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Direct And Indirect Effects Of Marine Protection
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Book Synopsis Direct and Indirect Effects of Marine Protection by : Ryan Nelson Cloutier
Download or read book Direct and Indirect Effects of Marine Protection written by Ryan Nelson Cloutier and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fishing is one of the most pervasive anthropogenic stressors to the world's oceans. As a result, reversing declining trends in fish populations and restoring the health of the world's oceans will largely depend on the efficacy of future fisheries management. In 2002, Canada's Department of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO) announced the creation of a series of Rockfish Conservation Areas (RCAs), a type of marine protected area, along the coast of British Columbia, Canada. In this thesis I explore the direct and indirect consequences of RCAs in the Strait of Georgia. I found that RCAs currently harbour higher densities of rockfish than do ecologically equivalent unprotected areas but these differences in meso-predator numbers have not induced detectable effects at lower trophic levels (i.e., trophic cascades). This study is the first to assess on a large scale the effectiveness of this federal marine management strategy, implemented for a group of threatened species.
Book Synopsis The Direct and Indirect Effects of Marine Reserve Protection on Reef Fish Assemblages by : Harry Allard
Download or read book The Direct and Indirect Effects of Marine Reserve Protection on Reef Fish Assemblages written by Harry Allard and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Marine reserves are established to protect marine ecosystems from fishing, allowing harvested fishes to recover: these are the "direct effects" of protection. However, changes may also occur among species not typically exposed to fishing mortality, via "indirect effects" . Most marine reserve studies have focused on direct effects, and the prevalence and relative importance of indirect effects is poorly understood. Understanding both direct and indirect effects is key to understanding how fishing affects wider fish assemblages. To investigate the direct and indirect effects of marine reserve protection on reef fish assemblages I examined monitoring data from four northeastern New Zealand marine reserves. This long-term analysis also provided a wider assessment of how reef fish have changed over the last 2-4 decades in this region. Across all reserves examined, the large predatory sparid Chrysophrys auratus responded strongly to protection. This response was hypothesised to drive indirect effects on other species, as a result of increased predation, competition, or predator-induced habitat changes. Long-term changes in reef fish assemblages in New Zealand's oldest marine reserve at Leigh suggested that along with direct effects on six targeted species, snapper recovery had indirect effects on three small-bodied non-target fishes and one herbivorous fish. Comparisons across three reserves revealed that the potential indirect effects identified in Leigh were not ubiquitous. While direct effects on target species like snapper and cheilodactylid Cheilodactylus spectabilis were largely predictable, potential indirect effects were more location-specific and difficult to differentiate from the effects of environmental gradients. At an offshore island marine reserve, with a more speciose temperate-subtropical fish fauna, potential indirect effects existed for just 3 wrasses, despite dramatic direct effects of protection on snapper. There was no evidence of tropicalisation of fish assemblages at this offshore island marine reserve over the last two decades. This study demonstrated that while protected fish assemblages are distinct, this is mostly driven by the recovery of harvested species. Potential indirect effects of long-term protection were identified, but were rarely consistent across multiple reserves. Trophic links between reef fishes appear weak, and the role of indirect effects is likely overwhelmed by the direct effects of fishing.
Book Synopsis Assessing the Direct and Indirect Effects of Marine Reserve Protection on Temperate Reef Fish Communities by : Evan Wesley Brown
Download or read book Assessing the Direct and Indirect Effects of Marine Reserve Protection on Temperate Reef Fish Communities written by Evan Wesley Brown and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 218 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Marine reserves are often effective in allowing the recovery of targeted species within their boundaries, which potentially have indirect effects on non-‐ target species. While the direct effects of protection on targeted species are fairly well understood, the indirect effects have been less well researched. In New Zealand’s oldest marine reserve at Leigh, the recovery of snapper Pagrus auratus and spiny lobster Jasus edwardsii populations has indirectly resulted in the increase of macroalgal habitats due to increased predation on sea urchins. Increased abundances of snapper and other targeted fish species may also affect other fish species via competition or predation. The main aim of this thesis was to investigate how these indirect effects, especially large-‐scale change in habitats, have affected reef fish species relative to the direct effects of protection. Reef fish abundances and sizes were estimated using habitat-‐ stratified underwater visual censuses inside and outside of the Leigh and Tawharanui marine reserves, which allowed for assessment of reef fish habitat associations. Based on these densities and the estimated extents of each habitat (from a drop-‐camera survey) the total population size of a number of key species was estimated for both reserves and surrounding coast. These estimates were then compared to historic population sizes in the Leigh Reserve that were estimated prior to habitat change. The main habitat change between 1978 and 2014 was the conversion of barrens into shallow kelp inside the Leigh reserve. In 2014 there were clear differences between reserve and fished sites at both locations, with virtually no urchin barrens and substantially more kelp habitat inside the reserves. Some species had clear habitat associations, with brown seaweed-‐associated species such as butterfish and silver drummer indirectly benefitting from increased kelp habitats in the Leigh Reserve. Overall changes in population sizes of most targeted species are most likely a direct response to protection. Some species (spotty and goatfish) were less abundant in the reserves, which may be due to increased competition or predation from snapper or other predators. In 2014 the majority of species showed a reserve effect, with greater abundance and/or average size in the reserves. However, aside from red moki, butterfish and silver drummer, which increased in abundance, and leatherjacket and banded wrasse, which showed no change, most species have declined in abundance inside the Leigh Reserve. These population declines may be a reflection of increased fishing pressure being placed on the surrounding coast, environmental change (e.g., sedimentation), or simply due to natural fluctuations in abundance. In summary, the patterns observed in this study, coupled with historic data, suggest that responses of most fish species to protection within northern New Zealand marine reserves are directly attributable to the absence of removal by fishing, with relatively few species showing indirect responses to large-‐scale habitat change or altered levels of competition or predation.
Book Synopsis Ocean Acidification by : National Research Council
Download or read book Ocean Acidification written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2010-09-14 with total page 200 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The ocean has absorbed a significant portion of all human-made carbon dioxide emissions. This benefits human society by moderating the rate of climate change, but also causes unprecedented changes to ocean chemistry. Carbon dioxide taken up by the ocean decreases the pH of the water and leads to a suite of chemical changes collectively known as ocean acidification. The long term consequences of ocean acidification are not known, but are expected to result in changes to many ecosystems and the services they provide to society. Ocean Acidification: A National Strategy to Meet the Challenges of a Changing Ocean reviews the current state of knowledge, explores gaps in understanding, and identifies several key findings. Like climate change, ocean acidification is a growing global problem that will intensify with continued CO2 emissions and has the potential to change marine ecosystems and affect benefits to society. The federal government has taken positive initial steps by developing a national ocean acidification program, but more information is needed to fully understand and address the threat that ocean acidification may pose to marine ecosystems and the services they provide. In addition, a global observation network of chemical and biological sensors is needed to monitor changes in ocean conditions attributable to acidification.
Book Synopsis Marine Protected Areas by : National Research Council
Download or read book Marine Protected Areas written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2001-06-01 with total page 289 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Although the ocean-and the resources within-seem limitless, there is clear evidence that human impacts such as overfishing, habitat destruction, and pollution disrupt marine ecosystems and threaten the long-term productivity of the seas. Declining yields in many fisheries and decay of treasured marine habitats, such as coral reefs, has heightened interest in establishing a comprehensive system of marine protected areas (MPAs)-areas designated for special protection to enhance the management of marine resources. Therefore, there is an urgent need to evaluate how MPAs can be employed in the United States and internationally as tools to support specific conservation needs of marine and coastal waters. Marine Protected Areas compares conventional management of marine resources with proposals to augment these management strategies with a system of protected areas. The volume argues that implementation of MPAs should be incremental and adaptive, through the design of areas not only to conserve resources, but also to help us learn how to manage marine species more effectively.
Book Synopsis Seagrasses: Biology, Ecology and Conservation by : Anthony Larkum
Download or read book Seagrasses: Biology, Ecology and Conservation written by Anthony Larkum and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-02-22 with total page 724 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Seagrasses are unique plants; the only group of flowering plants to recolonise the sea. They occur on every continental margin, except Antarctica, and form ecosystems which have important roles in fisheries, fish nursery grounds, prawn fisheries, habitat diversity and sediment stabilisation. Over the last two decades there has been an explosion of research and information on all aspects of seagrass biology. However the compilation of all this work into one book has not been attempted previously. In this book experts in 26 areas of seagrass biology present their work in chapters which are state-of–the-art and designed to be useful to students and researchers alike. The book not only focuses on what has been discovered but what exciting areas are left to discover. The book is divided into sections on taxonomy, anatomy, reproduction, ecology, physiology, fisheries, management, conservation and landscape ecology. It is destined to become the chosen text on seagrasses for any marine biology course.
Book Synopsis Marine Protected Areas and Ocean Conservation by : Tundi S. Agardy
Download or read book Marine Protected Areas and Ocean Conservation written by Tundi S. Agardy and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 1997-03-20 with total page 259 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book reviews the need for marine conservation, summarizes general measures for ocean and coastal conservation, and explains the rationale for establishing marine protected areas. The second half of the book is essentially a guideline for designing and implementing protected areas in order to make them viable and long-lasting in their effectiveness.
Author :United States. National Marine Fisheries Service. Office of Protected Resources. Permits Division Publisher : ISBN 13 : Total Pages :1124 pages Book Rating :4.3/5 (91 download)
Book Synopsis Steller Sea Lion and Northern Fur Seal Research: Purpose and need; Alternatives; Affected environment; Environmental consequences; National Environmental Policy Act compliance implementation and recommendations; List of preparers; List of agencies, organizations, and persons whom the draft EIS was sent; References; Index by : United States. National Marine Fisheries Service. Office of Protected Resources. Permits Division
Download or read book Steller Sea Lion and Northern Fur Seal Research: Purpose and need; Alternatives; Affected environment; Environmental consequences; National Environmental Policy Act compliance implementation and recommendations; List of preparers; List of agencies, organizations, and persons whom the draft EIS was sent; References; Index written by United States. National Marine Fisheries Service. Office of Protected Resources. Permits Division and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 1124 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Steller Sea Lion and Northern Fur Seal Research by :
Download or read book Steller Sea Lion and Northern Fur Seal Research written by and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 560 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Marine Protected Areas by : Joachim Claudet
Download or read book Marine Protected Areas written by Joachim Claudet and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2011-09-29 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Human-induced environmental disturbance – through fishery activities, coastal development, tourism and pollution – is a major challenge to the restoration and conservation of marine biodiversity. Synthesizing the latest research into marine biodiversity conservation and fisheries management, this book provides regional and global perspectives on the role of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) in confronting this challenge. The approach is multidisciplinary, covering all the fields involved in designating and assessing MPAs: ecology, fisheries science, statistics, economics, sociology and genetics. The book is structured around key topics, including threats to marine ecosystems and resources, the effects and effectiveness of MPAs and the scaling-up of MPA systems. Both theoretical and empirical approaches are considered. Recognizing the diversity of MPA sciences, the book also includes one part designed specifically as a practical guide to implementing scientific assessment studies of MPAs and monitoring programs.
Book Synopsis Microbial Response to a Rapidly Changing Marine Environment: Global Warming and Ocean Acidification by : Mi Sun Yun
Download or read book Microbial Response to a Rapidly Changing Marine Environment: Global Warming and Ocean Acidification written by Mi Sun Yun and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2021-09-24 with total page 155 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Effects of Trawling and Dredging on Seafloor Habitat by : National Research Council
Download or read book Effects of Trawling and Dredging on Seafloor Habitat written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2002-08-09 with total page 137 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Concerns over the potential ecological effects of fishing have increased with the expansion of fisheries throughout the marine waters of the United States. Effects of Trawling and Dredging on Seafloor Habitat describes how assessment of fishing impacts depends on gear type, number and location of bottom tows, and the physical and biological characteristics of seafloor habitats. Many experimental studies have documented acute, gear-specific effects of trawling and dredging on various types of habitat. These studies indicate that low mobility, long-lived species are more vulnerable to towed fishing gear than short-lived species in areas where the seabed is often disturbed by natural phenomena. Trawling and dredging may also change the composition and productivity of fish communities dependent on seafloor habitats for food and refuge. The scale of these impacts depends on the level of fishing effort. This volume presents color maps of fishing effort for all regions with significant bottom trawl or dredge fisheries-the first time that such data has been assembled and analyzed for the entire nation.
Author :National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Publisher :National Academies Press ISBN 13 :0309440513 Total Pages :147 pages Book Rating :4.3/5 (94 download)
Book Synopsis Approaches to Understanding the Cumulative Effects of Stressors on Marine Mammals by : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Download or read book Approaches to Understanding the Cumulative Effects of Stressors on Marine Mammals written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2017-05-04 with total page 147 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Marine mammals face a large array of stressors, including loss of habitat, chemical and noise pollution, and bycatch in fishing, which alone kills hundreds of thousands of marine mammals per year globally. To discern the factors contributing to population trends, scientists must consider the full complement of threats faced by marine mammals. Once populations or ecosystems are found to be at risk of adverse impacts, it is critical to decide which combination of stressors to reduce to bring the population or ecosystem into a more favorable state. Assessing all stressors facing a marine mammal population also provides the environmental context for evaluating whether an additional activity could threaten it. Approaches to Understanding the Cumulative Effects of Stressors on Marine Mammals builds upon previous reports to assess current methodologies used for evaluating cumulative effects and identify new approaches that could improve these assessments. This review focuses on ways to quantify exposure-related changes in the behavior, health, or body condition of individual marine mammals and makes recommendations for future research initiatives.
Book Synopsis Bering Sea Aleutian Islands Crab Fisheries by :
Download or read book Bering Sea Aleutian Islands Crab Fisheries written by and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 466 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Proposed Rulemaking for the Incidental Take of Small Numbers of Florida Manatees (Trichechus Manatus Latirostris) Resulting from Government Programs Related to Watercraft Access and Watercraft Operation in the State of Florida by :
Download or read book Proposed Rulemaking for the Incidental Take of Small Numbers of Florida Manatees (Trichechus Manatus Latirostris) Resulting from Government Programs Related to Watercraft Access and Watercraft Operation in the State of Florida written by and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 874 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Coral Reef Protection Implementation Plan by :
Download or read book Coral Reef Protection Implementation Plan written by and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on with total page 86 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Department of Defense Coral Reef Protection Implementation Plan by :
Download or read book Department of Defense Coral Reef Protection Implementation Plan written by and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 88 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
