes new Personal Perspectives from individuals with various disabilities. The text provides an informed, critical, and engaging exploration of the impact of chronic illness and disability (CID) for a wide range of students, educators, and professionals who work with this population. It delivers a comprehensive understanding of CID topics ranging from the impact of law and policies, social justice issues, personal and professional rehabilitation, and the psychosocial experiences of CID. The book continues to investigate a diverse range of topics, from the historical and cultural perspectives on illness and disability to the personal, familial, and social impacts of disability. Chapters include Learning Objectives, Pre-reading Questions, Class Activities, and Case Studies with accompanying Discussion Questions to promote engagement. Instructors will also have access to the Instructor Manual, Test Bank, and chapter PowerPoints. Extensively rewritten and updated with expert voices in disability and rehabilitation policy and research Brand new chapters on disability identity, the impact of US laws and policies, the impact of micro-aggressions and discrimination, and more New Personal Perspectives from persons who have lived with various disabilities New Class Activities to help reinforce content Key Features: Presents the most comprehensive and diverse coverage of psychosocial aspects of disability of any text Addresses how people with CID have been viewed and treated throughout history and examines the changes and developments over the past decade Provides a bridge between theory and practice with abundant narratives Includes Learning Objectives, Pre-reading Questions, and Case Studies with Discussion Questions to enhance learning Delivers a comprehensive instructor package including Instructor Manual, Test Bank, and chapter PowerPoints

Intellectual Disability

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Author :
Publisher : American Association
ISBN 13 : 9781935304043
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (4 download)

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Book Synopsis Intellectual Disability by :

Download or read book Intellectual Disability written by and published by American Association. This book was released on 2010 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Manual contains the most current and authoritative information and knowledge on intellectual disability, including best practice guidelines on diagnosing and classifying intellectual disability and developing a system of supports for people living with an intellectual disability. Written by a committee of 18 experts, "Intellectual Disability: Definition, Classification, and Systems of Supports" (11th edition) is based on seven years of work on: (1) a synthesis of current information and best practices regarding intellectual disability; (2) numerous reviews and critiques of the 10th edition of the American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (aaidd) definition manual; and (3) feedback from the field regarding a series of articles published by the Committee. This is the first official aaidd definition manual with the terminology "Intellectual Disability" (formerly mental retardation).

The Sage Encyclopedia of Multicultural Counseling, Social Justice, and Advocacy

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Publisher : SAGE Publications
ISBN 13 : 1071808001
Total Pages : 1825 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (718 download)

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Book Synopsis The Sage Encyclopedia of Multicultural Counseling, Social Justice, and Advocacy by : Shannon B. Dermer

Download or read book The Sage Encyclopedia of Multicultural Counseling, Social Justice, and Advocacy written by Shannon B. Dermer and published by SAGE Publications. This book was released on 2023-11-21 with total page 1825 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since the late 1970s, there has been an increase in the study of diversity, inclusion, race, and ethnicity within the field of counseling. The SAGE Encyclopedia of Multicultural Counseling, Social Justice, and Advocacy will comprehensively synthesize a wide range of terms, concepts, ideologies, groups, and organizations through a diverse lens. This encyclopedia will include entries on a wide range of topics relative to multicultural counseling, social justice and advocacy, and the experiences of diverse groups. The encyclopedia will consist of approximately 600 signed entries, arranged alphabetically within four volumes.

Mental Disorders and Disabilities Among Low-Income Children

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Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309376882
Total Pages : 472 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (93 download)

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Book Synopsis Mental Disorders and Disabilities Among Low-Income Children by : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine

Download or read book Mental Disorders and Disabilities Among Low-Income Children written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2015-10-28 with total page 472 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Children living in poverty are more likely to have mental health problems, and their conditions are more likely to be severe. Of the approximately 1.3 million children who were recipients of Supplemental Security Income (SSI) disability benefits in 2013, about 50% were disabled primarily due to a mental disorder. An increase in the number of children who are recipients of SSI benefits due to mental disorders has been observed through several decades of the program beginning in 1985 and continuing through 2010. Nevertheless, less than 1% of children in the United States are recipients of SSI disability benefits for a mental disorder. At the request of the Social Security Administration, Mental Disorders and Disability Among Low-Income Children compares national trends in the number of children with mental disorders with the trends in the number of children receiving benefits from the SSI program, and describes the possible factors that may contribute to any differences between the two groups. This report provides an overview of the current status of the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders, and the levels of impairment in the U.S. population under age 18. The report focuses on 6 mental disorders, chosen due to their prevalence and the severity of disability attributed to those disorders within the SSI disability program: attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant disorder/conduct disorder, autism spectrum disorder, intellectual disability, learning disabilities, and mood disorders. While this report is not a comprehensive discussion of these disorders, Mental Disorders and Disability Among Low-Income Children provides the best currently available information regarding demographics, diagnosis, treatment, and expectations for the disorder time course - both the natural course and under treatment.

Disability Across the Developmental Lifespan

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Publisher : Springer Publishing Company
ISBN 13 : 082613923X
Total Pages : 547 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (261 download)

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Book Synopsis Disability Across the Developmental Lifespan by : Julie Smart, PhD

Download or read book Disability Across the Developmental Lifespan written by Julie Smart, PhD and published by Springer Publishing Company. This book was released on 2019-12-01 with total page 547 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the only text to examine the experience of disability in relation to theories of human growth and development. It provides a foundational and comprehensive examination of disability that encompasses the intellectual, psychiatric, physical, and social arenas. The second edition is updated to underscore its versatility as an introductory text about the developmental tasks of people with disabilities for all the helping professions. Reorganized to illuminate the book’s interdisciplinary focus, it includes new demographics, new case studies and first-person accounts, discussions on cultural aspects of disabilities, family concerns, and more. The text delivers practice guidelines for each of the conventional life stages and describes the developmental tasks of individuals with disabilities (IWDs). It emphasizes the positive trend in the perception of IWDs as normal and underscores the fact that IWDs have the same motivations, emotions, and goals as those without disabilities. Learning activities, suggestions for writing exercises, and websites for further study reinforce learning, as do graphs and charts illustrating trends and demographics. NEW TO THE SECOND EDITION: Introductory chapter on understanding disability Demographic updates throughout New case studies and first-person accounts Expanded discussions about cultural considerations, intersectionality, and family considerations Updated Instructor’s Manual and an Instructor’s Test Bank KEY FEATURES: Examines the conventional stages of human growth and development from the perspective of individuals with disabilities Integrates disability concepts with developmental theories and stages of the lifespan Addresses common ethical issues to illuminate the real-world implications faced by individuals with disabilities and their families Includes learning activities, suggestions for writing exercises, and websites for further study Purchase includes digital access for use on most mobile devices or computers.

Disability

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Author :
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0190665033
Total Pages : 550 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (96 download)

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Book Synopsis Disability by : Romel Mackelprang

Download or read book Disability written by Romel Mackelprang and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2015-04-06 with total page 550 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The third edition of Disability remains an indispensable tool for human service practitioners in understanding disability from an empowerment perspective. The authors address policy, theory, description, and practice, stressing the difference of disability rather than the dysfunction of disability. The text is illustrated with in-depth personal narratives by those living with disability and thought-provoking sidebars that ask readers to consider the implications of their own reactions to disability. Mackelprang and Salsgiver establish the historical and societal context in which those with disabilities are marginalized, discuss the major groupings of disabilities, and finally offer a model for assessment and practice that human service practitioners can adopt. The book develops a contemporary perspective in which people with disabilities are considered valuable and contributing members of society. Using this book, students will find not only a prescription for professional assessment and practice, but also the necessary understanding of common issues those with disabilities face, the social contexts in which they live, and the tools to work with people with disabilities as equals and partners.

Disability, Society, and the Individual

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Author :
Publisher : Pro-Ed
ISBN 13 : 9781416403722
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (37 download)

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Book Synopsis Disability, Society, and the Individual by : Julie Smart

Download or read book Disability, Society, and the Individual written by Julie Smart and published by Pro-Ed. This book was released on 2009 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Now in its second edition, this book presents the latest theories, concepts, issues, and practices related to the career development of people with disabilities.You'll get the most recent developments in legislation affecting employment, the business perspective on disability, occupational and labor market information, and much more. This text is essential for rehabilitation and vocational counselors, as well as for educators and researchers. In addition, Work and Disability is ideal for use in graduate and advanced undergraduate courses. Help individuals with disabilities understand the complex nature of work not only to attain and maintain work, but to help define themselves and their place in society." -- Publisher.

The Future of Disability in America

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Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309104726
Total Pages : 619 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis The Future of Disability in America by : Institute of Medicine

Download or read book The Future of Disability in America written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2007-10-24 with total page 619 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The future of disability in America will depend on how well the U.S. prepares for and manages the demographic, fiscal, and technological developments that will unfold during the next two to three decades. Building upon two prior studies from the Institute of Medicine (the 1991 Institute of Medicine's report Disability in America and the 1997 report Enabling America), The Future of Disability in America examines both progress and concerns about continuing barriers that limit the independence, productivity, and participation in community life of people with disabilities. This book offers a comprehensive look at a wide range of issues, including the prevalence of disability across the lifespan; disability trends the role of assistive technology; barriers posed by health care and other facilities with inaccessible buildings, equipment, and information formats; the needs of young people moving from pediatric to adult health care and of adults experiencing premature aging and secondary health problems; selected issues in health care financing (e.g., risk adjusting payments to health plans, coverage of assistive technology); and the organizing and financing of disability-related research. The Future of Disability in America is an assessment of both principles and scientific evidence for disability policies and services. This book's recommendations propose steps to eliminate barriers and strengthen the evidence base for future public and private actions to reduce the impact of disability on individuals, families, and society.

Assaulted Personhood

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Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN 13 : 0761872442
Total Pages : 415 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (618 download)

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Book Synopsis Assaulted Personhood by : Craig C. Malbon

Download or read book Assaulted Personhood written by Craig C. Malbon and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2020-12-14 with total page 415 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 21st century America, personhood is under daily assault, sometimes with dire consequences. Scientist, ethicist, and ordained minister Craig C. Malbon encourages the reader to consider such assaults on personhood endured by victims of abortion, ageism, Alzheimer’s disease, drug addiction, mental and physical disabilities, gender, gender orientation, racism, sexual preference, identity politics, and our will-to-power over the “other.” In exploring personhood status, Malbon poses difficult questions for us. Is personhood assigned as all-or-nothing, or is it a sliding scale based upon criteria arbitrarily aimed at our vulnerabilities? Does the voiceless embryo and fetus have advocates who can speak to the moral question of abortion? Is the personhood of an economically insecure pregnant woman degraded to the point where lack of access to early termination of pregnancy results in “coercive childbearing?” Does being a member of the LGBTQI+ community target one for assaults on personhood, to the extreme of being killed? In delving into the biology and psychology of assaults of “self” upon the “other,” Malbon sees powerful linkages of everyday assaults on personhood to darker, profound “original sins” that are foundational to the rise of the American empire, i.e., assaults on the indigenous Native Americans and assaults derivative to the institution of slavery upon Africans, African Americans, and their descendants.

Learning disabilities screening and evaluation guide for low- and middle-income countries

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Author :
Publisher : RTI Press
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 50 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Learning disabilities screening and evaluation guide for low- and middle-income countries by : Anne M. Hayes

Download or read book Learning disabilities screening and evaluation guide for low- and middle-income countries written by Anne M. Hayes and published by RTI Press. This book was released on 2018-04-29 with total page 50 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Learning disabilities are among the most common disabilities experienced in childhood and adulthood. Although identifying learning disabilities in a school setting is a complex process, it is particularly challenging in low- and middle-income countries that lack the appropriate resources, tools, and supports. This guide provides an introduction to learning disabilities and describes the processes and practices that are necessary for the identification process. It also describes a phased approach that countries can use to assess their current screening and evaluation services, as well as determine the steps needed to develop, strengthen, and build systems that support students with learning disabilities. This guide also provides intervention recommendations that teachers and school administrators can implement at each phase of system development. Although this guide primarily addresses learning disabilities, the practices, processes, and systems described may be also used to improve the identification of other disabilities commonly encountered in schools.

Neurological, Psychiatric, and Developmental Disorders

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Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309170931
Total Pages : 458 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Neurological, Psychiatric, and Developmental Disorders by : Institute of Medicine

Download or read book Neurological, Psychiatric, and Developmental Disorders written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2001-01-01 with total page 458 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Brain disordersâ€"neurological, psychiatric, and developmentalâ€"now affect at least 250 million people in the developing world, and this number is expected to rise as life expectancy increases. Yet public and private health systems in developing countries have paid relatively little attention to brain disorders. The negative attitudes, prejudice, and stigma that often surround many of these disorders have contributed to this neglect. Lacking proper diagnosis and treatment, millions of individual lives are lost to disability and death. Such conditions exact both personal and economic costs on families, communities, and nations. The report describes the causes and risk factors associated with brain disorders. It focuses on six representative brain disorders that are prevalent in developing countries: developmental disabilities, epilepsy, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression, and stroke. The report makes detailed recommendations of ways to reduce the toll exacted by these six disorders. In broader strokes, the report also proposes six major strategies toward reducing the overall burden of brain disorders in the developing world.

Rehabilitation Counseling and Emerging Disabilities

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Publisher : Springer Publishing Company
ISBN 13 : 0826120695
Total Pages : 328 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (261 download)

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Book Synopsis Rehabilitation Counseling and Emerging Disabilities by : Lynn C. Koch, PhD, CRC

Download or read book Rehabilitation Counseling and Emerging Disabilities written by Lynn C. Koch, PhD, CRC and published by Springer Publishing Company. This book was released on 2016-10-14 with total page 328 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Emerging disabilities are disabling conditions that are new to medical science, often medically debated, and lacking in known etiology; or those increasing in prevalence in recent years. This master's-level text is the first to eschew traditional disabilities to focus specifically on the unique characteristics and needs of individuals with disabilities such as multiple chemical sensitivity, fibromyalgia, and Lyme disease, or those currently increasing in prevalence (e.g., diabetes, autism, PTSD), and explore their implications for rehabilitation counseling practice. The text is also unique in its examination of how disability causes, types, and patterns are changing in response to current medical, social, cultural, and environmental trends and addressing necessary changes to rehabilitation policies and practices to better serve consumers with emerging disabilities. The book explores important sociological and environmental phenomena such as global warming, pollution, poverty, violence, migration patterns, addiction, and substance abuse, and the changing age demographic of the United States that has altered the landscape of disability policy and rehabilitation services in the 21st century. Each chapter provides specific examples of disabling conditions and discusses their medical, psychosocial, and vocational significance. The authors examine implications for rehabilitation assessment, planning, and placement, and emphasize changes needed to rehabilitation policy and practice. The text is replete with practical evidence-based strategies for meeting the psychosocial and vocational needs of people with emerging disabilities. Chapters include case examples, learning objectives, and discussion questions. Key Features: Describes disabling conditions either new to medical science or increasing in prevalence in modern society Examines sociocultural, environmental, and legislative trends that have resulted in emerging disabilities Delivers policy, programming, and research recommendations to improve services and supports for Americans with emerging disabilities Provides practical, evidence-based strategies for meeting the psychosocial and vocational needs of people with emerging disabilities Includes learning objectives, case examples, and discussion questions Supplemental materials include PowerPoints, syllabus, and test bank

Assessing Impairment

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Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 1489979964
Total Pages : 332 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (899 download)

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Book Synopsis Assessing Impairment by : Sam Goldstein

Download or read book Assessing Impairment written by Sam Goldstein and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-12-01 with total page 332 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Second Edition of the book expands on the in-depth treatment of the theory, definition, and evaluation of impairment presented in the original volume. It explores the complex relationships between disabling conditions and impairment, with new data and insights on assessment and potential avenues for treatment. Original and revised chapters critique current models of impairment and offers an integrated model rooted in the contexts of medical, mental health, and cognitive challenges in disability. Leading scholars and clinicians provide updated evidence for a much-needed reconceptualization of impairment within the context of diagnosis and disability. This contextual approach to assessment – a wide-ranging quality-of life perspective – goes beyond symptom counting, resulting in more accurate diagnosis, targeted interventions, and improved patient functioning. Topics featured in this book include: The role of family and cross-setting supports in reducing impairment. Relationships between adaptive behavior and impairment. Legal conceptions of impairment and its implications for the assessment of psychiatric disabilities. Impairment in parenting. The Neuropsychological Impairment Scale (NIS). The Barkley Functional Impairment Scale (BFIS). The Rating Scale of Impairment (RSI). Treatment integrity in interventions for children diagnosed with DSM-5 disorders. Assessing Impairment, Second Edition, is a must-have resource for researchers, clinicians, professionals, and graduate students in clinical child, school, and developmental psychology as well as child and adolescent psychiatry, educational psychology, rehabilitation medicine/therapy, social work, and pediatrics.

Identification of Learning Disabilities

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Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1135627630
Total Pages : 914 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (356 download)

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Book Synopsis Identification of Learning Disabilities by : Renee Bradley

Download or read book Identification of Learning Disabilities written by Renee Bradley and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2002-12-18 with total page 914 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Identification of Learning Disabilities: Research to Practice is the remarkable product of a learning disabilities summit conference convened by the Office of Special Education Programs (OSEP) in August 2001 and the activities following that summit. Both the conference and this book were seen as important preludes to congressional reauthorization of the historic Individuals With Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) scheduled for 2002 and subsequent decision making surrounding implementation. The OSEP conference brought together people with different perspectives on LD (parents, researchers, practitioners, and policymakers) and resulted in this book, which examines the research on nine key issues concerning the identification of children with learning disabilities. Coverage includes alternative responses to treatment, classification approaches, processing deficit models, and approaches to decision making. Chapter Structure-- Each of the first nine chapters is organized around a lengthy, issue-oriented paper, which presents the most current research on that topic. These primary papers are then followed by four respondent papers that reflect a variety of viewpoints on the topic. Summarizing Chapter -- A small group of researchers (listed in the final chapter) dedicated an enormous amount of time to summarizing the research and developing key consensus statements regarding the identification of children with learning disabilities. Their work is sure to have a tremendous impact on future discussions in this area. Expertise-- The following well-known scholars have helped summarize the vast amount of research presented in this book as well as the consensus statements derived therefrom: Lynne Cook, Don Deshler, Doug Fuchs, Jack M. Fletcher, Frank Gresham, Dan Hallahan, Joseph Jenkins, Kenneth Kavale, Barbara Keogh, Margo Mastopieri, Cecil Mercer, Dan Reschley, Rune Simeonsson, Joe Torgesen, Sharon Vaughn, and Barbara Wise.